phd thesis-actual situation and approach for municipal solid waste treatment in the arab region

© 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES© 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Actual Situation and Approach for Municipal Solid

Waste Treatment in the Arab Region

MSc. Ayman ElnaasDepartment Waste Management and Material FlowUniversity of Rostock

02.05.23

PhD Defense 31/03/2016

© 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Outline

1. Introduction and problem statement

2. Waste teartement in the Arab region

3. Study approach

4. Assessment of compost produced in the region

5. Examining MBT to produce RDF and stabilized fine material

6. Costs calculation of treatment options for the region

7. Conclusion and recommendations

02.05.23 2

© 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES02.05.23 3

Introduction


Legal TechnicalManagementFinancial

Problem statement

― 90% for logistic and

10% for treatment

and landfilling

― Lack of laws and

regulations

― Absence of local

standards

― Absence of

monitoring systems

― Lack of local know-how

― Undetermined local

conditions

― Failure of sorting and

composting facilities

― Landfilling of waste

without treatment

― 2-5% recyclable

materials recovery

Problem statement


Objectives

02.05.23 5

• Reviewing the current SWM practices in the Arab region

• Assessment of the existing SWM systems and some of the

treatment technologies

• Adoption the MBT technology for the region

• Utilization and disposal of the output from MBT

• Estimating the needed investment and operation cost

• Recommendation for adopted waste treatment system


Waste treatment in the region

• Technology applied

• Local conditions (Time, quantity and weather)

• Management and technical

• Financial and marketing

• Quality of finished compost


Study approach

Compost assessment

MBT examination

― Survey of operating facilities

― Compost samples collection

― Compost analysis

― Waste characterization

― Sampling and analysis

― Process monitoring

― RDF assessment

― Design MBT options

― Financial feasibility

Study approach


Areas of study

Samples collected

• Number of samples: 16 from 8 treatment facilities

• Type of samples: compost from mixed municipal solid waste

• Samples were collected from different cities in some Arab countries,

depending on the availability

Compost assessment


Rotting classAT4 (mg O2/g DM)

Classification of the samples

tested

Product description

I>4019%Compost raw materials

II40-2819%Fresh compost

III28-166%Fresh compost

IV16-644%Finished compost

V<612%Finished compost

Compost properties


Heavy metals analysis


1st approach main findings

• Only one of the 16 samples tested fulfilled the requirements and

considered as stable compost of class (A)

• Sorting and composting facilities are being operated with limited

capacity

• Compost produced in operating facilities has poor quality

© 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES05/02/23 12

Composting vs. Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)

AspectsCompostingRDF

Time needed8-12 weeks1-3 weeks (biodrying)30 min (physical drying)

OutputLow quality compostHigh energy content

Land neededLarge areaLess area

Selling of the outputNeeds marketingHigh potential

Weather conditionsNegative impactPositive impact


• Biological drying process

• RDF quality investigation

• MBT design

• Cost analysis

MBT Pilot project in Tunisia


TrialsQuantity of waste

(t)

Number of

windrows

Beginning

of trail

End of

trail

1110225/06/201415/07/2014

296104/08/201428/08/2014

398103/09/201423/09/2014

4145227/10/201419/11/2014

560102/12/201417/12/2014

Field work schedule


Experimental monitoring

Trial 1.1

Trial 1.2

Trial 2

Trial 3

Trial 4


mass balance after

biodrying process

Results of the biodrying process

Characteristics of

waste before and

after biodrying


Properties of RDF

ParameterSummer trialWinter trial

1234DM Input (%)47445147LHV Input (MJ/Kg)6.215.998.545.99DM output/RDF (%)75695067LHV output/RDF (MJ/Kg)13.5313.458.7311.82Chlorineoutput/RDF (%)0.840.661.300.94

Heavy metalsoutput/RDF (mg/Kg)

Cd0.760.454.180.62Cr8974.796142Ni71.134.945.670.2Hg0.450.340.270.55Zn262141140229As3.52.34.53


2nd approach main findings

• MBT was approved to be a simple practical solution for the region.

• Waste mass reduction:

― 35% (biodrying)

― 55% (RDF utilization)

― 75% (further stabilization)

• The RDF produced has a high calorific value, low moisture and

acceptable chlorine content.


100% waste input

Biological drying

2-4% Metal

20-25% RDF30-40% Water and

mass loss

35-40% dried material

To landfill10-15%

Water and mass loss13-15%

Compost-like output

Stabilization

13-15% Stabilized material to landfill

Option 1 50,000Mg/a

Option 2 100,0000Mg/a

Option 4Compost like output

100,0000Mg/a

Option 3Stabilized material

100,0000Mg/a

MBT treatment strategies


Strategy 2: Biological drying and stabilization processes

Compost-like output


Costs analysis for MBT

Option1234 Parameter:

Capital costa8121414MioEURNet equity30303030%Useful economic life15151515yearsInterest (inflation adjusted)5555% p.a.

Costs:Capital investment859,5171,289,2751,504,1541,504,154EUR/aEffective personnel costs 206,400275,200344,000344,000EUR/aMaintenance800,0001,200,0001,400,0001,400,000EUR/aRemoval of residues197,938395,875342,40039,375EUR/aElectricity consumption174,400348,800348,800348,800EUR/a

Earnings:Gate fees10,20,30,40EUR/MgRDF sale15,20,25,30EUR/MgSale of recyclables50EUR/MgSale of compost like output10EUR/Mg


50,000 t/a Drying and RDF production 100,000 t/a Drying and RDF production

100,000 t/a stabilized material to landfill 100,000 t/a sell of compost like output


37,500 50,000 62,500 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 t

Option 2.

-1,500

-1,000

-500

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500Option 1.Option 2.Option 3.Option 4.

Pre-

tax

profi

t T€/

a

waste quantity (t)

Gate fees30EUR/MgRDF sale30EUR/MgSale of recyclables50EUR/MgSale of compost like output10EUR/Mg

With capital investment

45 €/t

35 €/t

39 €/t

36 €/t


37,500 50,000 62,500 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 t

Option 2.

-500

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500Option 1.Option 2.Option 3.Option 4.

Pre-

tax

profi

t T€/

a

waste quantity (t)

Gate fees20EUR/MgRDF sale25EUR/MgSale of recyclables50EUR/MgSale of compost like output10EUR/Mg

without capital investment


Conclusions

• Landfill and open dumps are still the common disposal, up to 95%

• Facilities has limited capacity, breakdown and poor maintenance

• Poor quality compost produced in the region, heavy metals and stability

• MBT is an efficient waste treatment concept (biodrying)

Volume reduction 35%, with RDF utilization 55%

RDF is of acceptable quality, LHV increased from 6 to13 MJ/kg

About 20% residue to landfill after stabilization and output recover

• Investment cost 40% of total cost makes it hard to gain revenue

• Local authorities cooperation for better economic performance can be achieved


Recommendations for further work

• Adopting legal framework for SWM

• Developing a financing system for cost/revenue analysis and cost

recovery (producers responsibility)

• Adoption of separate collection system

• Developing a model for municipalities and cement industry

cooperation in SWM

• Developing a solution for small and medium size communities


Thank you for your attention

phd thesis-actual situation and approach for municipal solid waste treatment in the arab region

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