A. is about 500 ml/min at restB. is measured using Kety methodC. is altered directly by vagal activityD. is maximal during ventricular systoleE. is autoregulated

FTFFT

F. It makes up about 4% of the total body weightG. The principal cation is sodiumH. It contains fructoseI. It is used for the direct Coombs testJ. Total plasma protein ranges from 20 - 40 g/L

TTTFF

K. It makes up about 40% of the body weightL. Measured using dilution technique with deuterium oxideM. Inorganic phosphate is the most abundant anionN. K+ concentration is approximately 100 mmol/LO. Its proportion varies little between tissues

TTTFF

P. 'Cannon' waves occur with junctional rhythmQ. 'H' wave is associated with bradycardiaR. Peaks with the 'a' wave at end diastoleS. The 'c' wave is a diastolic componentT. The 'x' descent is a systolic component

TTTFT

U. Thyroxine (T4) is more active than Triiodothyronine (T3)V. More than 99% of active hormone is protein-boundW. The actions are mediated via receptors on the cell surfaceX. Cause reduced carbohydrates metabolismY. Is de-iodinated in the liver

FTFFT

Z. There is approximately 3 litres of gastric secretion per dayAA.The parasympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexusBB. Gastric emptying is controlled by periodic relaxations of the pyloric sphincterCC. Cathecolamines inhibit the gastric secretionDD.The gastric contents are normally sterile

TFFTT

EE. Carbonic anhydrase is present in plasmaFF. 25% of carbon dioxide is dissolvedGG.Majority is carried as bicarbonateHH.Is facilitated by deoxygenated haemoglobinII. 50 ml of carbon dioxide is carried per 100 ml in arterial blood

FFTTT

- 1 -

1. Coronary blood flow 2. Regarding blood plasma 3. Regarding intracellular fluid 4. Concerning the CVP waveform 5. Regarding thyroid hormones 6. Regarding gastric physiology 7. Regarding carbon dioxide transport in blood

JJ. Present in the carotid sinusKK.Sensitive to changes in PaCO2LL. Stimulated by cyanideMM. Respond to anaemiaNN.Are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve

FTTFT

OO.are more influenced by PaO2 than oxygen content .PP. are stimulated by a fall in pH .QQ.are stimulated by a fall in blood flow .RR. contain chemoreceptors .SS. have a greater blood supply per gram than the brain .

TTTTT

TT. epidural anaesthesiaUU.nitrous oxideVV.ritodrineWW. halothaneXX.rocuronium

FFTTF

YY.U waves on the electrocardiogramZZ. increased amplitude of the P wavesAAA. prolonged QRS complexesBBB. ventricular fibrillationCCC. cardiac arrest in systolic phase

FFTTF

DDD. decrease in baroreceptor activityEEE. an increase in angiotensin IIFFF. an increase in precapillary sphincter toneGGG. an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressureHHH. stimulation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

FTTTT

III. is a class IB anti-arrhythmic drugJJJ. acts by prolonging cardiac action potentialKKK. half-life is less than 4 weeksLLL. pulmonary toxicity is one of its side effectMMM. interferes with tests of thyroid function

FTFTT

NNN. Hydrocortisone replacement alone is sufficient in Addison's diseaseOOO. Dexamethasone is suitable for replacement therapyPPP. Methylprednisolone is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than hydrocortisoneQQQ. Prolonged steroid therapy causes osteoporosisRRR. Cortisone does not cause fluid retention

FFTTF

SSS. A constant proportion of drug metabolised in a given time periodTTT. Ethanol is an example

- 2 -

8. Regarding peripheral chemoreceptors 9. The carotid bodies 10. Relaxation of the pregnant uterus is produced by 11. Hyperkalaemia causes 12. Autoregulatory mechanisms used in hypovolaemic shock include 13. .Amiodarone 14. Regarding steroid therapy 15. Regarding first-order kinetics

UUU. The enzyme responsible for the reaction is saturatedVVV. The rate of elimination and elimination half-life is constant,irrespective of

plasma concentrationWWW. The reaction is represented by a linear relationship

TFFFF

XXX. Those which act as antidopaminergic agents can cause extrapyramidal s symptomsYYY. Domperidone reduces vomiting by an antiserotonin actionZZZ. Extrapyramidal symptoms after administration of droperidol are unlikely 6 hours

after administrationAAAA. Phenothiazine reduce nausea and vomiting by anti dopaminergic, antihistamine and

antimuscarinic actionsBBBB. Metoclopramide and cyclizine have primarily anticholinergic actions.

TFFTF

CCCC. is useful when given intramuscularlyDDDD. contains mannitolEEEE. interferes with calcium ion release from sarcoplasmic reticullumFFFF. interacts with verapamilGGGG. causes sedation

FTTTT

HHHH. is a ?-receptor antagonistIIII. is an analogue of morphineJJJJ. is a respiratory stimulant in normal manKKKK. causes pulmonary oedema as a complicationLLLL. has a duration of action of one to four hours

TFFTT

MMMM. Increased if ventilation increasesNNNN. More rapid when cardiac output decreasesOOOO. Reduced with less soluble agentPPPP. greater when the difference between inspired and alveolar concentration are higherQQQQ. the second-gas effect allows the maintenance concentration of

TTFTF

RRRR. Adrenaline is the first drug of choiceSSSS. It is most commonly due to muscle relaxantsTTTT. It is IgE mediatedUUUU. Serum tryptase has a half-life of one (1) hourVVVV. Serum tryptase levels can distinguish between anaphylactic and anaphylactoid

reactions

TTTFF

WWWW. The intraoperative dose range is 0.5-6 mcg/kg/minXXXX. Acts on both arterial and venous smooth muscleYYYY. Plasma half-life is 2 minutesZZZZ. Stimulates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictionAAAAA. Reduces renal blood flow

TTTFF

- 3 -

16. Regarding antiemetic drugs 17. Dantrolene 18. Naloxone 19. Regarding uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent 20. Concerning anaphylaxis occurring during the perioperative period 21. Regarding sodium nitroprusside

BBBBB. enfluraneCCCCC. midazolamDDDDD. methohexitoneEEEEE. etomidateFFFFF. isoflurane

TFTFF

GGGGG. act by preventing sodium acces to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel

HHHHH. Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block

IIIII. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection, the longest durations follow major peripheral nerve blocks

JJJJJ. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine

KKKKK. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine

TFTFF

LLLLL.MMMMM.NNNNN.OOOOO.PPPPP.

QQQQQ. Prolongs its biological half-lifeRRRRR. Is different in arterial and venous bloodSSSSS. Is higher with lignocaine than bupivacaineTTTTT. Slows glomerular filtration of the drugUUUUU. Pethidine binds more to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein than albumin

TTFTT

VVVVV. has MAC of 105%WWWWW. has critical temperature of 36.5 degree CelciusXXXXX. induces bone marrow aplasiaYYYYY. causes increase in cardiac outputZZZZZ. causes diffusion hypoxia at the termination of anaesthesia

TTTFT

AAAAAA. Histamine and adrenalineBBBBBB. Flumazenil and midazolamCCCCCC. Atenolol and salbutamolDDDDDD. Protamine and warfarinEEEEEE. Aminoglycoside and atracrurium

TTTFF

FFFFFF. hyponatraemiaGGGGGG. hyperkalaemiaHHHHHH. hypermagnesaemiaIIIIII. lithiumJJJJJJ. hyperthermia

- 4 -

22. Epileptiform EEG activity are induced by 23. With regard to local anaesthetics: 24. The factors affecting the rate of transport of a drug across the placenta are a) degree of ionization b) degree of protein binding c) placental blood flow d) pK of the drug e) lipid solubility of the drug TTFTT

25. Regarding the binding of a drug to plasma proteins 26. Nitrous oxide 27. The following interactions are antagonistic 28. The action of non-depolarising muscle relaxant is prolonged by

FFTTF

KKKKKK. Normal plasma concentration is 3-5 mmol/LLLLLLL. Present mainly in boneMMMMMM. Deficiency cause muscle weaknessNNNNNN. Potentiates the action of Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junctionOOOOOO. It reduces peripheral vascular tone

FTTFT

PPPPPP. increase in uterine contractilityQQQQQQ. worsening of intermittent claudicationRRRRRR. hyperkalaemiaSSSSSS. tremorTTTTTT. tachycardia

FFFTT

UUUUUU. It is a selective ?2-agonistVVVVVV. It causes hypertension following abrupt cessationWWWWWW. Oral bioavailability is 100%XXXXXX. Anxiety is a side-effectYYYYYY. Reduces cardiac contractility

TTTFF

ZZZZZZ. Is the active ingredient of glyceryl trinitrateAAAAAAA.Improves platelet functionsBBBBBBB. Is usually administered in doses of 10-50 ppmCCCCCCC. Produces relaxation of the smooth muscleDDDDDDD.Methaemoglobinemia is one of it's adverse effects

TFTTT

EEEEEEE. coagulopathyFFFFFFF. respiratory depressionGGGGGGG.J waves on the ECGHHHHHHH.diuresisIIIIIII. hypoglycaemia

TTTTF

JJJJJJJ. The extrinsic cascade is initiated by contact between factor XII and collagen fiberKKKKKKK.Vitamin K is required for the formation of prothrombinLLLLLLL. Local vasoconstriction occurs in respond to serotonin released by plateletsMMMMMMM. Clot formation is due to conversion of fibrin to fibrinogenNNNNNNN.Primary hemostasis is controlled by the balance between Thromboxane A2 and

Prostacyclin

FTTFT

OOOOOOO.Normal pulmonary capillary pressure is about 10 mmHgPPPPPPP. The volume of blood in the pulmonary vessels is about 1 liter at any timeQQQQQQQ.PGF2? causes pulmonary vasoconstrictionRRRRRRR. Pulmonary blood volume increase when changing posture from supine to erectSSSSSSS. Receive blood from both the pulmonary and bronchial arteries

- 5 -

29. Concerning magnesium 30. Salbutamol causes31. Regarding clonidine 32. Concerning nitric oxide (NO) 33. Hypothermia causes 34. During the process of hemostasis 35. Regarding pulmonary circulation

TTTFT

TTTTTTT. is equal to total minute ventilation minus the dead space ventilationUUUUUUU.is calculated from the alveolar air equationVVVVVVV.is proportionate to alveolar CO2 concentrationWWWWWWW. is about 4.5 L/min at restXXXXXXX.is more in the apical than basal region in upright position

TFFTT

YYYYYYY.stimulates adrenaline secretion in the adrenal medullaZZZZZZZ. causes vasodilatationAAAAAAAA. decreases bronchial toneBBBBBBBB. increases lacrimationCCCCCCCC. on M2-type causes gastric acid secretion

FTFTF

DDDDDDDD. The most rapidly conducting fibres in the heart are purkinje fibresEEEEEEEE. The last part of the ventricle to be activated is the apexFFFFFFFF. The duration of an action potential in the ventricular muscle fibre is about the same

as in a skeletal muscle fibreGGGGGGGG. The T wave of the ECG occurs at the beginning of the absolute refractory

period of the ventricleHHHHHHHH. Left axis deviation leads to abnormally large R wave in standard limb lead I

TFFFF

IIIIIIII. Causes hypoventilationJJJJJJJJ. Is caused by massive blood transfusionKKKKKKKK. Is treated with acetozolamideLLLLLLLL. Increase free ionized calcium concentrationMMMMMMMM. Tetany is a complication

TTTFT

NNNNNNNN. the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cord

OOOOOOOO. parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholinePPPPPPPP. postganglionic sympathetic fibres release cathecolamines, except at sweat and

adrenal glandsQQQQQQQQ. sympathetic effects are more localized than parasympathetic actionsRRRRRRRR. parasympathetic stimulation increases bladder emptying

TFTFF

SSSSSSSS. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to waterTTTTTTTT. Sodium reabsorption from the loop of Henle occurs passivelyUUUUUUUU. Under conditions of maximum antidiuresis, 5% of water reabsorption occurs

in the distal tubuleVVVVVVVV. Sodium excretion affected by blood flow in the vasa rectaWWWWWWWW. Prolonged thirst induces aldosterone production

TFFTT

XXXXXXXX. Increases in ACTH, cortisol and growth hormoneYYYYYYYY. Increased lipolysisZZZZZZZZ. Protein catabolism

- 6 -

36. Alveolar minute ventilation 37. Action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors 38. With reference to the normal human heart : 39. Concerning metabolic alkalosis 40. In the autonomic nervous system 41. Regarding renal regulation of water and sodium 42. The stress response to surgery includes

AAAAAAAAA. Increased glucagon secretionBBBBBBBBB. Reduced insulin secretion

TFTTT

CCCCCCCCC. Heart failureDDDDDDDDD. Primary hyperaldosteronismEEEEEEEEE. Excessive use of Loop diureticsFFFFFFFFF. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic HormoneGGGGGGGGG. Chlorpropamide treatment

TFTTT

HHHHHHHHH. Increases surface tension in alveoliIIIIIIIII. Prevents pulmonary oedemaJJJJJJJJJ. Deficiency results in hyaline membrane diseaseKKKKKKKKK. Decreases lungs complianceLLLLLLLLL. Is produced by the type II alveolar cells

FTTFT

MMMMMMMMM. its osmolality is identical to plasma osmolality .NNNNNNNNN. its glucose content is two-thirds of plasma concentration .OOOOOOOOO. its potassium content is slightly higher than in plasma . PPPPPPPPP. the rate of formation is approximately 150 ml per day. the total volume is

approximately 150 ml. TTFFT QQQQQQQQQ.

RRRRRRRRR. Oxygenated blood is delivered by branches of the hepatic arterySSSSSSSSS. Total blood flow is half of the cardiac outputTTTTTTTTT. It augments blood volume up to 300 mls during haemorrhageUUUUUUUUU. The portal venous pressure is about 10 mmHgVVVVVVVVV. The portal vein has dopaminergic receptors

TFTTT

WWWWWWWWW. activation of angiotensin IXXXXXXXXX. metabolism of circulating adenine nucleotidesYYYYYYYYY. the synthesis of circulating kallikreinZZZZZZZZZ. histamine metabolismAAAAAAAAAA. the inactivation of circulating adrenaline

TTTFF

BBBBBBBBBB. is increased in chronic hypoxiaCCCCCCCCCC. has a value approximately 20% of the systemic circulationDDDDDDDDDD. is measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter with a thermistor tipEEEEEEEEEE. is increased by isoprenalineFFFFFFFFFF. is increased when pulmonary venous pressure increased

TTTFF

GGGGGGGGGG. Blood can flow from the vena cava to the descending aorta without passing through the left atrium or left ventricle

HHHHHHHHHH. Blood from the ductus arteriosus is more saturated than blood from the ductus venosus

IIIIIIIIII. The ductus arteriosus normally closes within 1 hour of birth

- 7 -

43. Causes of hyponatremia is/are 44. Concerning pulmonary surfactant 45. Regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 46. Regarding liver circulation 47. Non-respiratory functions of the lung includes 48. Pulmonary vascular resistance 49. In the fetus

JJJJJJJJJJ. The foramen ovale closes as a result of pressure reversal between the left atrium and right atrium

KKKKKKKKKK. Transition from fetal to adult circulation result from a decrease in pulmonary artery pressure

TFFTT

LLLLLLLLLL. heart rate slows transientlyMMMMMMMMMM. intratracheal pressure risesNNNNNNNNNN. left ventricular output has a sustained increaseOOOOOOOOOO. right ventricular output increasesPPPPPPPPPP. systolic arterial pressure falls then rises

TTFFF

QQQQQQQQQQ. Ductus arteriosus closes after three months (F).RRRRRRRRRR. Glomerulo filtration rate is 1/3 of adult values (T).SSSSSSSSSS. Specific compliance is the same as the adult (T).TTTTTTTTTT. The cardiac output dependent on the heart rate (T).UUUUUUUUUU. Total body water comprises 70% of the neonate (T

FTTTT

VVVVVVVVVV. equipotent with bupivacaine.WWWWWWWWWW. less CNS toxic than bupivacaine .XXXXXXXXXX. longer lasting than ropivacaine for spinal anaesthesia.YYYYYYYYYY. more cardiotoxic than ropivacaine .ZZZZZZZZZZ. the R(+)-enantiomer of bupivacaine .

FTTTF

AAAAAAAAAAA. Is a carboxylated imidazole compoundBBBBBBBBBBB. Inhibits adrenal steroid synthesisCCCCCCCCCCC. Presented in 35% propylene glycolDDDDDDDDDDD. Metabolize in the liver by ester hydrolysisEEEEEEEEEEE. Causes more respiratory depression than thiopentone

TTTTF

FFFFFFFFFFF. it is predominantly antithromboticGGGGGGGGGGG. is a basic protein moleculeHHHHHHHHHHH. protamine heparin complex rarely mediates pulmonary hypertensionIIIIIIIIIII. dose of 1mg is required for every 100u of heparin circulating in blood ( Stoelting

p458)JJJJJJJJJJJ. Hexadimethrine is alternative in patients allergic to

TTTTT

KKKKKKKKKKK. Frusemide reduces renal blood flowLLLLLLLLLLL. Mannitol has no effect on the renal blood flowMMMMMMMMMMM. Amiloride is a potassium sparing diureticNNNNNNNNNNN. Hyponatremia is more likely in patients taking loop diurtics than thiazide

diurtics e Thiazide act principally on the cortical portion of ascending loops of Henle FFTFT OOOOOOOOOOO.

PPPPPPPPPPP. Acetazolamide acts on the proximal convoluted tubulesQQQQQQQQQQQ. Loop acts on the medullary portion of ascending loops of HenleRRRRRRRRRRR. Thiazide causes metabolic alkalosis as a side effect

- 8 -

50. When breathing out against a closed glottis, the 51. The following are true about neonatal physiology: 52. Levobupivacaine is 53. Concerning etomidate 54. Protamine55. The following statement regarding Diuretics are true56. Regarding Diuretics (Stoelting p440)

SSSSSSSSSSS. Frusemide enhances aminoglycoside nephrotoxicityTTTTTTTTTTT. Mannitol is used as a prophylaxis against acute renal failure

TTTTT

UUUUUUUUUUU. Higher respiratory rateVVVVVVVVVVV. Higher airway resistanceWWWWWWWWWWW. Higher physiological dead spaceXXXXXXXXXXX. Almost entirely diaphragmatic ventilationYYYYYYYYYYY. Lower lung compliance

TTFTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZ. Blood in ductus arteriosus is more saturated than blood in ductus venosusAAAAAAAAAAAA.Blood in the umbilical veins is 50% saturatedBBBBBBBBBBBB. Blood can pass from the inferior vena cava to the aorta without passing

through the heartCCCCCCCCCCCC. The PaO2 in the umbilical artery is 20 mmHgDDDDDDDDDDDD.Blood passing to the brain and arms is better oxygenated than that passing

FFFTT

EEEEEEEEEEEE. Left ventricular volume is maximal at the end of atrial systoleFFFFFFFFFFFF. The mitral valve closes by contraction of the papillary musclesGGGGGGGGGGGG.The left ventricular pressure is maximal just before the aortic valve opensHHHHHHHHHHHH.The ejection fraction is about 85%IIIIIIIIIIII. The dicrotic notch is due to rebound of the aortic valve

TFFFF

JJJJJJJJJJJJ. Afterload is the tension (or the arterial pressure) against which the ventricle must contract.

KKKKKKKKKKKK.Preload is dependent of ventricular filling (or end diastolic volume.)LLLLLLLLLLLL. The most important determining factor for preload is venous return.MMMMMMMMMMMM. Afterload for the left ventricle is determined by aortic pressure

TTTTTNNNNNNNNNNNN.

OOOOOOOOOOOO.Decrease in total body waterPPPPPPPPPPPP. Increase gastric emptyingQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Increase total lung capacityRRRRRRRRRRRR. Increase oxygen consumptionSSSSSSSSSSSS. Increase in cardiac output

TFFTT

TTTTTTTTTTTT. increases the creatinine clearanceUUUUUUUUUUUU.has a renal protective reflex propertyVVVVVVVVVVVV.increases intracellular calcium concentrationWWWWWWWWWWWW. usually increases cardiac output at dose of 2mic/kg/minXXXXXXXXXXXX.splanchnic oxygen requirement is increased

FFTTT

YYYYYYYYYYYY.They produce their anticoagulant effects by binding to antithrombinZZZZZZZZZZZZ. It acts through inhibition of thrombin induced activation of factor V and VIIAAAAAAAAAAAAA. it does not inhibit platelet functionBBBBBBBBBBBBB.It is present endogenously in Mast cells

- 9 -

57. Respiratory physiology in the neonate, compared with the adult, shows58. In fetal circulation59. In the cardiac cycle 60. Regarding CVSPreload is the muscle length prior to contractility61. Physiological changes in obesity include 62. Dopamine 63. Regarding Heparin

CCCCCCCCCCCCC.It crosses the placenta

TTFTF

DDDDDDDDDDDDD. The drug of choice for treatment of Rickettsia is tetracyclineEEEEEEEEEEEEE. The drug of choice for treatment of methicillin resistant staph aureus is

vancomycinFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Probenecid prolongs the duration of action of PenicillinGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Cloxacillin is pencillinase susceptible penicillinsHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Allergic reaction to penicillin is mediated through IgE antibodies

TTTFT

IIIIIIIIIIIII. Lidocaine was synthesized by Lofgren in 1943JJJJJJJJJJJJJ.Are marketed as water soluble hydrochloric saltKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Ropivacaine was developed as a pure S enantiomerLLLLLLLLLLLLL. pKa of bupivacaine is 8.1MMMMMMMMMMMMM. Elimination half time of bupivacaine is 210 minutes

TTTTT

NNNNNNNNNNNNN. alter the resting transmembrane potential or threshold potentialOOOOOOOOOOOOO. sodium channels is a specific receptor for local anestheticPPPPPPPPPPPPP. after binding they stabilize inactivated closed states of sodium channelQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. sodium channels in inactivated state are permeable to sodiumRRRRRRRRRRRRR.differential blockade is selective blockade of preganglioic sympathetic B

fibers with low concentration

FTTFT

SSSSSSSSSSSSS. is time necessary for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease to 50% during the elimination phase

TTTTTTTTTTTTT. it is directly proportional to clearance of drugUUUUUUUUUUUUU. it is directly proportional to VdVVVVVVVVVVVVV. it is independent of the dose of drug administered.WWWWWWWWWWWWW.Amount of drug remaining in the body is related to number of

elimination half times that have elapsed

TFTTT

XXXXXXXXXXXXX. 25% of blood supply comes from hepatic arteryYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Halothane decreases hepatic oxygen supply to a greater extent than

isoflurane or sevofluraneZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Hepatic autoregulation is not affected by fastingAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Metabolism of drugs occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

of hepatocytesBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Portal venous pressure is 7-10 mm of Hg

TTFTT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Partly flow from bronchial veins into pulmonary veinsDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Partly from Thebesian veinsEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. 10% of total pulmonary blood flowFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Increased by pulmonary hypertensionGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Increased during sleep

TTFFT

- 10 -

64. Regarding Antibiotics 65. Regarding Local anesthetic agent 66. Regarding local anaesthetic agent 67. Regarding elimination half time 68. In the liver 69. Physiological right-to-left shunt (venous admixture) is

HHHHHHHHHHHHHH. It inhibits true cholinesteraseIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Elimination half time is about 60-120 minutesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is poorly lipid solubleKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Its onset of action is faster than edrophoniumLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Used in treatment of paralytic ileus

TTTFT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMM. The cations used in the calculation of the anion gap are sodium and potassium

NNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The anions used in the calculation of the anion gap are chlorides and phosphates

OOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The normal anion gap is between 8 - 10 mmol/LPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Lactic acidosis causes a metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Renal failure causes a metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap

TFFFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRR. alveolar oxygen tensionSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. haemoglobin contentTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. cardiac outputUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. arterial carbon dioxide tension TFTTT VVVVVVVVVVVVVV.

WWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Intracellular fluid is approximately twice the volume of the extracellular fluid

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Extracellular volume grossly depleted in intestinal obstructionYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Protein content of interstitial fluid is higher compared to

intracellular fluid and plasmaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Ratio of extracellular / intracellular volume is smaller in infants compared to

adultAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Normal plasma protein oncotic pressure is 25 mm Hg

TTFFT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. The carotid bodiesCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Joint receptors on respiratory musclesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors in the medullaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Bronchiolar strech receptors via sympathetic stimulationsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Receptors which respond to the hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF

TTFFT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. At age 66, closing capacity is lower than FRC in the upright position.

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Air present in the lungs after maximal inspiratory effort is the residual volume

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Normal Vital capacity is about 60-70ml/kgJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. FRC decreases as a patient moved from upright to a supine positionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Vital capacity includes tidal volumes, expiratory reserve volume

and residual volume

TFTTF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Alveolar pressure is normally atmospheric ( zero . at end- inspiration

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Intrapleural pressure is -5cm H2O before inspiration begins

- 11 -

70. Regarding Neostigmine 71. Regarding the anion gap 72. The saturation of arterial blood with oxygen depends on 73. Concerning composition of body fluids74. The respiratory center in the brain stem receives input from75. Regarding the lung volumes and capacities :76. Regarding pressures during respiratory cycle in spontaneous ventilation:

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Transpulmonary pressure is a combination of alveolar and intrapleural pressure

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Fall in intrapleural pressure during inspiration is due to a fall in the elastic recoil

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. With forced expiration, the intrapleural pressure exceeds zero.

TTFFT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. normally 0.2 L/ cm H2ORRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. dynamic compliance is usually measured at the end of inspiration

during intermittent positive pressure ventilationSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. increased in emphysemaTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. low lung compliance is associated with rapid and shallow

respirationUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. the compliance is different at apical and basal of the lungs

TFTTT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. all the fetal blood returning from the placenta flows directly into inferior vena cava

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. fetal blood carries more oxygen than maternal blood at low PO2

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. umbilical venous blood has a PO2 of 30-40 mmHgYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. blood on the right side of the fetal heart is better oxygenated than

that on the left sideZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. pulmonary vascular resistance is higher than after birth

FFTTF

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. a-delta fibres which terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal hornBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. second order neurons which ascend in the ipsilateral spinothalamic

traCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. c fibres which release histamine and serotoninDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. synapses in the substantia nigra of the spinal cordEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. descending pathways in the dorsolateral colums

TFFFT

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liverGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolismHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on

the particle sizeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Highly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal routeJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Drugs given by oral route should have a very high exraction ratio

TFTFF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Highly protein bound drugs have a longer biological half-lifeLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Protein binding is different markedly in arterial and venous bloodMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Free drug concentration is not altered in

hypoalbuminaemics statesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein principally binds to basic drugsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Greater the protein binding, lesser is the volume of distribution

TFFTT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. apply to enzyme- mediated reactions

- 12 -

77. Regarding lung compliance78. During intrauterine life,79. The pathways of pain sensation include80. Regarding drug administration :81. Regarding protein binding of drugs in plasma :82. First-order processes

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. are characterized by high rates of reaction when the concentrations of reacting substances are high.

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. can properly be described in terms of t1/2SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. are involved in elimination of most drugsTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. change to zero-order kinetic at very high drug doses

TTFTT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Half-life of a drug is shorter than its time constantVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Drug given by infusion without a bolus reach a steady state in five

half-livesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Extent of drug distribution into extracellular fluid is

unlikely to affect t1/2.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Context sensitive half-life can be use for any drugYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. About 94% of a drug is cleared of the body in four half-lives

TTFFT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Is indicated by area under the plasma concentration - curve timeAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Bio-availability of intravenous drug must be less than 100%BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Is reduced by destruction of drug in the gutCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Is reduced by metabolism of drug in the liverDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Is greater by sublingual route than enteral route.

TFTTT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. combines with the same receptor as the agonist drugFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. shift the log dose response curve for the agonist to the rightGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.depresses the maximum obtainable response of the agonistHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.will affect the affinity of the agonist for its receptorIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. need not have a close structural similarity to the agonist

TTFFT

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. LignocaineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.MorphineLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. PropofolMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Levo-bupivacaineNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Vecuronium

FFFFF

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.dose administeredPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. volume of distributionQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.hepatic clearanceRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. rate of injectionSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. cardiac output

TFFTT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Is insoluble in waterUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Is bound to albumin up to 97-98 %VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Reduces sodium channel opening times in neuronal membranesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Is hypertonicXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Does not cause tachycardia

TTTFT

- 13 -

83. The following statements about drug half-life are correct :84. Regarding of bio-availability of drugs :85. A competitive antagonist86. The following drugs are excreted largely unchanged by the kidney :87. Factors which affect the peak effect of intravenous anaesthetics include88. Regarding propofol :

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.has marked analgesic properties mediated by its binding to NMDA receptors

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. causes a fall in cardiac output and a rise in heart rateAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is contraindicated in patients with raised intracranial

pressureBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. has active metabolitesCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. causes postoperative dreaming and hallucinations which is less

frequent in children

TFTTT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Has t 1/2 of less than 2 hoursEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Is water soluble at pH of 6FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Has an active metaboliteGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Can have a prolonged effect if it given with erythromycinHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Bioavailability following intramuscular injection is 90 %

TFTTT

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. The blood gas partition co-efficient of desflurane is 0.42JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Desflurane will cause sympathetic stimulationKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Sevoflurane can degrade to compound A in soda limeLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Desflurane is suitable for inhalational inductionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Desflurane can be used in halothane vaporizer

TTTFF

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Is quicker in patients with high FRCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Is quicker if the agent is very soluble in bloodPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Is slower in the presence of right to left shuntQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is unchanged in the presence of left to right shunt with

normal systemic flowRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is quicker when used with nitrous oxide

FFTTT

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is stored as liquidTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. is a gas above a temperature of 36 degree centigradeUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. cylinders should have filling ratio of 0.65-0.75VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. content in a cylinder is always reflected from its pressure

gaugeWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. is 34 times less soluble than N2.

TTTTF

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Morphine acts on kappa receptorsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The effect of stimulation of sigma receptors is dysphoria

and hallucinationZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Euphoria is due to stimulation of delta receptorsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Nalorphine antagonizes kappa receptorsBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Pentazocine is partial agonist

TTFFT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is structurally related to morphineDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. onset of analgesic activity after intramuscular injection is

35 minutes

- 14 -

89. Ketamine90. Regarding Midazolam :91. Regarding inhalational agents :92. The speed of induction with inhalational agents93. Nitrous oxide94. Regarding opioid receptors :95. Pethidine

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. in equianalgesic doses, pethidine and morphine produce equal amount of sedation

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. respiratory depression caused by it can be antagonized by nalorphine

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. about 60% is bound to plasma proteins

TFFTF

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Nalorphine induces antidiuretic effectIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent as nalorphineJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Naloxone precipitates a withdrawal syndrome after chronic doses of

pentazocineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Naloxone is metabolized and excreted by the kidneysLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent when given orally as compared

with parenteral administration

FFTFF

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. is an aminostereroidNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is stable in aqueous solutionOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. undergoes principally hepatic eliminationPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. has provide intubating conditions within 60 secondsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. It release histamine

TTTTF

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. can act at central cholinergic receptorsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. can increase the physiological dead spaceTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. dilate the pupilUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. is equally effective when given orallyVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is five times potent as antisialagogue than atropine

FTFFT

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. is a bronchodilatorXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. is released in postsynaptic sympathetic nerve endingsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. differs from noradrenaline by having an extra methyl

groupZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is commonly used with local anesthetics in a concentration of 1 :

80,00AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. will elevate the blood sugar

TFTFT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. is a phenanthrene derivativeCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is the analgesic of choice in biliary colicDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. has an anticholinergic effectEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. decreases intracranial pressureFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is a good anticonvulsant

TFTFF

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. increase the risk of regurgitationHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is contraindicated intravenously in glaucomaIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. causes hyperthermiaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is equipotent with hyoscine as antisialogogueKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. dose of 2-3 mg intravenously block the vagal nerve

completely

- 15 -

96. Regarding narcotic antagonists :97. Rocuronium98. Glycopyrrolate99. Adrenaline100.Morphine 101.Atropine

TFTFT

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Blocks ?2-receptors more than ?1-receptorsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Is a non-competitive antagonistNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Causes reflex tachycardiaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Reduces supine blood pressure in normal subjectsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Elimination half life is 24 hours

FTTTT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. MannitolRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. PhysostigmineSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. GlycopyrollateTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. AtracuriumUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Propofol

FTFFT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Primary site of action is in the loop of HenleWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Causes hyperuricaemiaXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Enhances the excretion of calciumYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Hyponatraemic acidosis is the adverse effectZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. 80% is excreted in the urine as unchanged

TTTFT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment model

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drug

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. is affected by differential regional blood flowEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is high in hydrophilic drugs

FTTTF

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Act mainly by increasing the secretion of insulinGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Reduce plasma cholesterol levelHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Highly protein-boundIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Increase the peripheral uptake of the glucoseJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Cause cholestatic jaundice

TTTFT

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Morphine forms a conjugated glucuronideLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Phenytoin is a drug metabolism inducerMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Laudanosine is produced by Hofmann

degradation of atracuriumNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Pethidine metabolism requires catechol-o-

methyltransferaseOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Hydrolysis is a phase II of drug metabolism

TTTFF

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. All ions including hydrogen ions!QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Mid to large polar molecules including glucose

- 16 -

102.Regarding phenoxybenzamine 103.Drugs readily cross the blood-brain barrier 104.Regarding frusemide 105.The volume of distribution of a drug 106.Concerning sulphonylureas 107.Regarding drug metabolism 108.The substances that cannot pass through cell membrane easily are

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Amino acidsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharidesTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. oxygen

TTTTF

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Simple diffusionVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. OsmosisWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Facilitated Diffusion eg Simple protein

channelsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. EndocytosisYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Bulk flow mechanisms

TTTFF

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. the rate of uptake is increased if ventilation increasesAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.induction is more rapid if cardiac output decreasesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. induction is less rapid with less soluble agentCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. the effect of changing cardiac output on the rate of uptake

Will be greater with a more soluble agentDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.the second-gas effect allows the maintenance

concentration of

TTFTF

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is a partial agonist at ?2-adrenoceptorsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.cause hypertension if infused intravenouslyGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is well absorbed when taken orallyHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.anxiety is an important side-effectIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. reduces cardiac contractility

TFTFF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. activation of angiotensin IKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.metabolism of circulating adenine nucleotidesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. the synthesis of circulating kallikreinMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. the inactivation of circulating

bradykininNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.the inactivation of circulating adrenaline

TTTTF

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.potentiated by inhalational anaesthetic vapoursPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.when given in repeated doses can be described as dual blockQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Attenuated by intraperitoneal tobramycinRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. potentiated in patients with multiple neurofibromatosisSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Attenuated in hypoproteinaemia

TFFTF

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. ED95 represents the potency of NMB drug in the presence of N20-barbiturate opioid anesthesia

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.NMB drugs affect small muscles before diaphragmVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Adductor pollicis monitoring is a poor indicator of

laryngeal relaxationWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. TOF stimulation reflects events in the

post junctional membraneXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.A single twitch response evoked reflects events in

- 17 -

109.The Passive transport mechanisms are110.When considering the uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent 111.Clonidine112.Recognised non-respiratory functions of the lung include113.The actions of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs114.Regarding NMBlockade

TTTFF

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.increases surface tension differentially in differently sized alveoli

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. helps prevent pulmonary oedemaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. increases alveolar ciliary motionBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. aids diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary

capillaryCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is secreted by the type II alveolar cells

FTFFT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. is increased in chronic hypoxiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. has a value approximately one-sixth that of the systemic

circulationFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. can be measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter

with a thermistor tipGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is decreased by isoprenalineHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is decreased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

TTT?T

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Autoregulation occurs in most vascular bedsJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Potassium causes vasoconstrictionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Endothelin is an extremely potent vasoconstrictorLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxideMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Adenosine produces endothelium-

independent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

TFTTT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment model

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drug

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood or plasma

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is affected by differential regional blood flowRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. will be relatively low if hydrophilic and extensively bound

to plasma proteins

FTTTT

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. has its primary site of action in the loop of HenleTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. commonly causes hyperuricaemiaUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. enhances the excretion of calciumVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. hyponatraemic acidosis is the adverse effectWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. reduces the efficacy of concurrently

prescribed lithium

TTTFF

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment model

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drug

- 18 -

115.Pulmonary surfactant116.Pulmonary vascular resistance in adults117.In the local regulation of the microcirculation 118.The volume of distribution of a drug119.Frusemide120.The volume of distribution of a drug

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood or plasma

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is affected by differential regional blood flowBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. will be relatively low if hydrophilic and

extensively bound to plasma proteins

FTTTT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. the intraoperative dose range is 0.5-6 mg/kg/minDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. metabolism to cynide occurs non-enzymetically

in bloodEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. metabolism produces thiocynate which is excreted in urineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. it produces dilation predominantly of resistance vesselsGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. reduces renal blood flow

FTTFF

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. prolongs action potential duration in SA nodeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. shorten repolarisation in AV nodeJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. cause photosensitivityKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. will have effect on thyroid function on long

treatmentLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. slows conduction velocity in His-purkinjee system

TFTTT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. act by preventing sodium acces to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection, the longest durations follow major peripheral nerve blocks

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine

TFTFF

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is a pure R enantiomerSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is more cardiotoxic than bupivacaineTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. produces a motor block of more pronounced degree and

duration than bupivacaineUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. gives rise to a sensory block that is similar to

bupivacaineVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is more lipid soluble than bupivacaine

FFFTF

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Those which act as antidopaminergic agents can cause extrapyramidal symptoms

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Domperidone reduces vomiting by an antiserotonin action

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Extrapyramidal symptoms after administration of droperidol are unlikely 6 hours after administration

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Phenothiazine reduce nausea and vomiting by anti dopaminergic, antihistamine and antimuscarinic actions

- 19 -

121.Sodium nitroprusside122.Regarding amiodarone123.With regard to local anaesthetics:124.Ropivacaine125.Regarding antiemetic drugs

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Metoclopramide and cyclizine have primarily anticholinergic actions.

TFFTF

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. alpha-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate noradrenaline release

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. beta-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. alpha-1 agonists decrease intracellular calciumEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. adrenaline has alpha-1 and alpha -2 actions and beta-1 and

beta-2 actionsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. beta-2 agonists cause uterine relaxation

FTFTT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Frusemide inhibits the chloride reabsorption in the distal tubules

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Thiazides causes hypokalaemic acidosisIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Ethacrynic acid increases the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ionJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Xanthines decrease the glomerular filtration rateKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Duration of action of frusamide will last for 4

hours

FFTFT

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. is beta-1 selective blockerMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. has an elimination half-life of 9 minutesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is metabolise by plasma pseudocholinesteraseOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. has histamine releasePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is useful in management of supraventicular arrhytmias

TTFFT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. adrenaline causes alpha and beta-1 and beta-2 stimulation, while noradrenaline stimulates alpha and beta-1 not beta-2 activity

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. isoprenaline has more beta than alpha effect on the heart

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. dopamine increases peripheral resistance, dobutamine reduces it

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. dopexamine causes dilatation of renal, cerebral, coronary and mesenteric beds

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. nitroglycerine causes mainly arterial vasodilatation, nitroprusside mainly venous dilatation

TTTTF

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. has molecular weight between 3000-60,000 daltons

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. acts by binding to antithrombin III

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. has antiplatetelet activityYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. prolongs the prothrombin timeZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. has a shorter duration of action than low molecular weight

heparin

TTTFT

- 20 -

126.Of the sympathomimetic drugs127.Regarding diuretics128.Regarding esmolol129.Drugs actions on the cardiovascular system include130.Heparin

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. degree of ionizationBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. degree of protein bindingCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. placental blood flowDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. pK of the drugEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.lipid solubility of the drug

TTFTT

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. FiltrationGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Passive diffusionHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Facilitated diffusionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.Active transportJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Secondary active transport

FTFFF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. The SA node develops from the structures on the right side of the embryo

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.His-purkinje have the fastest conduction velocities in the heart

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Atrial conduction is slowed by a decrease in temperature

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The PR interval represents the duration of atrial depolarization

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Final repolarization is due to activation of calcium channels

TTTFF

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. The main blood supply to the AV node is from right coronary artery

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Mean arterial pressure is more determinant of myocardial blood flow than arterial diastolic pressure

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow bear a linear relationship

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Coronary blood flow will be improved by slowing the heart rate

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Normal myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is 70 %.

TFTTT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. left ventricular end diastolic volume is about 20 mls.

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. the first heart sound coincides with the onset of ventricular systole

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. cardiac output is approximately 75mls/beat

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVEDP . is about 5 mmHg

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. the second heart sound coincides with end of T wave of ECG

FTTTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.an increase in sympathetic activityAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressureBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. a decrease in baroreceptor activity

- 21 -

131.The factors affecting the rate of transport of a drug across the placenta are132.Oxygen is transport from the alveoli into the blood in pulmonary capillaries by133.In the conducting system of the heart134.Regarding coronary blood flow135.In normal healthy man at rest in the supine position136.Regarding the autoregulatory mechanisms in acute hypovolaemia

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. an increase in arteriovenous oxygen content difference

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.an increase in angiotension II.

TFTFT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. increased carotid sinus pressureFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. increased right atrial pressureGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.application of pressure of the eye ballHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.following the release of a valsalva manoeuvreIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. expiration

TTTTF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. sympathetic nerve terminal supplying the heartKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.sympathetic nerve terminal at the adrenal

medullaLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. parasympathetic nerve terminal supplying the

lacrimal glandMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. sympathetic nerve terminal

supplying sweat glandNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.sympathetic ganglia

FTTTT

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Normally about 20% of renal plasma flowPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. GFR is directly proportional to systemic arterial pressureQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Tubular function is more important than GFR in

determining the rate of urine productionRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Blood in efferent arteriole is more viscous than

that in afferent arterioleSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Glomerular filtration is a type of ultrafiltration

TFFFT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Is calculated from plasma concentration of sodium, bicarbonate and phosphate

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.The normal value is between 15-18 mmol/lVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Is normal in renal tubular acidosisWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. High in aspirin overdoseXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Is decreased when plasma albumin is decreased

FFTTT

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Fibrinogen is present in low concentrations in patients with liver disease

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Calcium ions are required to convert fibrin monomer to fibrin threads

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Heparin is secreted by circulating eosinophil cells.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Haemophiliacs have a lack of factor VIII and IXCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Normal prothrombin time is between 20s and

30s.

TTFTF

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Thick ascending limb of loop dilutes the filtrates by its powerful sodium pumps

- 22 -

137.In normal resting condition , a bradycardia would be expected to occur following138.Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at139.Concerning glomerular filtration140.The anion gap141.Concerning of blood coagulation :142.Regarding the passage of glomerular filtrate through the renal tubules :

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. A substance suitable for measuring glomerular filtration rate should be absorbed or secreted by tubules

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Distal tubule is normally impermeable to waterGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Glucose is absent in the filtrate in Loop

of HenleHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Sodium concentration in descending

limb of loop is same as that in distal convulated tubule

TFTTF

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. sensitize the myocardium to catecholaminesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. lower the plasma cholesterolKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. increase the formation of messenger

RNAsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. reduce albumin synthesisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. iodine is absorbed from

gastrointestinal tract in ionized form

TTTFT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is about 1-2 U/ hour in the basal stateOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is increased 5-10 times following

ingestion of foodPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is increased by glucagonsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is depressed in starvationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is increased in perioperative period

TTTTF

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. vagal blockadeTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. mechanical obstructionUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. stimulation of splanchnic nervesVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. pregnancyWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. neostigmine

FTFFT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The synaptic cleft is about 50-70 nm wide

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The postjunctional membrane is thrown into folds

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Acetylcholine receptor has five protein subunitsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Two alpha subunits of acetylcholine

receptor have to be activated for the channel to openBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and

acetic acid

TTTTF

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. receives most of its blood supply from the portal vein

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. involve in vasopressin metabolism and inactivation

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. produces heparinFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. has a normal portal venous pressure of greater

than 20mmHgGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. receives approximately 25% of the

cardiac output

- 23 -

143.Thyroid hormones will144.Insulin secretion145.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by146.Regarding the neuromuscular junction:147.The liver

TTFFT

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Brain receives 15% of cardiac outputIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Cerebral blood flow rises by 2% for each mm rise in PaCO2JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Volatile anaesthetics reduce cerebral blood flowKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Volatile anaesthetics can impair the

autoregulation of cerebral blood flowLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Cerebral blood flow is relatively constant

between CPP of 50-150 mmHg.

TTFTT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Normal specific gravity is between 1.003 and 1.009

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The rate of formation is increased if the intracranial pressure rises.

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The pressure normally alters with respiration.

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. CSF glucose level is independent on plasma glucose level

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. CSF flow will passes into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi.

TFTFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is associated with Bohr effect in hypercapnia.SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is favoured by a rise in temperatureTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. favours the passage of oxygen from blood to

tissuesUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. occurs when fetal blood is replaced by

adult bloodVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. occurs in stored blood

TTTTF

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. 1 molecule will yield 38 molecules of ATP.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The Kreb's cycle can operate for a limited time anaerobically

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The components of the Kreb's cycle are supplied entirely from carbohydrate metabolism

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. The RQ is higher for carbohydrates than fatsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Aerobic glycolysis is a process when

pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and produce CO2 and H2O

TFFFT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Sympathetic block up to T4CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Increased circulating adrenalineDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. stimulation of splanchnic nervesEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. pregnancyFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Anticholinesterase drug

TFFFT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. kidneys have less ability to excrete a concentrated urine

- 24 -

148.Regarding cerebral blood flow :149.Regarding cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF . :150.A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right151.In cell metabolism152.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by153.Compared with that of a normal adult, the newborn infant's

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. blood - brain barrier is less permeable to bilirubin

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. heat regulation is more efficient because of its ability to metabolise brown fat

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. blood has greater affinity for oxygen at low oxygen pressuresKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. carbohydrate reserve is greater

TFFTF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Plasma constitutes a quarter of extracellular fluid volume

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Extracellular volume grossly depleted in intestinal obstruction

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Protein content of interstitial fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and plasma

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Ratio of extracellular / intracellular volume is smaller in infants compared to adult

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Normal osmolality of plasma is 280 mosmoles /kg.

TTFFT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Alveolar pressre rises to allow inspiratory flow to occur

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Intrapleural pressure is -5cm H2O before inspiration begins

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Alveolar pressure is positive during expirationTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Fall in intrapleural pressure during inspiration is

due to a fall in the elastic recoilUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. With forced expiration, the intrapleural

pressure exceeds zero.

FTTFT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is normally 15-25 mmHg while breathing room air

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. is increased under anaesthesia due to increased ventilation/ perfusion mismatch

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. is decreased in one lung ventilationYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. is increased in the presence of right to

left intracardiac shuntsZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is decreased in excessive exercise

TTFTF

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is normally 0.2 L/ cm H2OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. reduces with loss of pulmonary

surfactantCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is increased in emphysemaDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. increases after induction of general

anaesthesiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is different at apical and basal of the lungs

TFTFT

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Have cells which responds to increase in arterial PH.

- 25 -

154.Concerning composition of body fluids155.Regarding pressures during respiratory cycle :156.Alveolar- arterial oxygen difference ( A-a DO2 )157.Lung compliance158.Regarding the carotid bodies :

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Have the highest blood flow ( ml/ unit weight ) in the body

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Stimulate maximally the respiratory drive when PaO2 35-70 mmHg

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. It"s discharge is increased by anaemiaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. The afferent nerve is via glossopharyngeal nerve.

FTTFT

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. ventilation per unit lung volume is smallest at the apex of the lungs.

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. basal alveoli are bigger than apical alveoliMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. basal alveoli expand

more than apical alveoli during inspirationNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. pleural pressure is less negative at the

base of lungsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. last part of the expired air comes from

the apical alveoli.

TFTTT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Subendocardium is more vulnerable to ischaemia than epicardium

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Adenosine is a coronary vasodilator.RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Myocardial oxygen consumption and

coronary blood flow bear a linear relationshipSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Coronary blood flow will be improved by

slowing the heart rateTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Normal myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is 70

%.

TTTTT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. left ventricular end diastolic volume is about 20 mls.

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. the first heart sound coincides with the onset of ventricular systole

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. cardiac output is approximately 75mls/beat

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVEDP ) is about 5 mmHg

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. the second heart sound coincides with end of T wave of ECG

FTTTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. The most rapidly conducting fibres in the heart are purkinje fibres

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.The last part of the ventricle to be activated is the apex

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. The duration of an action potential in the ventricular muscle fibre is about the same as in a skeletal muscle fibre

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. The T wave of the ECG occurs at the beginning of the absolute refractory period of the ventricle

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Left axis deviation leads to abnormally large R wave in standard limb lead 1.

TFFFF

- 26 -

159.In an awake upright spontaneously breathing patient160.Regarding coronary blood flow161.In normal healthy man at rest in the supine position162.With reference to the normal human heart :

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.increased carotid sinus pressureFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. increased right atrial pressureGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.application of pressure of the eye ballHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.following the release of a valsalva

manoeuvreIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. expiration

TTTTF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cord

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholine

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.postganglionic sympathetic fibres release cathecolamines, except at sweat and adrenal glands, where acetylcholine is released

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. sympathetic effects are more localized than parasympathetic actions

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.parasympathetic stimulation increases bladder emptying

TFTFF

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.depends on active transport of sodium and chloride out of ascending loop of Henle

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. allows an osmolality of 1200 mosmoles/kg in distal tubules

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.occurs predominantly in the cortical nephrons

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. relies on the free movement of water and electrolytes across the walls of vasa recta

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. depends on a low concentration of urea in the medullary interstitium

TFFTF

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Plasma sodium concentrationUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Glomerular filtration rateVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Circulating renin levelsWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Distal tubular fluid

anion concentrationXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Plasma hydrogen ion concentration

TTTTF

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Fibrinogen is present in low concentrations in patients with liver disease

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Calcium ions are required to convert fibrin monomer to fibrin threads

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Heparin is secreted by circulating eosinophil cells.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Haemophiliacs have a lack of factor VIII and IX

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Normal prothrombin time is between 20s and 30s.

TTFTF

- 27 -

163.In normal resting condition , a bradycardia would be expected to occur following164.In the autonomic nervous system,165.The countercurrent concentrating mechanism in kidney166.Factors determining urinary sodium loss include :167.Concerning of blood coagulation :

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Thick ascending limb of loop dilutes the filtrates by its powerful sodium pumps

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. A substance suitable for measuring glomerular filtration rate should be absorbed or secreted by tubules

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Distal tubule is normally impermeable to waterGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Glucose is absent in the filtrate

in Loop of HenleHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Sodium concentration in

descending limb of loop is same as that in distal convulated tubule

TFTTF

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. sensitize the myocardium to catecholaminesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. lower the plasma cholesterolKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. increase the formation of

messenger RNAsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. reduce albumin synthesisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. iodine is absorbed

from gastrointestinal tract in ionized form

TTTFT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is about 1-2 U/ hour in the basal state

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is increased 5-10 times following ingestion of food

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is increased by glucagonsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is depressed in starvationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is increased in perioperative period

TTTTF

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. vagal blockadeTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. mechanical obstructionUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. stimulation of splanchnic

nervesVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. pregnancyWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. neostigmine

FTFFT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The synaptic cleft is about 50-70 nm wide

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The postjunctional membrane is thrown into folds

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Acetylcholine receptor has five protein subunits

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Two alpha subunits of acetylcholine receptor have to be activated for the channel to open

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetic acid

TTTTF

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. receives most of its blood supply from the portal vein

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. involve in vasopressin metabolism and inactivation

- 28 -

168.Regarding the passage of glomerular filtrate through the renal tubules :169.Thyroid hormones will170.Insulin secretion171.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by172.Regarding the neuromuscular junction:173.The liver

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. produces heparinFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. has a normal portal venous pressure of greater

than 20mmHgGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. receives approximately 25% of

the cardiac output

TTFFT

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Brain receives 15% of cardiac output

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Cerebral blood flow rises by 2% for each mm rise in PaCO2JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Volatile anaesthetics reduce cerebral blood flowKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Volatile anaesthetics can

impair the autoregulation of cerebral blood flowLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Cerebral blood flow is relatively

constant between CPP of 50-150 mmHg.

TTFTT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Total volume is 250-300ml.

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Produce by choroids plexuses in the rate of 3ml/min

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Normal CSF protein level is 0.2-0.4 g/ L.

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. CSF glucose level is independent on plasma glucose level

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. CSF flow will passes into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi.

FFTFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is associated with Bohr effect in hypercapnia.

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is favoured by a rise in temperatureTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. favours the passage of oxygen from

blood to tissuesUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. occurs when fetal blood is

replaced by adult bloodVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. occurs in stored blood

TTTTF

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. absent p waves in ECG

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. chronic ACE inhibitor intakeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. decreased serum bicarbonate

levelZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. suxamethonium administration in

immediate burnAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. aldosterone deficiency

TTTFT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. kidneys have less ability to excrete a concentrated urine

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. blood - brain barrier is less permeable to bilirubin

- 29 -

174.Regarding cerebral blood flow :175.Regarding cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) :176.A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right177.Severe hyperkalaemia is associated with178.Compared with that of a normal adult, the newborn infant's

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. heat regulation is more efficient because of its ability to metabolise brown fat

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. blood has greater affinity for oxygen at low oxygen pressures

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.carbohydrate reserve is greater

TFFTF

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. all the fetal blood returning from the placenta flows directly into inferior vena cava

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. fetal blood carries more oxygen than maternal blood at low PO2

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. umbilical venous blood has a PO2 of 30-40 mmHgJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. blood on the right side of the fetal heart is better

oxygenated than that on the left sideKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. pulmonary vascular resistance

is higher than after birth

FFTTF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Plasma volumeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. FibrinogenNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Gastric emptying timeOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Glucose tolerancePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Arterial PaCO2

TTTFF

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is released via coronary sinusRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is potent vasodilatorSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Improves renal blood flowTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Increases the glomerular filtration rateUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Augment the release of ADH

TTTTF

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. a-delta fibres which terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal horn

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. second order neurons which ascend in the ipsilateral spinothalamic tra

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. c fibres which release histamine and serotonin

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. synapses in the substantia nigra of the spinal cord

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. descending pathways in the dorsolateral colums

TFFFT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liver

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolism

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on the particle size

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Highly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal route

- 30 -

179.During intrauterine life,180.The following increase during pregnancy :181.Atrial natriuretic peptide182.The pathways of pain sensation include183.Regarding drug administration :

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Drugs given by oral route should have a very high exraction ratio

TFTFF

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Highly protein bound drugs have a longer biological half-life

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Protein binding is different markedly in arterial and venous blood

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Free drug concentration is not altered in hypoalbuminaemics states

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein principally binds to basic drugsJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Greater the protein binding, lesser is the volume of

distribution

TFFTT

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. apply to enzyme- mediated reactions

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. are characterized by high rates of reaction when the concentrations of reacting substances are high.

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. can properly be described in terms of t1/2

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. are involved in elimination of most drugs

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. change to zero-order kinetic at very high drug doses

TTFTT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Half-life of a drug is shorter than its time constant

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Drug given by infusion without a bolus reach a steady state in five half-lives

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Extent of drug distribution into extracellular fluid is unlikely to affect t1/2.

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Context sensitive half-life can be use for any drug

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. About 94% of a drug is cleared of the body in four half-lives

TTFFT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Is indicated by area under the plasma concentration - curve time

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Bio-availability of intravenous drug must be less than 100%

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Is reduced by destruction of drug in the gut

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Is reduced by metabolism of drug in the liver

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Is greater by sublingual route than enteral route.

TFTTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. combines with the same receptor as the agonist drug

- 31 -

184.Regarding protein binding of drugs in plasma :185.First-order processes186.The following statements about drug half-life are correct :187.Regarding of bio-availability of drugs :188.A competitive antagonist

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.shift the log dose response curve for the agonist to the right

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. depresses the maximum obtainable response of the agonist

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. will affect the affinity of the agonist for its receptor

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.need not have a close structural similarity to the agonist

TTFFT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. LignocaineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. MorphineGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.PropofolHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.Levo-bupivacaineIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.Vecuronium

FFFFF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. dose administeredKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.volume of distributionLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. hepatic clearanceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. rate of

injectionNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.cardiac output

TFFTT

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Is insoluble in waterPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Is bound to albumin up to 97-98 %QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Reduces sodium channel

opening times in neuronal membranesRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is hypertonicSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Does not cause tachycardia

TTTFT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. has marked analgesic properties mediated by its binding to NMDA receptors

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.causes a fall in cardiac output and a rise in heart rate

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.is contraindicated in patients with raised intracranial pressure

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. has active metabolites

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.causes postoperative dreaming and hallucinations which is less frequent in children

TFTTT

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Has t 1/2 of less than 2 hoursZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Is water soluble at pH of 6AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Has an active

metaboliteBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Can have a prolonged effect if

it given with erythromycinCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Bioavailability following

intramuscular injection is 90 %

- 32 -

189.The following drugs are excreted largely unchanged by the kidney :190.Factors which affect the peak effect of intravenous anaesthetics include191.Regarding propofol :192.Ketamine193.Regarding Midazolam :

TFTTT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. The blood gas partition co-efficient of desflurane is 0.42

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Desflurane will cause sympathetic stimulation

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Sevoflurane can degrade to compound A in soda lime

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Desflurane is suitable for inhalational induction

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Desflurane can be used in halothane vaporizer

TTTFF

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Is quicker in patients with high FRCJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is quicker if the agent is very soluble in bloodKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Is slower in the

presence of right to left shuntLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Is unchanged in the presence of

left to right shunt with normal systemic flowMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Is quicker

when used with nitrous oxide

FFTTT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is stored as liquidOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is a gas above a

temperature of 36 degree centigradePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. cylinders should have filling ratio of

0.65-0.75QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. content in a cylinder is

always reflected from its pressure gaugeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is 34 times less soluble than

N2.

TTTTF

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Morphine acts on kappa receptorsTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. The effect of stimulation of

sigma receptors is dysphoria and hallucinationUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Euphoria is due to

stimulation of delta receptorsVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Nalorphine

antagonizes kappa receptorsWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Pent

azocine is partial agonist

TTFFT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. is structurally related to morphine

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. onset of analgesic activity after intramuscular injection is 35 minutes

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. in equianalgesic doses, pethidine and morphine produce equal amount of sedation

- 33 -

194.Regarding inhalational agents :195.The speed of induction with inhalational agents196.Nitrous oxide197.Regarding opioid receptors :198.Pethidine

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. respiratory depression caused by it can be antagonized by nalorphine

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. about 60% is bound to plasma proteins

TFFTF

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Nalorphine induces antidiuretic effect

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent as nalorphine

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Naloxone precipitates a withdrawal syndrome after chronic doses of pentazocine

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Naloxone is metabolized and excreted by the kidneys

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent when given orally as compared with parenteral administration

FFTFF

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is an aminostereroidIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is stable in aqueous solutionJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. undergoes principally hepatic eliminationKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. has provide intubating

conditions within 60 secondsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. It release histamine

TTTTF

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. can act at central cholinergic receptors

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. can increase the physiological dead space

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. dilate the pupilPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is equally effective when given orallyQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is five times potent as

antisialagogue than atropine

FTFFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is a bronchodilatorSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is released in postsynaptic sympathetic

nerve endingsTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. differs from noradrenaline by

having an extra methyl groupUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. is commonly used

with local anesthetics in a concentration of 1 : 80,00VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. will elevate the blood

sugar

TFTFT

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. prolongs action potential duration in SA node

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. shorten repolarisation in AV node

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. cause photosensitivity

- 34 -

199.Regarding narcotic antagonists :200.Rocuronium201.Glycopyrrolate202.Adrenaline203.Regarding amiodarone

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. will have effect on thyroid function on long treatment

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. slows conduction velocity in His-purkinjee system

TFTTT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.act by preventing sodium acces to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection, the longest durations follow major peripheral nerve blocks

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine

TFTFF

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is a pure R enantiomerHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is more cardiotoxic

than bupivacaineIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. produces a motor block of more pronounced degree and

duration than bupivacaineJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. gives rise to a sensory block that is similar to bupivacaineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. is more lipid soluble

than bupivacaine

FFFTF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Those which act as antidopaminergic agents can cause extrapyramidal symptoms

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Domperidone reduces vomiting by an antiserotonin action

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Extrapyramidal symptoms after administration of droperidol are unlikely 6 hours after administration

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Phenothiazine reduce nausea and vomiting by anti dopaminergic, antihistamine and antimuscarinic actions

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Metoclopramide and cyclizine have primarily anticholinergic actions.

TFFTF

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. alpha-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate noradrenaline release

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.beta-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. alpha-1 agonists decrease intracellular calcium

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. adrenaline has alpha-1 and alpha -2 actions and beta-1 and beta-2 actions

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. beta-2 agonists cause uterine relaxation

FTFTT

- 35 -

204.With regard to local anaesthetics:205.Ropivacaine206.Regarding antiemetic drugs207.Of the sympathomimetic drugs

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Frusemide inhibits the chloride reabsorption in the distal tubules

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Thiazides causes hypokalaemic acidosisXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Ethacrynic acid

increases the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ionYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Xanthines decrease

the glomerular filtration rateZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Duration of action of frusamide

will last for 4 hours

FFTFT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is beta-1 selective blocker

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. has an elimination half-life of 9 minutes

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is metabolise by plasma pseudocholinesterase

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. has histamine releaseEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is useful in management of

supraventicular arrhytmias

TTFFT

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. adrenaline causes alpha and beta-1 and beta-2 stimulation, while noradrenaline stimulates alpha and beta-1 not beta-2 activity

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. isoprenaline has more beta than alpha effect on the heart

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. dopamine increases peripheral resistance, dobutamine reduces it

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. dopexamine causes dilatation of renal, cerebral, coronary and mesenteric beds

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. nitroglycerine causes mainly arterial vasodilatation, nitroprusside mainly venous dilatation

TTTTF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. has molecular weight between 3000-60,000 daltons

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. acts by binding to antithrombin III

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. has antiplatetelet activity

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. prolongs the prothrombin time

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. has a shorter duration of action than low molecular weight heparin

TTTFT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. degree of ionizationQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. degree of protein

bindingRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. placental blood flowSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. pK of the drugTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. lipid solubility of the drug

- 36 -

208.Regarding diuretics209.Regarding esmolol210.Drugs actions on the cardiovascular system include211.Heparin212.The factors affecting the rate of transport of a drug across the placenta are

TTFTT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. A person of group O is a universal recipient

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. A person of group B always has anti-A agglutinins in his plasma

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.In an incompatible blood transfusion reaction, donor cells are lysed by recipient antibodiesXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Disseminated

intravascular coagulopathy is one of complication of mis-matched transfusionYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. For ABO

incompatibility, samples of recipient and donor should be taken for analysis.

FTTTF

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. have stretch receptors in their walls

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.give afferent impulses via the glossopharyngeal nerve

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. stimulate the respiratory centre

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. contain chemoreceptors

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.stimulate the vasomotor centre

TTFFT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. an increase in sympathetic activity

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.a decrease in baroreceptor activity

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.an incease in arteriovenous oxygen content difference

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. an increase in angiotension II.

TFTFT

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. approximately 5% of the cardiac outputKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.has diastolic pressure

as its determinantLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. reduced in severe tachycardiaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. basi

cally under humoral controlNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.reduced in hypoxia.

TTTFF

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.at the time of the second heart sound

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. during ventricular diastoleQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.during atrial systoleRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. at the beginning of the

refractory periodSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. during repolarization of the

ventricles

- 37 -

213.Concerning the ABO blood groups:214.The carotid sinuses215.Regarding the autoregulatory mechanisms in acute hypovolaemia216.Coronary artery flow in adult is217.The T wave of the ECG occurs

TFFFT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. sympathetic nerve terminal supplying the heart

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.sympathetic nerve terminal at the adrenal medulla

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.parasympathetic nerve terminal supplying the lacrimal gland

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.sympathetic nerve terminal supplying sweat glandXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.sympathetic ganglia

FTTTT

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.The air inspired with the a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of tidal volume is inspiratory reserve volume

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Air present in the lungs after maximal inspiratory effort is the residual volume

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Vital capacity is decreased in asthma

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Normal maximal voluntary ventilation is 250-300 L/min

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Vital capacity includes tidal volumes, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

TFTFF

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by norepinephrine

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. beta-2-agonists cause bronchoconstriction

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. pulmonary vascular resistance is increased by serotonin

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by histamine

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by norepinephrine

FFTTF

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is produced by the type I alveolar cellsJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. increases alveolar ciliary motionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. is decreased

by increased FiO2LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. aids diffusion from the alveolus

to the pulmonary capillaryMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.appears at about 24 weeks of gestation.

FFTFT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. increases with increasing lung volumes

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. can be measured by fowler's method

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Increases with hypoventilation

- 38 -

218.Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at219.Regarding the lung volumes and capacities :220.In normal human lungs;221.Pulmonary surfactant 222.In fit adult person, anatomical dead space

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is reduced when neck is flexed

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is increased in pulmonary embolism

TTFTT

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Dependent parts of the lung receive greater blood flow than nondependent lungs.

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Amount of blood in the pulmonary circulation is between 0.5 to 1.0 L

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Pulmonary blood volume increases from erect to supine position

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Barbiturate administration causes a rise in a pulmonary blood volume

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Pulmonary vascular pressures are between one-sixth to one-tenth of the systemic arterial pressure.

TTTFT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen is about 3.5 ml/100g of brain per min.

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. hypoxia cause cerebral vasodilatation

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. autoregulation is impaired in the presence of intracerebral tumor

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. chronic hypertension shift the autoregulatory curve to the left

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. volatile anaesthetics will increase cerebral blood flow.

TTTFT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is formed by secretion and filtration of plasma

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. total volume is 300-400 ml

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. leaves the 3rd vetricles via the foramen of Magendie

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. glucose level is dependent on plasma glucose level

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. has higher sodium level compare to plasma sodium

TFFTF

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. in the red blood cells

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. as carbonic acid , which is bufferedJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. in direct combination with reduced haemoglobinKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. as phosphate

estersLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. combined with plasma

protein

TTTFF

- 39 -

223.Regarding Pulmonary circulation224.Regarding cerebral circulation225.Cerebrospinal fluid226.Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Pain fibres (A-? and C-fibres. are unmylinatedNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The larger

fibres are more susceptible to local anaestheticsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. conduction

involves sodium and chloride permeabilityPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Conduction is fastest in

mylinated fibresQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Resting

membrane potential is +90 millivolts

FFFTF

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. 1 molecule will yield 38 molecules of ATP.

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. The Kreb's cycle can operate for a limited time anaerobically

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. The components of the Kreb's cycle are supplied entirely from carbohydrate metabolism

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. The RQ is higher for carbohydrates than fats

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Aerobic glycolysis is a process when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and produce CO2 and H2O

TFFFT

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Absorb most of water and salt of the glomerular filtrateXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. reabsorb all

the glucose in the glomerular filtrateYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. contain

juxtaglomerular cell which secret reninZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. are the main target

cells for antidiuretic hormone (ADH.AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. it is

responsible for reducing the volume of glomerular filtrate by 80%

TTFFT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. sodium ionsCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. magnesium ionsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. proteinsEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. hydrogen ionsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. bicarbonate ions

FTTTF

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. has longer refractory period

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. depolarises spontaneously

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. has intercalated discJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. can only contract isometricallyKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. has a lower

extraction ratio for oxygen

TTTFF

- 40 -

227.Regarding nerve fibres: 228.In cell metabolism229.The proximal convoluted tubules230.Compared with extracellular fluid , the intracellular fluid contains a greater concentration of :231.Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that it :

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. represents 15% of the total cardiac output

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.the portal vein oxygen saturation is normally 85 %NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. symphatetic

activation results in a decrease hepatic blood flowOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. the portal

vein pressure is normally 40 mmHgPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 70 % of the hepatic blood flow

in adults is derived from the hepatic artery

FTTFF

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. free nerve endings are the receptors that responds to pain stimuli

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. sharp pain is conducted in the C fibers rather than the A-delta fibers

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. enters the spinal cord via the anterior horn cell

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. travels up the cord in the ipsilateral spinothalamic tract

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. enters the thalamus through the reticular formation

TFFFT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. it is controlled by thyrotropine releasing hormone

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.it increases activity of iodin pump in thyroid glandXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. it reduced

number of thyroid cellsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. it is produced

by somatotropic cellZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is a glycoprotein with

molecular weight about 28000

FTTFT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Factor VIII is common to both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Calcium ions is a factor in blood coagulation

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Heparin inhibit platelets aggregation

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Effects of warfarin may be monitored using activated partial thromboplastin time

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Aspirin impair the action of platelets

FTFFT

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. a decreased platelet countGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. hypercoagula

ble stateHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. an increased

minute volume due to an increased respiratory rateIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. a rise in renal threshold for glucose

- 41 -

232.The blood supply of the liver233.With regard to pain pathway234.With regard to tyroid hormones235.With regard to haemostasis 236.The following physiological changes occur during pregnancy

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. inhibition of fibrinolysis

TTFFT

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. its systemic vascular resistance rises

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. its pulmonary vascular resistance rises

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.there is reversal of flow in the ductus arteriosusNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. the opening

between the two ventricles closesOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. the opening

between the two atrial closes

TTFFT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. release is increased by sulphonyl urea type of hypoglycemic drugs

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. has a half life of five minutes in circulation

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. increases the number of glucose transporters in the cells

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. secretion is reduced by surgical stress response

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. is normally secreted at a rate of about 40-50U/day

TTTTT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. in the descending Loop of henle water moves into the interstitium

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. thin ascending limb is permeable to Na+ and urea

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.thick ascending limb contains a higher concentration of ATP aseXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Loop of

henle is countercurrent exchangerYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Vasa rectae

is countercurrent multiplier

TTTTF

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cord

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholine

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Noradrenaline is not metabolized by COMT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Nicotinic receptors are present in the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglion

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Down regulation of receptors is seen in chronic heart failure

TFFTT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Is calculated from plasma concentration of sodium, bicarbonate and phosphate

- 42 -

237.After the fetus is born TFFFT 238.Insulin 239.Countercurrent mechanism 240.In the autonomic nervous system,241.The anion gap

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. The normal value is between 15-18 meq/l

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Is normal in renal tubular acidosis

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. High in aspirin overdose

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Is decreased when plasma albumin is decreased

FFTTT

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Sympathetic block up to T4KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Incr

eased circulating adrenalineLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. stimulation of

splanchnic nervesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.pregnancyNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Anti

cholinesterase drug

TFFFT

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Is indicated by area under the plasma concentration - curve time

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Is a number of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is reduced by destruction of drug in the gut

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is reduced by metabolism of drug in the liver

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Is greater by sublingual route than enteral route

TFTTT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. can be displaced by agonist with higher concentration

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. combines with the same receptor as the agonist drug

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. shift the log dose response curve for the agonist to the right

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.depresses the maximum obtainable response of the agonistXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. will

affect the affinity of the agonist for its receptor

TTTFF

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Is water soluble

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Is bound to albumin up to 97-98 %

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Is not contraindicated to patients with egg allergies.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Is hypertonicCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Conjugates in

liver to inactive metabolites.

- 43 -

242.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by243.Regarding the bio-availability of drugs:244.A competitive antagonist245.Regarding propofol:

FTTFT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. causes a fall in cardiac output

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is a potent bronchodilator

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.has active metabolitesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. caus

es postoperative dreaming and hallucinations which is less common in childrenHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. has

marked analgesic properties mediated by its binding to NMDA receptors

FTTTT

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. cause more significant reduction of blood pressure compare to diazepam

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is water soluble at pH of 6KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Has

an active metaboliteLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Erythromycin inhibits

the midazolam metabolismMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Bioavailability following intramuscular injection is 90 %

TFTTT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is stored as liquid

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is a gas above a temperature of 36 degree centigrade

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.is flammableQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. cont

ent in a cylinder is always reflected from its pressure gaugeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is 34 times

less soluble than Nitrogen

TTFTF

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Rocuronium is a steroidal compound

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Mivacurium is not suitable for intravenous infusion

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Rocuronium is metabolized by pseudo-cholinesterase

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Vecuronium has significant vagolytic effects

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Mivacurium has a faster onset than rocuronium

TFFFF

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. can act at central cholinergic receptors

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. can increase the physiological dead space

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. dilate the pupilAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is

equally effective when given orally

- 44 -

246.Ketamine247.Regarding Midazolam:248.Nitrous oxide249.Concerning muscle relaxants,250.Glycopyrrolate

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. is five times more potent as antisialogogue than atropine

FTFFT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. prolonge action potential duration in SA node

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. shorten repolarisation in AV node

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. causes photosensitivity

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. affect thyroid function on long term treatment

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. slows conduction velocity in His-purkinjae system

TFTTT

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. It acts by preventing sodium access to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine

TFTFF

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Blocks central dopamine receptorsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Effe

ctive in treatment of opioid induced gastric stasis.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Has

no extrapyramidal side effect.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Does not cross into

breast milk.QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is

effective in high intravenous doses for the emesis of chemotherapy.

TFFFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. They are effective analgesics even without presence of inflammation.

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. They inhibit cyclo-oxygenase.

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. 50% of asthmatics are allergic to aspirin.

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. If the effect on platelet function is to be avoided, aspirin needs to be stopped at least 2 weeks before surgery.

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Renal damage is a known complication.

FTFTT

- 45 -

251.Amiodarone252.With regard to local anaesthetics:253.Metoclopramide254.With regards to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Clonidine reduces the blood pressure by its agonist activity on alpha-1 adrenoceptors.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Dilti

azem is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Nife

dipine acts as a calcium channel entry blockerZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Sodium nitroprusside

causes metabolic acidosis with prolonged infusion.AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Chr

onic cough is a known side effect of angiotensin II inhibitors.

FFTTF

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Addition of adrenaline

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. CarbonationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Usin

g a more concentrated solutionEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Mixing with

dextran in salineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Increasing the volume

of drug injected.

TFTTT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is the drug of choice for complete heart block

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is broken down chiefly by cholinesterase

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is useful in treatment of arrhytmias associated with digitals

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. increases diastolic depolarizationKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. incr

eases automaticity

FFTFF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. large in drugs with high lipid solubility.

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.small in drugs with low plasma protein binding.NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. larg

e in drugs with high tissue binding.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. imp

ortant for calculation of loading dose.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. helpful in assessing

the suitability for hemodialysis.

TFTTT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. derived from beta-phenylethylamine

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. all contain catechol ring

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. dopamine is a naturally occuring catecholamines

- 46 -

255.Antihypertensive drugs actions include:256.Recognised method of prologing the action of ligocaine includes:257.Phenytoin 258.Distribution volume is 259.Regarding sympathomimetics

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. adrenaline is the most potent activator of alpha adrenergic receptor

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. noradrenaline causes bronchodilatation and is good for asthmatic patient

TFTTF

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is a depolarizing muscle relaxant

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.can trigger malignant hyperthermiaXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. has

duration of action twice that of succinylcholineYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. is

hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesteraseZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. causes

histamine release

FFTTT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. does not cross the placenta in clinically significant amounts

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. causes tachycardia

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. causes hypotension

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. may cause prolonged paralysis in patient taking streptomycin

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. causes dilatation of the pupil

TTFTF

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. at normal plasma pH, is 50 - 75% bound to plasma proteins

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is a thiosubstituted succinylurea

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. in 2.5% solution it has a pH greater than 10

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. after redistribution it is rapidly metabolised in the liver

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. its excretion is usefully accelerated by a forced alkaline diuresis

TFTFF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. is a synthetic opioid

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. its analgesic potency is 1000 times of alfentanil

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.sedative effect is more than pethidineNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. plas

ma clearance is less than mophineOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. dura

tion of action is about 20 minute

TFFTT

- 47 -

260.Mivacurium261.Pancuronium :262.Thiopentone :263.Fentanyl

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is an antagonist of Vit K

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. competes with phenylbutazone at plasma binding sites

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. does not affect already synthesized clotting factors

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is contraindicated in severe hypertension

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. prevent fibrinolysis

TTTTF

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liver

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolism

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on the particle sizeXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Hig

hly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal routeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Dru

gs given by oral route should have a very high extraction ratio

TFTFF

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. 4% of total body weight

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.principal plasma cation is Na+ 140 mmol/LBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. also

contain fructose,galactose and mannoseCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. albu

min is the most abundant plasma proteinDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.total plasma protein ranging from 20 - 40 g/L

TTTTF

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. 40% of body weight

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. volume is measured directly with markers

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.inorganic phosphate is the most important anionHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.K+ concentration is approximately 150 mmol/LIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. its proportion varies little between tissues

TFTTF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is about 500 ml/min at restKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.supplies muscle that takes up 40 ml oxygen per minute at restLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. is altered

directly by vagal activity

- 48 -

264.. Warfarin :265.Regarding drug administration:266.Plasma 267.Intracellular fluid 268.Coronary blood flow

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.ceases in systoleNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.is auroregulated

FTFFT

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.BenzylpenicillinPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Hyoscine

hydrobromideQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.GlycopyrollateRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Atra

curiumSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Propofol

FTFFT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. A constant proportion of drug metabolised in a given time period

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.The absolute amount eliminated is greatest when plasma concentration is greatestVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.The enzyme responsible for the reaction is saturatedWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.The rate of elimination and elimination half-life is constant,irrespective of plasma concentrationXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.The reaction is represented by a linear relationship

TTTFF

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Carbonic anhydrase is present in plasmaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. 25% of

carbon dioxide is dissolvedAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.50% is carried as bicarbonateBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Tran

sport of carbon dioxide is facilitated by deoxygenated haemoglobinCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Som

e of the carbon dioxide reacts with haemoglobin to form carbamino

FFFTT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Is useful when given intramuscularlyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Contains 3 g

mannitol in each 20 mg vial of DantriumFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. The dose for

treayment of malignant hyperthermia should not exceed 1 mg/kg in 24 hoursGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Interacts with verapamilHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.Causes hyperkalaemia

FTFTF

- 49 -

269.Drugs readily cross the blood-brain barrier 270.In first-order kinetics 271.Carbon dioxide transport in blood 272.Dantrolene

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. blood coagulationJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. platelet aggregation and adhesivenessKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.vascular factorsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. prostaglandin

releaseMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.serotonin

FTTTF

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Epidural anaesthesiaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Nitrous oxidePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. RitodrineQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.HalothaneRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Am

yl nitrate

FFTTT

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. U waves on the electrocardiogram

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. increased amplitude of the P waves

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.prolonged QRS complexesVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.ventricular fibrillationWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.increased digitalis toxicity

FFTTT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.does not combine with haemoglobinYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.is not a trigger of malignant hyperpyrexiaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. induces bone

marrow aplasiaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.is partially metabolised by intestinal bacteriaBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. caus

es diffusion hypoxia at the termination of anaesthesia

TTTTT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Naloxone and dextropropoxyphe

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Acetylcysteine and paracetamolEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Atenolol and

salbutamolFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Protamine and

warfarin

- 50 -

273.Primary haemostasis depends upon 274.Relaxation of the pregnant uterus is produced by 275.Abnormal high plasma potassium causes 276.Nitrous oxide 277.The following interactions are antagonistic

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Tranexamic acid and streptokinase

TTTFT

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.HyponatraemiaIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. HyperkalaemiaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. HypermagnesaemiaKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.LithiumLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Gentamycin

FFTTT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Normal plasma concentration is 3-5 mmol/LNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.99% in the body is intracellularOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.When deficient may cause muscle weakness and dysrhythmiasPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Potentiates the action

of Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junctionQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.It reduces peripheral vascular tone

FTTFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Bradycardia

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Ventricular fibrillationTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. J waves on

the ECGUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Atrial fibrillationVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Reduced cardiac output in response to reduced tissue oxygen

TTTTF

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.is an ester-linked local anaestheticXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.is more lipid soluble than bupivacaineYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.has a duration of action similar to lignocaine at equipotent dosesZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is a

vasoconstrictor at clinical concentrationsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.has convulsions in toxic dose

FFFTT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. capillary pressure is about 10 mmHg

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. angiotensin II is inactivated

- 51 -

278.The action of non-depolarising muscle relaxant is prolonged by 279.Magnesium 280.Cardiac effects of hypothermia include 281.Ropivacaine 282.In the normal pulmonary circulation

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.PGF2? causes vasoconstrictionEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. the velocity

of blood in the root of the pulmonary artery is the same as that in the aortaFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. of the

fetus,about 15% of the cardiac output goes to the lungs

TFTTT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is equal to total minute ventilation minus the dead space ventilationHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.can be calculated from the alveolar air equationIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is equal to tidal volume multiplied by respiratory

rateJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is about 4.5 L/min at restKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.varies with posture

TFFTT

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. stimulates adrenaline secretion in the adrenal medulla

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.causes vasodilatationNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.decreases bronchial toneOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.increases ureteric tonePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. has

prejunctional effects at the neuromuscular junction

FTFTT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.vasodilationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. tach

ycardiaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. uterine

relaxation in pregnancyTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. a positive

inotropic effectUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.intestinal relaxation

FFFFT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.patient will be hypoventilatingWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.base excess exceeded 10 mmol/LXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.arterial pH is 7.65 or aboveYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.concentration of ionised calcium in the plasma is decreasedZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. tetany is a

complication

- 52 -

283.Alveolar minute ventilation 284.Acetylcholine acting at muscarinic receptors 285.Alpha-adrenergic stimulation produces 286.In an uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

FFTTT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.increases with diameter in myelinated fibresBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. is

independent of diameter in unmyelinated fibresCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is

altered in hypokalaemiaDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is fastest in A? fibres 70-120 ms-1EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is

depend upon local oxygenation

TFFTT

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. the ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.sodium reabsorption from the loop of Henle occurs passivelyHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.under conditions of maximum antidiuresis, 5% of water reabsorption occurs in the distal tubuleIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. sodium excretion affected by blood flow in the

vasa rectaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. prolonged thirst induces aldosterone

production

TFFTT

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.Increases in ACTH, cortisol and growth hormoneLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Incr

eased lipolysisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Protein catabolismNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Increased glucagon secretionOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Reduced insulin secretion

TFTTT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Rapid reversal of hypoxia and metabolic acidosis

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Lign

ocaine for the treatment of ventricular tachycardiaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Control of

convulsions to decrease hypoxia and lactic acidosisTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Bret

ylium for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias

TTFTT

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Is the active ingredient of glyceryl trinitrateVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Improves platelet functions

- 53 -

287.The velocity of impulse propagation along nerve fibres 288.In the renal's regulation of water and sodium 289.The stress response to surgery includes 290.The treatment of bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest 291.Nitric oxide (NO)

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Is usually administered in doses of 10-50 ppmXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Nitrous oxide (N2O) is it's by product causing toxicityYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Methaemoglobinemia is one of it's adverse effects

TFTTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is a phenanthrene derivative

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.is the anagesic of choice in biliary and renal collicBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.has an anticholinergic effectCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.decreases intracranial pressureDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is a good anticonvulsant

TFTFF

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. increase the risk of regurgitation

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. are contraindicated intravenously in glaucoma

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.cause mild neuromuscular blockade in large dosesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.are equipotent as drying agentsIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. produce confusional states

TFFFF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. blocks both ?1- and ?2-receptorsKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is a non-competative antagonistLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. caus

es reflex tachycardiaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.reduces supine blood pressure in normal subjectsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.cause sedation and fatigue

TTTTT

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.they have similar boiling pointsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. isoflurane

has the higher molecular weightQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.they are both contraindicated in anephric patientsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.adrenaline infiltration is safeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. both give

measurable fluoride ion in the serum

TFFTT

- 54 -

292.Morphine 293.Atropine and hyoscine 294.Phenoxybenzamine 295.Isoflurane and enflurane

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. thyroxine (T4) is the most active natural compound

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.more than 99% of active hormone is protein-boundVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.their actions are mediated via receptors on the cell surfaceWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.an increase in metabolic rate occurs within minutes of increased hormone activityXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.they increase the number of cardiac ?-adrenoceptors

FTFFT

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.has no muscle-relaxing propertiesZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. inhi

bits adrenal steroidogenesisAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.increases the tone of pharyngeal muscleBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.does not cause hypotension on induction of anaesthesiaCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.produces a low incidence of allergic-type reactions

TTFFT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is a class I B anti-arrhythmic drugEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. does

not cause clinically important myocardial depressionFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is unlikely to

cause side-effects if trouble free for the first 3 months of treatmentGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.pulmonary toxicity is one of its side effectHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.interferes with tests of thyroid function

FTFTT

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. hydrocortisone replacement alone is sufficient in Addison's disease

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. dexamethasone is suitable for replacement therapy

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.methylprednisolone is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than hydrocortisoneLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. prol

onged steroid therapy may cause osteoporosisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.cortisone does not cause fluid retention

FFTTF

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.there is approximately 3 litres of gastric secretion per dayOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.the parasympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus

- 55 -

296.Thyroid hormones 297.Etomidate 298.Amiodarone 299.Regarding steroid therapy 300.In the stomach

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. gastric emptying is controlled by periodic relaxations of the pyloric sphincter

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.cathecolamines inhibit secretionRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.the contents are normally sterile

TFFTT

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. ephedrineTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. trim

etaphanUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.suxamethoniumVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.noradrenalineWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.sodium nitroprusside

TTTFT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.present in the carotid bodiesYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.present in the adrenal medullaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. pres

ent in the aortic archAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.present in the right atriumBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve

TFTFT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is a ?-receptor antagonistDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is an analogue of morphineEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is a

respiratory stimulant in normal manFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. reverses the

analgesic effects of placeboGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.has a duration of action of one to four hours

TFFTT

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.are more sensitive to changes in the chemical composition of cerebrospinal fluid than of bloodIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. are directly influenced by changes in

arterial oxygen contentJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. are located within the respiratory centre

of the medullaKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.respond directly to changes in pH rather than to changes in carbon dioxide tensionLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. are

bathed directly by cerebrospinal fluid

- 56 -

301.Tachyphylaxis occurs during short-term treatment with 302.Peripheral chemoreceptors 303.Naloxone 304.The central chemoreceptors

TFFTF

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.it is metabolised by the liverNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.it is redistributed to muscleOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.it is specifically bound to the reticular activating systemPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. it is usually

given by rapid intravenous injectionQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.it induces tachyphylaxis

FTFTF

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.methohexitoneSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. pancuroniumTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. thio

pentoneUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.etomidateVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.diazepam

FFTTT

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.contains sodium and chloride as the predominant ionsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.has the same osmotic concentration as sea waterYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.accounts for about 45% of body weight in a normal adultZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. incl

udes the plasma volumeAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.is a higher propotion of body weight in infancy than in old age

TFFTT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.the intraoperative dose range is 0.5-6 mg/kg/minCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.metabolism to cynide occurs non-enzymetically in bloodDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.metabolism produces thiocynate which is excreted in urineEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. it

produces dilation predominantly of resistance vesselsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. reduces renal

blood flow

FTTFF

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.enfluraneHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.midazolamIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. methohexitone

- 57 -

305.Thiopentone has a short duration of action because 306.Drugs that cause local venous thrombophlebitis 307.Extracellular fluid 308.Sodium nitroprusside 309.Epileptiform EEG activity are induced by

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. etomidateKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.isoflurane

TFTFF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. increases surface tension differentially in differently sized alveoli

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.helps prevent pulmonary oedemaNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.increases alveolar ciliary motionOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.aids diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillaryPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is produced

by the type II alveolar cells

FTFFT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.are potentiated by anaesthetic vapoursRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.when given in repeated doses can be described as dual blockSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. are

potentiated by intraperitoneal tobramycinTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. are

potentiated in patients with multiple neurofibromatosisUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.are potentiated in hypoproteinaemia

TFTTT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Basic energy requirement for a 70 kg man is about 8400 kJ (2000 kcal)WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.carbohydrates are the most compact energy sourceXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.the respiratory quotient (RQ) decreases when fat is the main energy source being utilisedYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.essential amino acids are those which participate in metabolic reactionsZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. a

high protein diet raises the metabolic reactions

TFTFT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.prolongs its biological half-lifeBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.is likely to be different in arterial and venous bloodCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is only of importance to albuminDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.slows glomerular filtration of the drugEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. prev

ents renal tubular secretion of the drug

TTFTF

- 58 -

310.Pulmonary surfactant 311.The actions of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs 312.In human nutrition 313.The binding of a drug to plasma proteins

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.the rate of uptake is increased if ventilation increases

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.induction is more rapid if cardiac output decreasesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.induction is less rapid with less soluble agentIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. the effect of changing cardiac output on

the rate of uptake will be greater with a more soluble agentJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. the second-gas effect allows

the maintenance concentration of

TTFTF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is a methylxanthineLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. inter

acts with adenosine receptorsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is a central respiratory depressantNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.increases cardiac contractilityOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.causes generalised epileptiform seizures

TTFTT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.is a partial agonist at ?2-adrenoceptors

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.cause hypertension if infused intravenouslyRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.is well absorbed when taken orallySSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.anxiety is an

important side-effectTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. redu

ces cardiac contractility

TFTFF

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.halothaneVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.suxamethoniumWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.morphineXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.nitroglycerineYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.etomidate

TTFTF

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. oxygenated blood is delivered by branches of the hepatic artery

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.total blood flow is half the cardiac outputBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.flow is from the periphery of the acini to the hepatic vein at the centre

- 59 -

314.When considering the uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent 315.Aminophylline 316.Clonidine 317.Intracranial pressure is increased by 318.In the liver

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.portal venous pressure is about 10 mmHgDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.adenosine is important in local regulation of blood flow

TFFTT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.activation of angiotensin IFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. met

abolism of circulating adenine nucleotidesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.the synthesis of circulating kallikreinHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.the inactivation of circulating bradykininIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. the inactivation of circulating adrenaline

TTTTF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is increased in chronic hypoxiaKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.has a value approximately one-sixth that of the systemic circulationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.can be measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter with a thermistor tipMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is increased by isoprenalineNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.is decreased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

TTTFF

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.has its primary site of action in the loop of HenlePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. com

monly causes hyperuricaemiaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.enhances the excretion of calciumRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.hyponatraemic acidosis is the adverse effectSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. redu

ces the efficacy of concurrently prescribed lithium

TTTFF

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment modelUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drugVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood or plasmaWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.is affected by differential regional blood flowXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.will be relatively low if hydrophilic and extensively bound to plasma proteins

FTTTT

- 60 -

319.Recognised non-respiratory functions of the lung include 320.Pulmonary vascular resistance 321.Frusemide 322.The volume of distribution of a drug

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.rarely cause hypoglycaemiaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.act mainly by increasing the secretion of insulinAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.are highly protein-boundBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.are safe to use in chronic renal failureCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.are used as a diagnostic test in the incipient diabetic

FTTFF

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.morphine forms a conjugated glucuronideEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.penicillin is mainly hydrolysedFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. one

of the major metabolic products of halothane is monofluoroacetic acidGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.pethidine metabolism requires catechol-o-methyltransferaseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.cocaine is hydrolysed

TFFFT

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. interfere with subsequent cross-matching

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. have useful oxygen-carrying capacity

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.serious anaphylactoid reactions is a complicationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.decrease the plasma ionised calcium if infused rapidlyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.acute renal failure is a complication

TFTFT

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.each fibre has one motor endplateOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.the motor endplate is at the proximal end of the fibrePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. dep

olarisation causes electrical changes only in the muscle fibre near the endplateQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.the resting potential difference at the endplate is 20mV less than the rest of the muscleRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.each fibre is no longer than 1 mm

TFFFF

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. A zero order kinetics indicates metabolism at a constant rate

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.First order kinetics can change to zero order kineticsUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.A three compartment model is a feature of fat soluble drugs

- 61 -

323.The sulphonylureas 324.In the metabolism of these drugs 325.Dextran solutions 326.Concerning skeletal muscle 327.With regard to pharmacokinetics

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Drugs with large volumes of distribution have long half-livesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Compartments refer to anatomical structures

TTTTF

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Represents the removal of a givenamount of the drug in unit timeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.represents the rate of elimination per unit concentration in bloodZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.equals the volume of distribution multiplied by the haklf lifeAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.equals the volume of distribution multiplied by constantBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.is inversely proportional to the half life

TFFTT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is an index of potency of intravenous anaestheticsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is measured in volumes %EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.can be determined by probit analysisFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is

affected by ageGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is a correlate of oil/water solubility

FTFTF

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.has the same molecular weight as enfluraneIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. if put in a calibrated halothane

vaporizer, it will deliver a dangerously high concentration of isofluraneJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. reduces the blood pressure,

mainly by depressing cardiac outputKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.has a MAC of 1.68%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.causes minimal changes in cerebral blood flow at light levels of anaesthesia

TFFFT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is a neuromuscular blockerNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.may cause dangerous rise in serum calciumOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.can be used preoperatively to reduce suxamethonium painsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is

useful in the treatment of malignant hyperpyrexiaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.is a skeletal muscle relaxant

FFTTT

- 62 -

328.The clearance of the drugs 329.Minimum alveolar concentration 330.Isoflurane 331.Sodium dantrolene

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.direct myocardial depressionSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. peri

pheral vasodilatationTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.a central action on the vasomotor centreUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.ganglion blockadeVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.baroreceptor inhibition

TTTTT

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.produces depolarisation in the neural membrane of peripheral nervesXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.is detoxified in the liverYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.is an esterZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.can cause methaemoglobinemiaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.30 ml of 0.5% is recommended dose in a 75kg man

TTTTT

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.has an efficacy equivalent to bupivacaine for both anaesthesia and analgesiaCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.has enhanced safety profile compared to bupivacaineDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Chirocaine is an example of levobupivacaineEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.Consists only of the S(-) enantiomer of bupivacaineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Excr

eted mainly by the kidney

TTTTT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is a racemic mixtureHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.is less cardiotoxic than bupivacaineIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is more potent than bupivacaineJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. has the same pKa as

bupivacaineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.poduces greater motor block than bupivacaine

FTFTF

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.is an arylcycloalkylamineMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.increases pulmonary vascular resistanceNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.increases myocardial contractility in vivo

- 63 -

332.Halothane decreases the blood pressure as a result of 333.Bupivacaine 334.Levobupivacaine 335.Ropivacaine 336.Ketamine hydrochloride

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.has bronchodilatory propertiesPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. incr

eases tone in skeletal muscles

TFTTT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.are extensively excreted in the urineRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.are highly protein boundSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. whe

n used chronically, induce hepatic microsomal enzymesTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.are antalgesicUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.cross the placenta

FTFFT

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.is presented in 10% soya nean oilWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.decreases blood pressure mainly by vasodilatationXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.is broken down by plasma cholinesteraseYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.4-5 mg/kg is the standard induction dose in healthy adultsZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Is more respiratory depressant than thiopentone

TTFFT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.decreases complianceBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.increases surface tensionCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is released from the pulmonary circulationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is made of molecules that are partly lipophilic and partly hydrophilicEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.is produced in type I pneumocytes

FFFTF

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. changes with posture

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.decreases with exerciseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.includes anatomical dead spaceIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is responsible for the difference between

mixed expired gas and alveolar gasJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is diffusion dependent

TFTTF

- 64 -

337.Benzodiazepines 338.Propofol 339.Lung surfactant 340.Physiological dead space

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.Increases with ageLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.Is measured using the single breath nitrogen washout techniqueMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Decreases with obesityNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Is smaller than closing volumeOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Encroaches on tidal breathing at a mean age of 66 in supine subjects

TTFFF

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Alveolar volume increases by 30%

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Abdominal muscle are activeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Sacrospinalis muscles are activeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Intra

thoracic pressure decreases by a few mmHgTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.The ribcage does not move

TFFFF

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Contains 30% of the blood volumeVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Pulmonary vascular resistance increases with hypoxiaWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Pulmonary vascular resistance is markedly less than systemic vascular resistanceXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Pulmonary artery pressure is 25/9 mmHgYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Pulmonary artery pressure increases with exercise

FTTTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Increased sympathetic activityAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Production of reninBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.Increased production of erythropoietinCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Increased baroreceptor activityDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Increased chemoreceptor activity

TTTFT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.in healthy adults has a P50 value of 3.4kPaFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is

moved to the left by a fall in pHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is move to the right by a fall in temperature

- 65 -

341.Closing capacity: 342.During quiet inspiration 343.The pulmonary circulation 344.The physiological response to haemorrhagic shock consists of 345.The oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.in the fetus has a lower p50 than in adultIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is moved to the right by an increase in th

2,3 DPG concentration in RBC

TFFTT

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. SodiumKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.CalciumLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.PotassiumMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.ChlorideNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Bicarbonate

FFTFF

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Alveolar pressre rises to allow inspiratory flow to occurPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Intra

pleural pressure is -5cm H2O before inspiration beginsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Alveolar pressure is positive during expirationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Fall in intrapleural pressure during inspiration is due to a fall in the elastic recoilSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Wit

h forced expiration, the intrapleural pressure exceeds zero.

FTTFT

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.the heart extracts up to 95% of the oxygen from each unit of blood delivered to itUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.oxygen consumption can be increased significantly only by increasing blood flowVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.autoregulation is well developed in the heartWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.the alpha-adrenegic receptors of the coronary arterioles mediate vasoconstrictionXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.stimulation of vagal fibres to the heart constricts the coronaries

FTTTF

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Is caused by atrial contractionZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Is not seen in atrial fibrillationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Is caused by atrial filling during ventricular contractionBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.Decreases with inspirationCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Is followed by the v wave

TTFFF

- 66 -

346.The following ions have a higher intracellular than extracellular concentration: 347.Regarding pressures during respiratory cycle : 348.Variations in coronary blood flow 349.The a wave of the central venous pressure waveform:

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.fall in heart rateEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.decrease. in atrial contractilityFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.An increase in ventricular contractilityGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Slowing of A-V conductionHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.A fall in stroke volume

TFFTF

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is normally 15-25 mmHg while breathing room air

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is increased under anaesthesia due to increased ventilation/ perfusion mismatch

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is decreased in one lung ventilationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.is increased in the presence of right to left intracardiac shuntsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is decreased in excessive exercise

TTFTF

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.is normally 0.2 L/ cm H2OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.reduces with loss of pulmonary surfactantPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.is increased in emphysemaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.increases after induction of general anaesthesiaRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.is different at apical and basal of the lungs

TFTFT

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Have cells which responds to increase in arterial PH.TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Have the highest blood flow ( ml/ unit weight ) in the bodyUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Stimulate maximally the respiratory drive when PaO2 35-70 mmHgVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.It"s discharge is increased by anaemiaWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.The afferent nerve is via glossopharyngeal nerve.

FTTFT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.ventilation per unit lung volume is smallest at the apex of the lungs.YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.basal alveoli are bigger than apical alveoliZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.basal alveoli expand more than apical alveoli during inspiration

- 67 -

350.Vagal stimulation produces: 351.Alveolar- arterial oxygen difference ( A-a DO2 ) 352.Lung compliance 353.Regarding the carotid bodies : 354.In an awake upright spontaneously breathing patient

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.pleural pressure is less negative at the base of lungsBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.last part of the expired air comes from the apical alveoli.

TFTTT

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Subendocardium is more vulnerable to ischaemia than epicardiumDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Adenosine is a coronary vasodilator.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow bear a linear relationshipFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.Coronary blood flow will be improved by slowing the heart rateGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Normal myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is 70 %.

TTTTT

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.left ventricular end diastolic volume is about 20 mls.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. the first heart sound coincides with the

onset of ventricular systoleJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. cardiac output is

approximately 75mls/beatKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVEDP ) is about 5 mmHgLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.the second heart sound coincides with end of T wave of ECG

FTTTT

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.The aortic and carotid bodiesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Mechanoreceptors of the larynxsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors in the medullaPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Bronchiolar strech receptors via sympathetic stimulationsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Receptors which respond to the hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF

TTFFT

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.FiltrationSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Passive diffusionTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Facilitated diffusionUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Active transportVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Secondary active transport

FTFFF

- 68 -

355.Regarding coronary blood flow 356.In normal healthy man at rest in the supine position 357.The respiratory center in the brain stem receives input from 358.Oxygen is transport from the alveoli into the blood in pulmonary capillaries by

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.The SA node develops from the structures on the right side of the embryoXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Sympathetic innervation of the right side supply to the AV nodeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Atrial conduction is slowed by a decrease in temperatureZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.The PR interval represents the duration of atrial depolarizationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.The action potential in SA and AV nodes are largely due to Na+

TFTFF

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.1 molecule will yield 38 molecules of ATP.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.The Kreb's cycle can operate for a limited time anaerobicallyDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.The components of the Kreb's cycle are supplied entirely from carbohydrate metabolismEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.The RQ is higher for carbohydrates than fats because extra oxygen is needed to burn carbohidratesFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.Aerobic glycolysis is a process when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and produce CO2 and

H2O

TFFFT

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Is highest in preganglionic autonomic nerve fibresHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.A? has a higher conduction velocity than A?IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Is faster in unmyelinated fibres

than the myelinated oneJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is inversely related to

the cross-sectional area of the axonKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is decreased by cooling the nerve

FTFFT

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.Stroke volumeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Blood viscosityNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Systemic vascular resistanceOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Arterial partial pressure of oxygenPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Left ventricular end-diastolic volume

TFFFT

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Mitral valve closure occurs before tricuspid valve closureRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Carotid pressure is highest at the start of ventricular systole

- 69 -

359.In the conducting system of the heart 360.In cell metabolism 361.The velocity of conduction of a nerve action potential 362.Pulse pressure increases with an increase in 363.In Cardiac cycle

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Left ventricular volume is lowest when mitral valve opensTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Atrial contraction is of more importance to ventricular filling if heart rate increaseUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Late in diastole, the mitral and tricuspid valves are closed while the aortic and pulmonary valves

are open

TFTTF

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cordWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholineXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Noradrenaline is not metabolized by COMTYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Nicotinic receptors are present in the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglionZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Down regulation of receptors is seen in chronic heart failure

TFFTT

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.The synaptic cleft is about 50-70 nm wideBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.The postjunctional membrane is thrown into foldsCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Acetylcholine receptor has five protein subunitsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Two alpha subunits of acetylcholine receptor have to be activated for the channel to openEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetic acid

TTTTF

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.Can give good information regarding myocardial contractilityGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.The electrodes are silver/silver chloride electrodeHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.CM5 is a modification of lead V5IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Between the T wave and the

next P wave, the myocardial potential is zeroJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Repolarisation takes

place in the opposite direction as depolarisation

FTTFT

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.a-delta fibres which terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal hornLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.second order neurons which ascend in the ipsilateral spinothalamic traMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.c fibres which release histamine and serotoninNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.synapses in the substantia nigra of the spinal cord

- 70 -

364.In the autonomic nervous system, 365.Regarding the neuromuscular junction: 366.The normal Electrocardiogram 367.The pathways of pain sensation include

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.descending pathways in the dorsolateral colums

TFFFT

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liverQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolismRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on the particle sizeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Highly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal routeTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Drugs given by oral route should have a very high exraction ratio

TFTFF

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.apply to enzyme- mediated reactionsVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.are characterized by high rates of reaction when the concentrations of reacting substances are high.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.can properly be described in terms of t1/2XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.are involved in elimination of most drugsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.change to zero-order kinetic at very high drug doses

TTFTT

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Half-life of a drug is shorter than its time constantAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Drug given by infusion without a bolus reach a steady state in five half-livesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.Extent of drug distribution into extracellular fluid is unlikely to affect t1/2.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Context sensitive half-life can be use for any drugDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.About 94% of a drug is cleared of the body in four half-lives

TTFFT

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.is stored as liquidFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.is a gas above a temperature of 36 degree centigradeGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.cylinders should have filling ratio of 0.65-0.75HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.content in a cylinder is always reflected from its pressure gaugeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is 34 times less soluble than

N2.

TTTTF

- 71 -

368.Regarding drug administration : 369.First-order processes 370.The following statements about drug half-life are correct : 371.Nitrous oxide

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Morphine acts on kappa receptors

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.The effect of stimulation of sigma receptors is dysphoria and hallucinationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.Euphoria is due to stimulation of delta receptorsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Nalorphine antagonizes kappa receptorsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Pentazocine is partial agonist

TTFFT

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.is structurally related to morphinePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.onset of analgesic activity after intramuscular injection is 35 minutesQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.in equianalgesic doses, pethidine and morphine produce equal amount of sedationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.respiratory depression caused by it can be antagonized by nalorphineSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.about 60% is bound to plasma proteins

TFFTF

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.is an aminostereroidUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.is stable in aqueous solutionVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.undergoes principally hepatic eliminationWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.has provide intubating conditions within 60 secondsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.It release histamine

TTTTF

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.will be metabolised rapidlyZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.may interfere with the pharmacodynamics of warfarinAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.will induce liver microsomal enzymesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.will cause an increase in the serum albuminCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.will have a relatively low 'free' concentration in the plasma

FTFFT

- 72 -

372.Regarding opioid receptors : 373.Pethidine 374.Rocuronium 375.A drug that is strongly protein-bound: