PHARMACOLOGY

PAPER - I

Time : 3 hoursMax. Marks : 100

Attempt all questions in order,Each question carries 10 marks

Write short notes on:

FINAL EXAMDECEMBER 2O1O

NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS

PHARM/D/10/34/I

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What is Pharmacovigilance? Discuss briefly its merits and clinicalimplications. Describe its limitations in the Indian context withsuggested strategies to improve the implementation.

Define apparent volume of distribution of drugs. How is itcalculated? Explain briefly the various factors which can altervolume of distribution of a drug

Mention two experimental screening methods for anti-seizureactivity in a compound. Describe the steps involved in theexperimental procedure for ONE of these methods. Mention inbrief the procedures for tabulating the observation in thisexperiment.

What is meta-analysis? Discuss briefly the merits and demerits ofmeta-analysis.

What is Nanotechnology? What are the different types of. nanoparticles? Describe the application of nanotechnology in thedrug development process.

What is conditioned avoidance response (CAR)? How is it helpfulin drug screening? Briefly describe an experimental procedure forCAR. How is it evaluated?

Mention the constitution of Animal Ethics Committee (AECC) asper the CPCSEA guidelines. Describe the guidelines forfunctioning of AEC.

Briefly explain DOSE-RESPONSE relationship of apharmacological agent under the following headings:

a ) Quantal Responseb) Graded Responsec) Potency and efficacy,

POSSESSIOTV,/ USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS 'S 'VOTPERMITTED 'NSIDE THEEXAMINATION HALL.

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P.T,O

FINAL EXAMDECEMBER 201O

NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS

9 Describe the hepatic microsomal enzymes that are involved in 2+2+3+3drug metabolism. Explain the concept of enzymes induction andinhibition. Mention the commonly used drugs which are inducersand inhibitors of these enzymes, with one clinical implication foreach

10 Enumerate the various types of toxicity studies in pre-clinical drug 6+4development. Give a brief description of one of these methods.

POSSESS'OAI,/ USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERM'TTED INSIDE THEEXAMINATION HALL.

FINAL EXAMDECEMBER 201O

Time : 3 hoursMax. Marks : 100

Attempt all questions in order.Each question carries 10 marks

Write short notes on:

NATIONAL BOARD OF EX,/\MINATIONS

PHARM/D/10/34/ll

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7+3

6+4

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Enumerate the drugs used in the treatment of chronic stableangina. What are the proposed mechanisms of nitrate toleranceand how can it be overcome?

Discuss the therapeutic rationale of using glucocorticoids inbronchial asthma. Enumerate the side-effects of topical steroidtherapy in bronchial asthma.

Enumerate the drugs used in the treatment of H. pylori infection.What are their major side effects?

What are selective COX-2 inhibitors? What are their indications?What is/are the pharmacological basis of the withdrawal of someof these drugs?

Enumerate the drugs used in the treatment of chronic goutyarthritis. Briefly describe their mechanisms of action.

Enumerate various anti-platelet drugs. Mention their mechanismsof action. Mention any role of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymein the therapeutic effect of anyone of them.

What is anaphylactic shock? What are the drugs used in thetreatment of this condition? Briefly describe the mechanism/s ofaction of the drugs used and the rationale for their use inanaphylaxis.

What are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors? What are their maiorside-effects? What are their pleiotropic effects?

Enumerate the drugs used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?What are the side-effects of these drugs?

Enumerate the drugs which modulate the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system. What are their therapeutic uses and thepharmacological basis of these uses?

POSSESSION / USE OF CELL PHOflES OR A NY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERM'TTED INSIDE THEEXAMINATION HALL.

PAPER - II

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FINAL EXAMDECEMBER 201O

Time : 3 hoursMax, Marks : 100

Attempt all questions in order.Each question carries 10 marks

Write short notes on:

NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMTNATTONS

PHARM/D/10/34/il1

5+5

2+4+2+2

6+4

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PAPER - III

1 Describe the pathophysiology and drug treatment of migraine.

2 Enumerate the class lll cardiac anti-arrhythmic agents. What aretheir mechanisms of action? What are their major indications?Enumerate the major side-effects of an iodine-containing class lllanti-arrhythmic agent

3 Describe the drugs which act through prostanoid receptors.Enumerate their therapeutic potentials.

4 Describe the mechanisms of action of cyclosporine. What aretheir therapeutic uses? What are its major side-effects?

5 Enumerate the drugs used in the chemoprophylaxis of malaria.Describe their mechanism(s) of action. Mention the dosageschedules of two of these agents.

What are ergosterol inhibitors? Mention their major side-effects.

Mention the principles and guidelines for Human EthicsCommittee (HEC) as per the ICMR. Describe the constitution ofHEC.

What is "Micro-dosing" in clinical trial? What are the advantaqesand limitations of micro dosing concept?

Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses of side_effects of teicoplanin.

What are SERMs? What is their mechanism(s) of therapeuticaction? Mention their therapeutic uses.

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PossEssrolJ / usE oF cELL pHor,JEs oR r Ny sucH ELEcrRoNtc cADcETs ts Nor pERMtrrED tNstDE THEEXAMINATION HALL.

FINAL EXAM

,_,. DECEMBER 2o1o

NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS

PHARMACOLOGY

PAPER _ IV

Attempt all questions in order.Each question carries 10 marks

Write short notes on:

1 Enumerate various tachykinins. Discuss brieflv theirpathophysiological effects. Mention the pharma'cologicalpotential(s) of their modulators.

2 Discuss the major processes involved in drug excretion throughKidneys with appropriate examples. Desiribe the clini&lrelevance of each of the above processes with suitableexamptes.

3 Briefly discuss G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Enumeratevarious pharmacological agents through GpCR

4 Describe the distribution of beta_adrenoceptors and effects oftheir modulation.

5 Describe the biorogicar basis of bacteriar resistance with suitabreexamDtes.

Time : 3 hoursMax, Marks : 100

6 Define blood-brain barrier. Discussaspects and various factors ofinfluencing blood-brain barrier.

i ts anatomical, physiologicalpharmacologic importance

PHARM/D/10/34/IV

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7 Describe the pathophysiological effects of endothelins andvarious pharmacological agents modulating their effects.

8 Describe clinically relevant pharmacokinetic andpharmacodynamic factors responsible for drug interactions.

9 Describe the physiologlcal control pathways of blood pressure.Mention pharmacological agents which control these pathways

10 What is oxidative stress? What are the markers of oxidativestress? Briefly discuss pharmacologically active antioxidants.

PossEssror{ / usE oF cELr pHolrEs oR r y;yri,l^r"rsirll^"ryc GADGETS 's ,,ror pERlr, rrED tNstDE rHE

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