pharmacology. roles of professionals ( )- prescribes drug to be filled – 60% of visits to dr....
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Pharmacology
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Roles of Professionals
• ( )- prescribes drug to be filled– 60% of visits to Dr. result in prescription
• ( )- dispenses or distributes drug– Gives instructions how and when to take– Ensures that the prescribed therapy is safe,
effective, and correct
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History of Pharmacology
• Ancient civilizations recorded use of drugs more than 2000 years ago
• 16th century the Chinese created first pharmacopeia• Serious illnesses were considered to be supernatural of
origin– Spells cast on victim by enemy, demons, gods
• Shamans/sorcerers used frog bile, pig teeth, spider webs, and sour milk to treat
• Some natural remedies became basis for certain modern medicines– Digitalis plant (foxglove) is bases of cardiac med digoxin
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Drug Standards
• Assure consumers they are receiving safe medications• All drugs with same name/ dosage must be same strength,
quality, and purity• Manufacturers must meet standards set in United State
Pharmacopeia- National Formula– ( )- type and conc. of a chemical substance present in drug– ( )- strength; concentration of active ingredients– ( )- ensures consumers receive meds that achieve
the standards required– ( )- the ability of a drug to produce desired chemical
change in the body• Vitamins and herbal supplements not enforced by FDA
– Department of Agriculture
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( )
• Established the word narcotic and required use of a stamp on container of these drugs
• Regulated importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, codeine, and their derivatives
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( )
• Safety testing on all drugs• FDA formed• Required pharmaceutical firms to report
adverse effects• All new drugs tested for toxicity before
approval
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( )
• Prescription labels must have an Rx on label• All prescriptions must be labeled: Caution:
Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription
• OTC drugs that were considered safe did not require a prescription
• Warning labels on drug packaging
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( )
• Passed because drug companies were making large profits on misleading/false drug promotions
• Required proven effectiveness before marketing
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Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
• Regulated manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of drugs with potential for abuse
• Required security of ( )
• Provided for prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence– Treatment and rehab programs
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Poison Prevention packaging Act of 1970
• Created standards to ensure prescription and OTC meds were in ( )
OBRA• Required OTC be considered part of the medical record
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Food and Drug Administration
• Approves and removes products on the market
• Regulates labeling and advertising of prescription drug
• ( ) drug manufacturing practices
• Postmarketing surveillance to detect unanticipated ( )
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( )
• Enforces laws against unlawful drug activities• Assigns ID numbers to those that prescribe
and dispense and manufacture scheduled drugs
• Monitors scheduled drugs for need to change possible ( )
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5 BASIC CATEGORIES OF PHARMACOLOGY
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Pharmacognosy
• Origins of drugs• Five basic sources:– ( )
• Opium poppy- morphine, codeine• Belladonna- atropine, scopolamine• Willow bark- aspirin
– ( )• Animal thyroid glands- thyroid hormone
– Minerals- magnesium, calcium, zinc– Synthetic/ chemical substances
• Oral contraceptives, Demerol
– ( )• Insulin
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( )
• How the body processes drugs- how it moves through the body– Absorption– Distribution– Metabolism– Excretion
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( )
• Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood
• Rate is directly related to route of administration and the drug’s solubility ( )
• Dependent upon form of drug and amount of blood flow• Primary sites of absorption:
– Mucosa of mouth– Lungs– Stomach– Small intestines– Rectum– Blood vessels in muscles and SC tissues
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Factors affecting Absorption
• Incorrect administration• pH- drugs that are acidic are easily absorbed in acidic
environments; alkaline-alkaline environments• Food in stomach- slows absorption rate and decreases
irritation• Fat or lipid solubility- drugs that are highly fat soluble are
easily absorbed by ( )• Length of contact- contact time w/skin, size of contact area,
skin thickness, hydration of tissues• Inhalation factors- one of most rapid forms• Drug concentration- higher conc. tend to absorb faster
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Absorption
• Fastest to slowest– Syrups/ liquids– ( )– Powders– Capsules– ( )– Coated tablets– Enteric-coated tablets– Time-release capsules
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Enteral Routes Absorption
• Oral: ( ) minutes• Sublingual: several seconds-several min. • Buccal: several min.• Rectal: ( ) minutes
Parenteral Routes Absorption• Subcutaneous: 20-30 min• Intramuscular: 15-25 min• Intravenous: approx. 1 min.• Intrarterial: approx. 1 min
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Percutaneous/Mucosal
• Transdermal: ( ) minutes• Inhalation: approx. 1 min.• Topical: approx. ( )
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( )
• Movement of a drug from blood into tissues and cells• Areas with more supply receive drug quicker• Two factors that influence:
– Fat solubility– Protein binding
Metabolism• Physical and chemical alteration of drug in the body• Liver is primary site• Half-life: time the body takes to metabolize half of available
drug• Older adults, impaired liver or renal function
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( )
• Elimination/ removal of waste products of drug metabolism from body
• The functionality of ( ) determines how quickly it occurs
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( )
• How a drug works or its mechanism of action in the body
• Four major drug actions:– Depressant- reduces activity of body function– ( )- increases body function– Irritant- produces symptoms of inflammation at
site of application– ( )-soothing action for
irritation
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Pharmacotherapuetics
• Effect of drugs• ( )- relieve symptoms, fight
illnesses, reverse disease processes• Diagnostic- aid in diagnosing diseases and
examination of patient• ( )- destroy cells and tissues• Pharmacodynamic- alter normal body function• Prophylactic- prevent occurrence of illnesses or
diseases
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Toxicology
• Poisonous effects of drugs on the body• ( ) may be given• ( )-problems or
symptoms more severe than side effects• ( )- severe, potentially fatal
adverse reaction occurring a short time after a drug is administered to a person who is allergic