pharmacognosy -lab-manual.doc

7/25/2019 Pharmacognosy -Lab-Manual.doc

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Experiment-1Aim-To study the macroscopic characters of datura

References- 1) .Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, !ditio "1#eprit

$%%&, 'irali Parkasha, Page o. (%1(%$

$) Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, S. ikas Page o. 1%-111Synonym atura her/Bio. Source- 0t cosists of the dried leaes ad 2o3erig tops ofDatura metel4iAd other species of atura /elogig to +amily Solaaceae

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS5Lef Co!or4o3er surface is slightly pale i color 6pper surface is darker tha lo3esurface.

Si"e- the etire leaf has a legth of 718 cm. ad 3idth of &18 cm. S#pe- oate ad petiolate Lmin- Gla/rous ad usually has 8 to " coarse teeth Apex-acute Bse- ue9ual Texture- smooth ad thi Mi$ri%- PromietSee$s Co!or-Bro3 S#pe-Triagular &!o'ers- #eddish purple o outside ad 3hitish o ierside

S#pe- +uel Shaped&ruits Co!or- Gree S#pe-:al 3ith spies Si"e- +ruit has legth of ".( cm ad 3idth of 8.( cm

O$our- isagreea/le ad characteristicTste upleasat /itterC#emic! constituents-atura leaf maily cotais tropae alkaloids ;upto %.(c test for tropae alkaloids. Po3dered sample imoisteed 3ith itric acid follo3ed /y eaporatio to dryess ad additio omethaolic potassium hydro*ide solutio to the residue, a iolet color iproduced.


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+) : additio of siler itrate solutio to the solutio of hyosie hydro/romide?ello3ish 3hite ppt. formed 3hich is isolu/le i itric acid /ut solu/le i dilutammoia

,ses-

1. atura her/ ad its mai alkaloid hyoscie are parasympatholytic 3ith

aticholiergic ad cetral erous system depressat e@ects.$. 0t is used i cere/ral e*citemet.8. Alog 3ith morphie, it is used as preoperatie medicatio.". 0t is used i treatmet of ashma ad cough(. (. =yoscie hydro/romide is used i motio sickess, gastric or duodeal ulcers

Experiment-+

Aim-To study the macroscopic characters of 3ithaia

Reference- 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%&'irali Parkasha, Page o. 18.-18.&1.

$. Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, Sikas Page o. 1&1&-

T#eory

it#ni

Synonym Asgadh, iter cherry, 3ithaia root

Bio. Source(- 0t cosists of dried roots ad stem /ases ofWithania somniferaua/elogig to family Solaaceae

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS(


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Co!or outer surface is Bu@ to greyyello3 3ith logitudial 3rikles


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O$our +resh roots hae smell similar to urie of horse

Tste Bitter ad acrid

S#pe Straight, u/rached, coical ad /ears a cro3.

&rcture smooth ad po3dery

C#emic! constituents-

ai costituets are alkaloids ad steroidal lactoes. Amog the arious

alkaloids, 3ithaie is the mai costituet. other alkaloids are somie,

somiferiie, 3ithaaie, pseudoithaie, tropie, pseudo

tropie, cuscohygrie, aferie adahydrie. T3o acyl steryl glucosides, sitoidoside00 ad sitoidoside 000, hae /ee isolated from root. The leaes cotai steroida

lactoes, 3hich are commoly called 3ithaolides. The 3ithaolides hae C$steroidal ucleus 3ith C- side chai ad a si*mem/ered lactoe rig.

,ses-

1. Sedatie ad =ypotic

$. adaptogeic

8. chroic fatigue


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". dehydratio

(. /oe 3eakess

7. eurodegeeratie disorders

Cutions(-

o ot taste the crude drug /ecause it might /e harmful to the huma /ody i crudeform.

Experiment-

Aim-To study the macroscopic characters of ica

Reference- 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%!ditio 8-th, 'irali Parkasha, Page o. "&""&.

$. Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, S

ikas Page o. 1&"1&7

T#eory(

*I/CA

Synonym- Peri3rikle


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Bio. Source- 0t cosists of dried 3hole plat of Catharathus roseus o /elogig to

family Apocyaaceae


Le0es

Color Gree

Shape Simple,petiolate, oate or o/log, uicostate, reticulate, etire, /rittle aoppositely arraged

Ape* Acute ad mucroate 4amia gla/rous some3hat shiy argi !tire 3ithacute /ase&!o'ers

Color iolet, pik, 3hite or carmie red i color

Shape +lo3ers are /ractate, pedicillate, complete, hermaphrodite, ormally $8 cm icymarose a*illary clusters.

+ruits are follicles 3ith seeral /lack seeds :dour characteristics

TasteBitter


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C#emic! constituents

0t maily cotais idole alkaloids ;%.11.(


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$. Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, Sikas Page o. 17%17$

T#eory

Synonym- #au3ol>a root, serpetie root, chootachad, sarpagadha

Bio. Source it cosists of dried roots ad rhiEomes ofRauwola serpentineBeth/elogig to +amily Apocyaaceae

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS-

Co!orouter surface dull greyish /ro3 3ith fait logitudial ridges.

0teral surface pale yello3

O$our:dourless

Tste /itter

Si"e- A/out &1( cm log, %.(1.% cm thick

S#pe- #oots are su/cylidrical, slightly taperig, some3hat tortuous, rarel/rached

&rcture Short ad irregular


#au3ol>a cotais atleast 8% idole alkaloids ;%.$."


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,se-

1. Atihypertesie

$. Tra9uillisig aget ad used i certai europsychiatric disorders

Cutions(-

o ot taste the crude drug /ecause it might /e harmful to the huma /ody i crude

form.


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Experiment-2

Aim-To study the macroscopic characters of 'u*omica.


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Reference 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%!ditio 8-th, 'irali Parkasha, Page o. "7"-.

$. Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, Sikas Page o. 1(11(8

T#eory

/,3*OMICA

Synonyms- Kuchla, karaskara, cro3 >g, seme strychi

Bio. Source 0t cosists of dried ripe seeds ofStrychnos nuxvomica4i. Belogito

family logaiaceae


Co!orouter surface is grey to greeish grey

O$our'oe

Tste 0tesly /itter

Si"e- 1%8% mm i diameter ad "%7 mm i thickess

S#pe isc shaped some3hat 2at or irregularly /et ad cocaocoe*.

Mr4in rouded or acute


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Surfce silky due to presece o dese, closely oppressed radiatig, out3ardldirectedtrichomes

=ilum is raised i the cetre of 2at surface.


'u*omica seed cotais 1.((< of /itter idole alkaloids. Chief costituets arStrychie ad /rucie 3hile omicie, F Colutrie, pseudostrychie astrychicie are also preset. Seeds cotai 8< of fat.

'u*omica also cotai a glycoside i.e. logai, chlorogeic acid ad >*ed oil

,ses-

1. Bitter stomachic ad toic

$. C'S stimulat

8. #espiratory stimulat.

". 0t is used i C'S depressats poisoig such as Bar/iturate poisoig

Cutions(-

o ot taste the crude drug /ecause it might /e harmful to the huma /ody i crudeform.


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Experiment-5

Aim-To study the traserse sectio ad po3der microscopy of #au3ol>a

References- 1.Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacogosy, !ditio 11th, alla/h ParkashaPage o. 7&.


Re6uirements- sample ;rau3ol>a root etire po3der), microscope, Glass slideCoerslip, glycerie ;(%a root, serpetia root, choota chad, sarpagadha

Bio. Source 0t cosists of dried roots ad rhiEomes ofRauwola serpentinaBeth/elogig to +amily Apocyaaceae

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS-

Trns0erse section of root

1 C:#K strati>ed 3ith 1 laters of small cells, 18 layers of larger cells, su/erisedlarger cells ligi>ed.

$. P=!44:!# 1%1$ ro3s of cellulosic parechyma


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8. Phloem siee tu/es ad parechyma alteratig 3ith medullary rays

". edullary rays$" cells 3ide

(. Hylem tatrach 3ith small essels, parechyma, >/ers,large celled medullary ras

7. Parechyma of *ylem ad phloem, /oth ligi>ed cotaiig prisms acoglomerate crystals of calcium o*alate ad starch graules

. Graular sectio staiig yello3 3ith iodie i phloem parechyma

Traserse sectio of rhiEome sho3s

0 additio to the a/oe structure, corte*, pericycle 3ith uligi>ed pericyclic >/res, small pith ad perimedullary phloem i the periphery of pith, stoe cells a/set

PO7ER MICROSCOP8

1 The po3der is pale /ro3ishyello3 i color 3ith /itter taste.

$. icroscopic e*amiatio sho3s a/udat starch grais, simple ad compoud ;$

compoets), spherical, 3ith a distict hilum i the form of split.

8. Corkstrati>ed iso diametric cells sometimes ligi>ed. Polygoal i surface ie3.

". parechyma pitted, ligi>ed

(. essels ligi>ed, fairly arro3 3ith /ordered pits

7. +i/ers are ligi>ed, slightly pitted, foud 3ith or 3ithout attached essels


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Cutions(-

o ot taste the crude drug /ecause it might /e harmful to the huma /ody i crude

form.

Experiment-9

Aim-To study the traserse sectio of atura ad ica

References - 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, !ditio "1#eprit $%%&, 'irali Parkasha, Page o. (%1(%$

$. Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, S

ikas Page o. 1%-111

Re6uirements- sample ;atura leaf ad catharathus leaf), microscope, Glass slideCoerslip, glycerie ;(%


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". A sigle layer of elogated palisade cells is preset /elo3 upper epidermis.

(. 'e*t to palisade layer is a sigle ro3 of rectagular cells cotaiig rosettecalcium o*alate crystals ad remaider of the mesophyll cosists of spogparechyma.

7. 4eaf /ears /oth coerig ad gladular trichomes, coerig trichomesuiseriate, multicellular ad coical, usually less tha 8(I i diameter at the /asegladular trichomes 3ith uicellular stalk ad ui ad multicellular head.

. idri/ regio sho3s collechymatous cells o /oth surfaces.

&. Hylem /udles are arraged i a arc.

-. The space /et3ee collechyma ad ascular /udle is occupied /y 7& ro3s ocortical parechymatous cells some of 3hich are >lled 3ith calcium o*alate

THEOR8(

*I/CA

Synonym- Peri3rikle

Bio. Source- 0t cosists of dried 3hole plat ofCatharanthus roseus Don/elogig tfamily Apocyaaceae

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS(

Stu$y of trns0erse section-

1. ica leaf is dorsietral.

+. Stomata are of aomocytic type o /oth surfaces.

. !pidermal cells are polygoal 3ith thi cuticleJ aticlial 3alls are straight othe upper surface ad 3ay o the lo3er surface.


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. A sigle layer of elogated palisade cells is preset /elo3 upper epidermis.

2. esophyll cosists of ( layers of spogy parechymatous cells 3ititercellular spaces.

5. the midri/ regio sho3s collechyma o /oth surfaces /lo3 epidermis

9. A Eoe of ascular /udles occupies the cetral regio.

Experiment-:

Aim-To study the traserse sectio ad po3der microscopy of ithaia

References- 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%&'irali Parkasha, Page o. 18.-18.&1.

Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, Sikas Page o. 1&1&-

THEOR8

Synonym Asgadh, iter cherry, 3ithaia root

Bio. Source5 0t cosists of dried roots ad stem /ases ofWithania somnifera Duna/elogig to family Solaaceae

Re6uirements- sample ;ithaia root etire po3der), microscope, Glass slideCoerslip, glycerie ;(%


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Stu$y of trns0erse section ;T.S.)-

1. T.S. of root sho3s thi cork, composed of seeral layers of uiformly arragedthi3alled cells

$. Cork surrouds a /road corte*, composed of thi3alled, polygoal, irregulaparechymatous cells cotaiig starch grais.

8. Belo3 corte* is a large 3ood, 3hich cosists of essels, tracheids ad >/retrasersed logitudially /y medullary rays.

". edullary rays are sigle celled ad straight.

(. 4ogitudial sectio sho3s essels ad tracheids 3ith pitted thickeig

Po'$er microscopy-

1. The po3der is greyish i colour 3ith characteristic odour ad /itter ad acritaste.

$. icroscopic e*amiatio sho3s a/udat essels ad tracheids 3ith pittethickeig.

8. Starch grais, early all simple, sphericalooid 3ith distict cetral hilum ar

foud scattered or parechymatous cells of corte*.

". Cork cells are thi 3alled ad polygoal i surface ie3.


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(. +i/res are arro3, elogated 3ith tapered eds.

Experiment-*ed oil glo/ules

7. Plasmodesma commuicatio of the protoplast of edosperm cells through thcell 3alls /y meas of ery >e protoplasmic threads.

Po'$er Microscopy-

1. The po3der is yello3ishgrey to greeishgrey i color.


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$. icroscopical e*amiatio sho3s epidermis of testa 3ith attached trichomes.

8. Trichomes are arro3 ligi>ed rods ruig logitudially.

". !dosperm cells from cetral regio are large ad ery thick 3alled 3hile thosfrom outer part, small ad relatiely thi 3alled.

(. A fe3 fragmets of edosperm sho3 fait plasmodesma

Experiment-1=

Aim-To perform the chemical test of 'u*omica ad datura

References- 1. Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%!ditio 8-th, 'irali Parkasha, Page o. "7"-.(%1(%$


8. Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%, !ditio "th, alla/h ParkashaPage o. 777.

Re6uirements- Sample ;'u*omica po3der), Test tu/es, test tu/e stads aholders,3atch glass, 6 lamp, Buse /urer , Coc. =$S:", Coc. =':8, Ammoiumaadate, methaolic Potassium K:=, Acetoe, K$Cr$:,


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T#eory

/,3*OMICA

Synonyms- Kuchla, karaskara, cro3 >g, seme strychi

Bio. Source- 0t cosists of dried ripe seeds ofStrychnos nuxvomica Linn.Belogito

family logaiaceae

THEOR8

Synonym atura her/

Bio. Source- 0t cosists of the dried leaes ad 2o3erig tops ofDatura metel4iAd other species of atura /elogig to +amily Solaaceae

C#emic! tests(

The thi sectio of u*omica seed is defatted ad performs the follo3ig tests

1. A sectio of edosperm is straied iolet /y a drop of ammoium aadate isulphuric acid due to presece of strychie.

$. A sectio of edosperm is straied crimso or oragered /y a drop of itric acidue to presece of /rucie.

8. A thick sectio of drug is treated 3ith iodie solutio ad cocetrated sulphuriacid. !dosperm cell 3alls stai /lue ;due to hemicellulose)

THEOR8


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Synonym atura her/

Bio. Source- 0t cosists of the dried leaes ad 2o3erig tops ofDatura metel4i.

Ad other species of atura /elogig to +amily Solaaceae

C#emic! tests(

1. *it!i-morin test-0t is speci>c test for tropae alkaloids. Po3dered sample imoisteed 3ith itric acid follo3ed /y eaporatio to dryess ad additio omethaolic potassium hydro*ide solutio to the residue, a iolet color is produced.

$. : additio of siler itrate solutio to the solutio of hyoscie hydro/romide?ello3ish 3hite ppt. formed 3hich is isolu/le i itric acid /ut solu/le i dilutammoia.

Experiment-11

Aim-To perform the chemical test of #au3ol>a ad Cichoa

References- 1.Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacogosy, !ditio 11th, alla/h ParkashaPage o. 7&.


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$. Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio April,$%%&, Sikas Page o. - 17%171

8. Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacogosy, #eprit $%%, !ditio "th, alla/h ParkashaPage o. 878.

Re6uirements- sample ;rau3ol>a po3der), Test tu/es, test tu/e stads ad holders3atch glass, 6 lamp, Buse /urer ailli, acetic acid, Bromie 3ater, ammoiaCoc. =$S:"

T#eory

RA,OL&IA

Synonym- #au3ol>a root, serpetia root, chotta chad, sarpagadha

Bio. Source it cosists of dried roots ad rhiEomes ofRauwola serpentinaBeth/elogig to +amily Apocyaaceae

C#emic! tests(-

1. Po3dered drug is treated 3ith sulphuric acid ad pdimethylamio/eEaldehyde, a /luishiolet to red color is deeloped. The test ispeci>c for idole alkaloids.

$. 1< ticture of drug sho3s 2uorescece i 6 light.


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CI/CHO/A

Synonym Peruia /ark, esuitLs /ark

Bio. Source 0t cosists of dried stem or root /ark of the platCinchona succirubra

C. lederiana, C. calisaya, C. o!cinalis ad other species of Cichoa /elogig tfamily#u/iaceae

C#emic! tests(-

1. =eat the cichoa po3der 3ith glacial acetic acid. #eddish /ro3 fumes o thcooler part of the test tu/e are see.

$. Coarse po3dered /ark is treated 3ith lime ad e*tracted 3ith alcohol. Thealcoholic e*tract is eaporated ad residue is take up 3ith dilute sulphuric Acid, theli9uid gies a /lue 2uorescece.

8. T#!!eio6uin test-To 1%ml of the e*tract, add %.$( ml of /romie 3ater ad $ml of dilute ammoia solutio are added ad heated if ecessary, a /right greecolouratio is produced.

Experiment-1+

Aim-To perform T4C of gie sample.


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References-Shah '. B., 'ayak B. S., !*perimetal Pharmacogosy, +irst !ditio

April,$%%&, S. ikas Page o. $(($(

Re6uirements-T4C Plate Cham/er, Capillary, oe, sprayig /ottle, Silica gel GSample

T#eory

T#in Lyer c#romto4rp#y

Princip!e- T4C has /ee icluded uder /oth adsor/tio ad partitio. Separatiomayresult due to adsoptio or partitio or /y /oth pheomeo depedig upo theature of adsor/ets used o plates ad solet system used for deelopmet.

Thi layer chromatography ;T4C) is a chromatography techi9ue used to separatmi*tures. Thi layer chromatography is performed o a sheet of glass, plastic, o

alumium foil, 3hich is coated 3ith a thi layer of adsor/et material, usually silicgel, alumiium o*ide, or cellulose ;/lotter paper). This layer of adsor/et is ko3 athe statioary phase.

After the sample has /ee applied o the plate, a solet or solet mi*ture ;ko3as themo/ile phase) is dra3 up the plate ia capillary actio. Because di@ereaalytes asced the T4C plate at di@eret rates, separatio is achieed.

Thi layer chromatography ca /e used to5


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Proce$ure(-1. Prepare the T4C plate ad keep it for the saturatio. ake the e*tracof the po3dered drug ad the spot it o the saturated T4C plate. ake the solesystem ad let it saturate it for the half a hour. The ru the solet system till 8M"thothe plate. ry the plate o the hot plate ad the spray it /y the sprayig aget. 4et iget air dried ad the mark the spot ad trace the spot o the tracig paper.

Resu!ts( - #eport the #f alue.

Rf *!ue >

7istnce tr0e!!e$ %y so!ute

7istnce tr0e!!e$ %y so!0ent

Cutions(-


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o ot misuse the chemicals ad keep the plate properly i the solet cham/er.

pharmacognosy -lab-manual.doc

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