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Coffee and Birth Defects

Coffee is known to most individuals as a boost of energy to have a jumpstart to the day. The

effects of coffee on the human body have been researched leading to conclusionspositive and negative.

Coffee is not for everyone, though, especially pregnant women. Studies show that coffee is probably the

most widely used neuroactive substance, also among pregnant woman (Linnet, et al., 2009). This study

indicates that the population of women within the childbearing ages are consuming coffee at potentially

dangerous rates. More research shows an array of birth defects which are possible when consuming

coffee during pregnancy. An example of a study done which concluded that certain neurological birth

defects, hyperkinetic disorder and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), were possible results

with the consumption of coffee during pregnancy. Another substantial study was researched by the

Cancer Detection and Prevention Center. As opposed to neurological defects, this experiment was in

regards to coffee, and an acute type of cancer which determined that maternal coffee intake during

pregnancy was associated with childhood acute leukemia (Menegaux, et al., 2005). The American

Pregnancy Association points out that although adults can process coffee, it does not mean that everyone

can, especially an unborn baby.

Bearing in mind the health aspects of the importance of sleep pertaining to the human body, it is

imperative to consider an unborn babys development during the sleep cycle. An unbornbabys

metabolism is continuously maturing (especially during sleep), and any amount of caffeine cannot fully

metabolized. Coffee and caffeine in general deviates a babys sleep pattern and/or even the movement

pattern in the later trimesters of a pregnancy. It is crucial to remember that all coffee is a stimulant, and it

can keep disturb the babys sleeping patterns as well as the mothers sleeping pattern possibly leading to

physical deformities, neurological problems, blood disorders, etc (Weng, et al., 2011).


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A cohort study was carefully examined among a population of 24,068 singletons delivered

between 1990 and 1998 to determine the correlation between the consumption of coffee during pregnancy

and the neurological function of the child (Linnet, et al., 2009). The study concluded that more than half

of the women (55%) in the study consumed coffee during the time of pregnancy, and eighty-eight

children were diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The ages of the diagnosis of the neurological disorder were found to be between the ages of 3 and 12

years of age with the median age being 7 years old with an inter-quartile range being +/-2. Pregnant

women that consumed 10 or more cups of coffee per day significantly increased the chance of giving

birth to a baby with hyperkinetic disorder or ADHD (Linnet, et al., 2009). Actually, the women who

drank coffee during pregnancy were more likely to be smokers, refrained from alcohol consumption, were

over 30 years-old, had a higher education status, were more frequently cohabitant, maintained a job, and

did not have signs of psychopathology (Linnet, et al., 2009).

Comparable quantities of coffee intake throughout the population of mothers with children were

related to the diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) (Linnet, et al., 2009). This

particular study compiled the outcomes among a total (N) of 24, 028 women, and the end results indicated

that the specific modifications which were integrated into the research process did not affect the statistics.

Adjusted and unadjusted risk ratios equated to ten or more cups of coffee a day consumed by the subjects

(Linnet, et al., 2009)

*See Table 3 and Linnets description of the study on next page


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(Linnet, et al., 2009)

Table 3 shown above revealed that among the population of children involved in the study:

Twenty-one children had comorbid disorders other than particular developmental disorders of

speech, language, scholastic skills and motor function (DF8083.9). When these 21 children,

comorbid disorders other than specific developmental disorders of speech, language, scholastic

skills and motor function (DF8083.9). When these 21 children, 8 with hyperkinetic conduct

disorder (DF90.1) and 13 with comorbid adjustment, attachment, or tic disorders (DF43.25;

DF94.1; DF95.20), were censored at the time of their first psychiatric disorder, results still

remained the same. The women with missing information on coffee consumption (N = 7523;

24%) did have a different risk profile, but a similar frequency of children with hyperkinetic

disorder/ADHD (n = 33; 0.4%) compared with the study population (N = 24 068; n = 88; 0.4%)

(Linnet, et al., 2009).

The study selected a small population of women in which were exposed to a significant amount

of caffeine not only from coffee. The results reflected caffeine from any source exhibited findings similar

to the caffeine from coffee consumption. While the analyses of the study among the population of

children without a history of parental psychiatric disorders, the outcomes showed that there was no


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change. The analyses which were only studied among the children with birth weights above 2500 grams

as well as gestational ages above 37 completed weeks, the findings were also unaffected. The children

with comorbid disorders whom already were diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorder or ADHD did not

explicate the findings with regards to the intake of coffee (Linnet, et al., 2009).

These studies are educational as well as informational for students and/or mothers-to-be. It is

vital that during any and every pregnancy mothers know the facts. Research is a crucial aspect when

considering the future of an unborn baby. Linnets studies showed the facts in detail which pertained to

several risk factors. Coffee consumption during pregnancy absolutely affects an unborn baby when

considering behavioral aspects as well other disorders. A baby born with acute leukemia or developing

this serious cancer can be a result of the mothers intake of coffee during pregnancy (Menegaux, et al.,

2005). There are many ways to find accurate sources for the health of an unborn baby which include

beverageslike coffeeto either avoid or find the amount that is healthy for the individual and their

unborn baby. Consider the caffeine in coffee.

Research is vital to the worldnot just researchers and scientists. There is an extremely vast

amount of research done every single day throughout the entire world which is intended to assist the

human race (as well as animals, plants, and many other things). The question that is presented in the

prompt asks whether chocolate suppress cancer growth. Research indicates that chocolateis rich inflavonoids (a type of plant secondary metabolites). Flavonoids have shown to be beneficial in particular

illnesses like cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. (Sathyapalan, Beckett, Rigby, Mellor, & Atkin,

2010). Another study concluded: Flavonols and flavones, but not other flavonoid subclasses or total

flavonoids, is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especially among post-menopausal

women (Hui, et al., 2013).


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References

Crown, J. (2007). A Wake-Up Call For Coffee.Businessweek, (4055), 023.

Hui, C., Qi, X., Qianyong, Z., Xiaoli, P., Jundong, Z., & Mantian, M. (2013). Flavonoids, Flavonoid

Subclasses and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies.Plos ONE, 1-8.

Linnet, K., Wisborg, K., Secher, N., Hove Thomsen, P., Obel, C., Dalsgaard, S., & Henriksen, T. (2009).

Coffee Consumption During Pregnancy and the Risk of Hyperkinetic Disorder and ADHD: A

Prospective Cohort Study.Acta Paediatrica, 98(1), 173-179.

Menegaux, F., Steffen, C., Bellec, S., Baruchel, A., Lescoeur, B., Leverger, G., . . . Clavel, J. (2005).

Maternal coffee and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parental smoking and risk of

childhood acute leukaemia. Cancer Detection and Prevention, pp. 29, 06; 487-493.

Sathyapalan, T., Beckett, S., Rigby, A., Mellor, D., & Atkin, S. (2010). High Cocoa Polyphenol Rich

Chocolate May Reduce Burden.Nutrition Journal, 955-59.

Weng, X., Odouli, R., Herring, A., Li, D., Savitz, D., Chan, R., & Hartmann, K. (2011, March). Caffeine

Intake During Pregnancy: Pregnancy Wellness. Retrieved from American Pregnancy

Association: http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/caffeine.html

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