PHASE 4: Consulate

to Empire

toExile!

Napoleon Bonaparte:

The Directory• During the

Directory people went wild!!• Government was corrupt • People were starving

The Director

y• Both Royalists & Jacobins were dissatisfied with government• War with Europe continued…

Napoleon Enters

the Scene

Napoleon in the Army• Led France to victory against Austria• Became THE HERO of all of France

• Captured Egypt to cut off British trade with India

Napoleon in the Army

• 2 directors (& others) plotted to overthrow the Directory and put Napoleon in power

Napoleon in the Government

Napoleon in the Government• Government is turned over to Napoleon, and the new government is called the Consulate

The Consula

te• New Constitution written• The Executive Branch is made up of 3 Consuls• Napoleon had the most power

The Consula

te• Wait…haven’t we heard of a Consul before??

• Anyone remember where this comes from?• Ancient Rome!

The Consula

te• In 1802: Napoleon named himself Consul for Life• This was approved by a plebiscite (popular vote) (99.9%)

Reforms to Restore Order• Appointed local officials• Created a board of education• Created the Bank of France (EVERYONE paid taxes!)

• New law code• Equality, religious tolerance, trial by jury, BUT…

• Censorship, heavy taxes, inequality of women

The Napoleonic

Code

Concordat of 1801• Catholicism is the majority religion• Tolerance of other religions

Napoleon’s Empire

The Emperor of France• 1804

Napoleon named the Emperor of France• Crowns himself!

The Empire• Napoleon’s army defeated everyone in every battle!• His victories allowed him to reorganize Europe

The Empire

• Formed the Confederation of the Rhine (small German states)

• Created Poland (out of Russian, Prussian & Austrian territory)

The Empire• Napoleon made his relatives the monarchs of conquered countries• Everyone followed the Napoleonic Code• These countries grew to resent French control

Napoleon’sRoad to Ruin

Road to Ruin• 1805 Battle of Trafalgar – he was defeated by the British, preventing a French invasion of Britain

• Continental System: Napoleon ordered all European nations that he conquered to stop trade with the British

Road to Ruin

Road to Ruin• The British blockade France in return• Both countries suffer

• Other countries resent French rule & this ignites feelings of nationalism and rebellion against the French

The Road to Ruin

• Czar Alexander I of Russia challenged Napoleon – withdrew from the Continental system (1812)

The Road to Ruin

• The French invade Russia, but are weakened by the harsh winter & defeated by the Russians (scorched-earth policy)• A half million men will die!!!

The Road to Ruin

• Europeans surround Paris: Napoleon abdicates (gives up) the throne and the army surrenders

The Road to Ruin

Napoleon’s Fate

• Napoleon is exiled to Elba (1814) & Louis XVIII is restored to the throne• BUT…

Napoleon’s Fate• Napoleon

escapes & returns to France in 1815 for One Hundred Days• Rallies an army & support…

Napoleon’s Fate

• Is defeated (again!) by the British & Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo (1815)

• Napoleon is exiled again to the island of St. Helena

• Napoleon’s body returned to Paris 1840

• Entombed at Hotel des Invalides

The Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna• European

leaders meet to establish peace and restore Europe’s stability• They bring back the old monarchies in Europe

The Congress of Vienna• Redraw the

map• Place buffer states around France• Goal = a balance of power

Forces Changing Europe• Reactionaries versus

liberalism (nationalism)• Reactionaries want to make sure there are no more revolutions in Europe, but nationalism can’t be crushed…