pharmacology basics © 2014 project lead the way, inc.human body systems

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Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Human Body Systems

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Page 1: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Pharmacology Basics

© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Page 2: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

What Is Pharmacology?

• Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their action and effects in living body systems.

• To administer a drug safely, doctors must know the usual dose, the route of administration, significant adverse reactions, and major drug interactions.

Page 3: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Drug Names• Each drug is referred to by three different

names:

• The generic name of the commonly prescribed antibiotic is amoxicillin. The chemical name is hydroxybenzyl-penicillin. Amoxicillin is marketed using over a dozen brand names such as Alphamox® or Amoxil®.

The chemical name Describes the exact chemical composition of the medicine

The generic name The more commonly used name of the medication

The proprietary or brand name

The name assigned by a manufacturer and protected by copyright

Page 4: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Dosage• The dose of the drug is the amount a

patient takes for a desired effect. • Some doses are general and not patient

specific, but many doses are calculated using specific data about the patient.

• Many factors contribute to determining the proper dose of a medication, including– Route of administration of the medication– Weight of the patient– Overall severity of the condition

Page 5: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Routes of Drug Administration

Enteral Routes (Routes through the GI tract)

• Oral– Medications taken by mouth, absorbed through

stomach or small intestine• Can be solids, such a pills or capsules, or liquid

• Sublingual– Medications held under the tongue until they dissolve.

• Offers rapid action as oral cavity contains a rich blood supply

• Buccal– Medication placed between the gums and cheek

Page 6: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Routes of Drug AdministrationParenteral Routes (Routes via injection) – offer immediate delivery of the medication

• Intradermal (ID)– Injections given just below the epidermis into the dermis of the

skin.• Ex. Often used in allergy skin tests

• Subcutaneous – Injections given into subcutaneous tissue below the dermis in

the upper arms, upper back or upper abdomen.• Ex. Used for insulin injections

• Intramuscular (IM)– Injections given directly to large muscle groups in shoulder, thigh

or hip• Ex. Used for delivery of some vaccines

Page 7: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Routes of Drug Administration

Parenteral Routes (Routes via injection)

• Intravenous Injection (IV)– Injections given directly into the veins.

Page 8: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Routes of Drug Administration

Other Routes of Administration• Transdermal

– Administration via skin preparations• Ex. Creams, ointments, lotions, sprays, patches

• Ophthalmic – Medications administered to the eye

• Otic– Medications administered in the ears

• Nasal– Medications administered in the nose

Page 9: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Routes of Drug Administration

Other Routes of Administration• Inhalation

– Administration by drawing breath, gas, or vapor into the lungs• Could be delivered by aerosols, nebulizers, or inhalers

• Vaginal– Administration into the vagina

• Rectal– Administration into the rectum

Page 10: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Side Effects• Side effects are the results of drug (or other)

therapy that are beyond the desired therapeutic effects.

• Side effects may vary for each individual depending on the person’s disease state, age, weight, gender, ethnicity, or general health.

• Medications undergo rigorous testing before they are released to the public, and all confirmed potential side effects are reported on the literature that comes with a medication.

Page 11: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Drug Interactions

• A drug interaction occurs when the effects of one drug are altered by the effects of another drug.

• The interaction leads to an increase or decrease in effectiveness of the new medication.

• Severe drug interactions can lead to serious consequences in the body, even death.

Page 12: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Anatomy of a Prescription• Example prescription might

include:– Information about the healthcare

provider– Patient information and date of

prescription– The Rx symbol – The names and quantity of ingredients – Directions for how the pharmacist is to

fill the prescription– Directions for the patient as to

how/when to take the medication – Information about refills and special

labelling

Page 13: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Abbreviations Used in Pharmacology

• Doctors use a series of abbreviations to communicate with the pharmacist.

• These abbreviations note:– How often to take the medication (twice a day, every 4

hours)– When to take the medication (at night, before meals)– How much medication to take (one tablet, 100 mg)– How to use the medication (apply it topically, take it by

mouth)

Page 14: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

Abbreviations Used in PharmacologyObtain a Commonly Used Abbreviations Resource Sheet and use it to analyze this prescription.

PLTW Medicine

3939 Priority Way South DriveIndianapolis, IN 46240

 

Name: Joe Smith

Address: 1515 Street Road

Date: Today

℞Diovan 40mgDispense #90Sig i po qd

 Generic Substitution Allowed

M.D. Dispense as Written

M.D.Refill 0 1 2 3 PRNLABEL

Page 15: Pharmacology Basics © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Human Body Systems

References

• http://healthinsurance.about.com/od/prescriptiondrugs/a/understanding_MD_Rx.htm

• Focus on Pharmacology – Essentials for Health Professionals; Jahangir Moini; Pearson Learning, 2008