pharyngeal region) thymus (in thorax; most active during...
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Figure 12.5 Lymphoid organs.
Tonsils (inpharyngeal region)
Thymus (in thorax;most active duringyouth)
Spleen (curvesaround left side ofstomach)
Peyer’s patches (in intestine)
Appendix
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Figure 12.3 Distribution of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
Regional
lymph nodes:
Cervical
nodes
Axillary
nodes
Inguinal
nodes
KEY:
Drained by the right lymphatic duct
Drained by the thoracic duct
Lymphatics
Cisterna chyli (receives
lymph drainage from
digestive organs)
Spleen
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
entry into left
subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein
Entrance of right
lymphatic duct into right
subclavian vein
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Figure 12.1 Relationship of lymphatic vessels to blood vessels.
Venous
system
Arterial
system
Heart
Lymph duct
Lymph trunk
Lymph node
Lymphatic
system
Lymphatic
collecting
vessels,
with valves
Lymph
capillaryTissue fluid
(becomes
lymph)
Blood
capillaries
Loose connective
tissue around
capillaries
What type of vessel from the cardiovascular system do lymphatic vessels follow?
Why do you think it follows those vessels and not the others?
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Figure 12.2 Distribution and special structural features of lymphatic capillaries.
Tissue fluid
Tissue cell
Lymphatic capillary
Bloodcapillaries
Arteriole Venule
(a) (b)
Endothelialcell
Filaments anchored to connective tissue
Flaplike minivalve
Fibroblast in looseconnective tissue
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Figure 12.4 Structure of a lymph node.
Germinal center in follicle Capsule
Subcapsular
sinus
Trabecula
Efferent lymphaticvessels
Hilum
Medullary sinus
Medullary cord
Follicle
Cortex
Afferent lymphaticvessels
Afferent lymphaticvessels
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Figure 12.6 An overview of the body’s defenses.
Video: Introduction to how the immune system works
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Table 12.1 Summary of Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses (1 of 3)
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Table 12.1 Summary of Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses (2 of 3)
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Table 12.1 Summary of Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses (3 of 3)
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Figure 12.8 Phagocyte mobilization.
Positivechemotaxis
Inflammatorychemicals diffusingfrom the inflamedsite act as chemotactic agents
Neutrophils
Enter blood from bone marrow
and roll along the vessel wallDiapedesis
Capillary wallEndotheliumBasement membrane
1 2
3
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Figure 12.7 Flowchart of inflammatory events.
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Figure 12.9a Phagocytosis by a macrophage.
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Figure 12.9b Phagocytosis by a macrophage.
Phagosome(phagocyticvesicle)
Lysosome
Acidhydrolaseenzymes
(b) Events of phagocytosis
Phagocyte adheres to pathogens.
Phagocyte engulfs the particles, forming a phagosome.
Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome.
Lysosomal enzymes digest the pathogensor debris, leaving a residual body.
Exocytosis of the vesicleremovesindigestible and residual material.
2
1
4
3
5
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Figure 12.10 Activation of complement, resulting in lysis of a target cell.
Membrane attackcomplex forming
Activated complement proteins attach to pathogen’s
membrane in step-by-step sequence, forming a
membrane attack complex (a MAC attack).
MAC pores in themembrane lead tofluid flows that cause cell lysis.
Antibodiesattached topathogen’smembrane
Pore
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Figure 12.11 Lymphocyte differentiation and activation.
Red bone marrow: site of lymphocyte origin
Primary lymphoid organs: site ofdevelopment of immunocompetence asB or T cells
Secondary lymphoid organs: site ofantigen encounter, and activation tobecome effector and memory B or T cells
Lymphocytes destined to become T cellsmigrate (in blood) to the thymus and develop immunocompetence there. B cells develop immunocompetence in red bone marrow.
Immunocompetent but still naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow. They “seed” the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues, where they encounter their antigen and become activated.
Antigen-activated (mature) immunocompetent lymphocytes (effector cells and memory cells) circulate continuously in the bloodstream and lymph and throughout the lymphoid organs of the body.
Lymph nodes,spleen, and otherlymphoid tissues
Bone marrowThymus
Immature (naive)lymphocytes
Red
bone marrow
1
2
3
KEY:
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Figure 12.12 Clonal selection of a B cell.
Primary Response(initial encounterwith antigen)
Antigen
Antigen bindingto a receptor on aspecific B cell(B cells withnon-complementaryreceptors remaininactive)
Proliferation toform a clone
MemoryB cell
Subsequent challengeby same antigen resultsin more rapid response
Activated Bcells
Plasmacells
Secretedantibodymolecules
Secondary Response (can be years later)
Clone of cellsidentical toancestral cells
MemoryB cells
Plasmacells
Secretedantibodymolecules
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Figure 12.15a Basic antibody structure.
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Figure 12.15b Basic antibody structure.
Antigen-bindingsites
Lightchain
Heavychain
Disulfidebonds
(b)
C C
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Table 12.2 Immunoglobulin Classes (1 of 2)
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Table 12.2 Immunoglobulin Classes (2 of 2)
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Figure 12.16 Mechanisms of antibody action.
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Figure 12.13 Primary and secondary humoral responses to an antigen.
Primaryresponse
Secondaryresponse
Rela
tive a
nti
bo
dy c
on
cen
trati
on
in b
loo
d p
lasm
a
Time (weeks)Antigeninjected
Antigeninjected
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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Figure 12.14 Types of acquired immunity.
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Figure 12.19 A summary of the adaptive immune responses.
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Figure 12.17 T cell activation and interactions with other cells of the immune response.
Antigen “Presented”antigen
T cell antigenreceptor
Cytotoxic(killer)T cell
Cell-mediatedimmunity(attack oninfected cells)
Humoralimmunity(secretion ofantibodies byplasma cells)
B cell
Cytokines
HelperT cell
Self-
proteinAntigenprocessing
Dendritic cell
Cytokines
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Table 12.3 Functions of Cells and Molecules Involved in Immunity (1 of 4)
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Table 12.3 Functions of Cells and Molecules Involved in Immunity (2 of 4)
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Table 12.3 Functions of Cells and Molecules Involved in Immunity (3 of 4)
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Table 12.3 Functions of Cells and Molecules Involved in Immunity (4 of 4)
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Sensitization stage
Antigen (allergen)invades body.
Plasma cells producelarge amounts of classIgE antibodies againstallergen.
IgE antibodies attachto mast cells in bodytissues (and to circulatingbasophils).
Mast cell with fixed IgEantibodies
Granules containinghistamine
IgE
Subsequent (secondary)responses
More of same allergeninvades body.
Allergen binding to IgE on mast cells triggersrelease of histamine (and other chemicals).
Antigen
Mast cell granules release contents after antigen bindswith IgE antibodies
Histamine
Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky,which promotes edema; stimulates release of large amounts ofmucus; and causes smooth muscles to contract.
Outpouring of fluid from capillaries
Release of mucus
Constriction of bronchioles
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figure 12.20 Mechanism of an immediate (acute) hypersensitivity response.