phenomenology the many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant metereology...

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Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant logy (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? e observations hardly ever can tell. cases to derive meaningful physical information many pieces of th have to be put together. earch is by definition interdisciplinary: ltiwavelength observations eory including atomic physics, radiation processes ... heory including general relativity, relativistic physics … construct observational paradigms: nified schemes SO atmospheres eometrically thin optically thick accretion flows eaming of radio sources

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Page 1: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order?A single observations hardly ever can tell. In most cases to derive meaningful physical information many pieces of the puzzle have to be put together.

AGN research is by definition interdisciplinary: multiwavelength observations low theory including atomic physics, radiation processes ... high theory including general relativity, relativistic physics …

Need to construct observational paradigms: - Unified schemes - QSO atmospheres - Geometrically thin optically thick accretion flows - Beaming of radio sources

Page 2: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Taxonomy: metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order?

Page 3: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations
Page 4: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Schema di unificazioneSchema di unificazione

Fanaroff-Riley I

Fanaroff-Riley II

Gli AGN di tipo FR I e FR II mostrano getti orientati perpendicolarmente alla linea di vista.

• Fanaroff-Riley I -> getti con intensità che decresce velocemente allontanandosi dal nuceo

• Fanaroff-Riley II -> getti ben definiti con hot-spots prominenti

• Distribuzione di L178 (178 MHz):FR I: L178 < 2∙1025 W Hz-1

FR II: L178 > 2∙1025 W Hz-1

• Righe di emissione (visibile): FR II 1 ordine di grandezza + intense

• FR I in cluster – FR II isolateIl modello unificato prevede similitudini tra FR I e BL Lac da un lato, tra FR II e Quasar dall’altro.

La differenza tra FR I e II dipende (forse) dai meccanismi di estrazione di energia dal BH.

Page 5: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Radio galaxies

FRI:low luminositydiffuse, appr. Symmetric jets whose surfacebrigthness falls off away from center

FRII:high luminositysharp-edged lobes and bright hot spotsjets often faint

from Urry & Padovani 1995

Page 6: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

CenA3C273z=0.158

PKS1127z=1.19 GB1508

z=4.28

Chandra views of quasar jets

Page 7: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Beaming hypothesis 3C279 CGRO EGRET F>100MeV

couples e e

make tophotonsray -Xwith

interact they because excape,

cannotray - 60 if but..

1000

-

3

+

≥=

γ

σ

γ

γ

lcRm

Ll

e

T

δ =1/γ (1- β cosθ )

•Δt obs = Δt/δ

•light aberration ν obs = δ ν

Iv /ν 3 is relativistic invariant Iνobs = δ 3Iν

Fν obs = Fν δ 3+α Fbol obs = Fbolδ 4

ΔFobs

Δtobs

= δ 5 ΔF

Δt

l =Lxσ T

Rmec 3 R ~ δcΔt l = δ−5 Lobs

Δtobs

σ T

mec4

Doppler boosting

Page 8: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

… variability

ΔL in Δt

E = ΔL × Δt = ε Mc 2

M =4π

3 R3nmp =

3 R2mp

τ

σ T

; n =τ

Rσ T

E =εc 2 4π R2mpτ

3σ T

τ ≥1→ Δt ≈ 1+ τ( )R

c

ΔL

Δt≤

ε c 4 4π mp

3σ T

≈ 2 ×1042ε erg /s

td ≥LX

ΔL /Δt → ε ≥

LX

2 ×1042

1

td ≥ 0.01

if td =1000s and LX = 2 ×1043 NO termonuclear reactions!Strong support for SMBHparadigma

Page 9: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

δ =1/γ (1- β cosθ ) γ = (1− β 2)−1/ 2

β = angle between velocity and LOS

βc

θδ

Page 10: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

BeamingBeaming relativistico relativistico - Moto superluminaleMoto superluminale

Per θ = arccos(β) si ottiene:

Quindi se β ~1:

c

Rtt 11

'1 +=

c

Rtt 2

2'2 +=

)(1

)( 12' RR

ctt −+Δ=Δ

tcRR Δ⋅−=− )(cos12 θβ} )]cos(1[)( ' θβ−Δ=Δ tt

tcxxx Δ⋅=−=Δ )(sin12 θβ

θβθββ

cos1

sin

)(

1

)(

1'' −

Δ

Δ

Δ=

Δ

Δ=

t

t

t

x

ct

x

cobs

γββ

ββ =−

=21

)( MAXobs

1)( >=γβ MAXobs

Page 11: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Unification schemes for radio-loud AGN Urry&Padovani 1995

Test of RL unification: number statistics of population agree with thebeaming hypothesis.The total number of beamed objects should be smaller than numberof parent objects. Ratio depend on critical angle dividing blazars and RG,which in turn depends on amount of beaming (Lorentz factor γ).

Effect of relativistic beaming on number statistics:

)()|()(

1)()|(

) ()cos(

)(

intintintint

/)1(/1intint

2

int

LLLPdLL

LLdL

dPLLP

d

dP

LL

obs

ppp

p

Φ=Φ

==

==

=

+−

δγβδδ

δγβδθδ

δ Start with FRII LFbeam itcompare it with FSRQ LFfree parameters:γ ; Jet fractional L<γ>FSRQ10 <γ>BLLacs3-5

Page 12: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN1

SY2

QSO2

Unification schemesoptical-UV spectra

Page 13: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Unobscured

Obscured

Unification schemes X-ray spectra

Page 14: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Unification schemes: type 1 <=> unobscured type2 <=> obscured ? NOT ALWAYS!! NGC4151: X-ray obscured BLR lines variabile!

Page 15: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Unification schemes: type 1 <=> unobscured type2 <=> obscured ? NOT ALWAYS!! PKS2126-158: High L, high z, X-ray obscured

Page 16: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Support for unification: hidden emission lines

(Bill Keel´s web page with data from Miller, Goodrich & Mathews 1991, Capetti et al. 1995)

Some Sy 2s show broad lines in polarized light (Antonucci & Miller 1995, Goodrich & Miller

1990, ...): the fraction is still unclear since the observed samples are biased towards high-P broad-band continuum objects.The polarization level of the continuum flux is roughly constant up to 1500Å

(Code et al. 1993), which implies that hot electrons are the scattering source near the nucleus, but dust dominates

the outskirts.

Adapted from Arextaga 2003

Page 17: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

(Bil

l Kee

l´s

web

pag

e)

≈ 0.6pc

Support for unification: detection of tori?

VLBA observations of the nucleus (S1) of NGC1068 (Sy 2) at 8.4GHz reveals a small elongated structure, probably an ionized disk of ~1.2pc (Gallimore, et al. 1997), at T≥106.5 K that radiates free-free continuum or scattered light.

(Gallimore et al. 1997)

Adapted from Arextaga 2003

Page 18: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La presenza del toro oscurante si deve manifestare anche con “coni” di ionizzazione. La radiazione esce solo da un angolo solido ben definito attorno al getto ovvero entro un cono.L’apertura del cono determina il rapporto tra AGN di tipo 1(righe larghe) e di tipo 2.

Coni di IonizzazioneConi di Ionizzazione

NGC 1068Rosso: HST (continuo ottico)Verde: Chandra ( X )

HST [OIII] 5007 Å

Circinus GalaxyContinuo IR

Blu: [OIII] Verde: Hα

Page 19: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Un altro scenario per schemi unificati

Page 20: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

QUASAR Atmospheres

Elvis 2000-2003

Page 21: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

BAL v0.1 c

NAL v 1000km/s

Low zHigh z

Page 22: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

A connection between UV and X-ray absorbers?

Half of Sy1 show intrinsinc blueshifted UV and/or X-ray absorption. Mediud-to-high ionization: Multiple components Some UV components arise from X-ray absorbers Outflow velocities 0-3000 km/s Line “broadened” (turbolent flow) Variability

044 2

0

÷−==∫∞

ncrrhL

dUπ

νν νν

Page 23: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Outflows: dynamical models

Compton temperature kTIC =1/ 4 ε ; ε = L−1 hνLν dν0

if Cs < vesc ⇒ a corona will form

if Cs > vesc;Tesc =GMmp

Rok< TIC ⇒ a thermal wind will arise

vesc decrease with R; TIC and vesc function of SED, not intensity

⇒ winds starts at R ≥GMmp

kTIC

Thermal wind arising from the accretion disk. If nH<1012 cm-3 and logT<5K ionization heating is balanced by line cooling and recombination. If U is high line cooling is suppressed and gas reaches a hot phase in which Compton heating is balanced by inverse Compton cooling at an equilibrium T

Page 24: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

equation of motion : vdv

dr=

kL

4π r2c−

GM

r2

asymptotic velocity : v∞ =2

r0

kL

4π c− GM

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

⎣ ⎢

⎦ ⎥

1/ 2

k is the absorption cross section per unit mass

which depends on the source of opacity.

Dust opacity

Thompson opacity~ 100 −1000

Dust; rmin ≈1.3L46T1500−2.8 pc

Line opacity; efficiency η =line scattering

electron scattering

Force multiplier = ratio of line acceleration

to that due to Thomson scattering ML(U)

U↑ η ↓

Outflows, dynamical modelsRadiatively driven winds

Page 25: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Broad line region

Ne high enough that all forbidden line are collisionally suppressed: ne>108

Strong CIII] ==> ne<1010-11

Line width ~ 3000-10000 km/sT~104K σT~(kT/mp)0.5~10 km/s so other broadening mechanism at workCovering factor:In optically thick H nebula every photoionization result is a Ly photon

Φ(H) =Fν

hνν 1

∫ dν number of ionizing photons /cm2/s , ν 1 = 912A ν 0 =1216A

power law spectrum with index α ox

Φ(H) =F(1216A)

ν

ν 0

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

ν 1

∫−α ox

dν =F(1216A)

hν 0

α ox ν −1−α ox

ν 1

∫ dν =

=F(1216A)

hα ox

ν 0

ν 1

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

α ox

=F(1216A)

hα ox

912A

1216A

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟α ox

F(Lyα ) = Φ(H)hν 0 =F(1216A)

α ox

912A

1216A

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟α ox c

1216A

W (Lyα ) =F(Lyα )

F(1216A)=

1216A

α ox

912A

1216A

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟α ox

A

if α ox =1.4 W = 580A. W(observed) ~ 50 - 60 ⇒ cov. frac. ~ 10%

Q(H) =Lν

hνν 1

∫ dν

U =Q(H)

4πR2cnH

τ rec =1

neα B

~ 40n11−1 sec

Page 26: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La Broad Line Region è costituita da nubi di gas denso (NH~109-1013 cm-3), fotoionizzate dalla sorgente centrale e “fredde”, Te~2×104 K).Le variazioni nell’emissione della radiazione continua ionizzante emessa dal disco di accrescimento sono seguite da “echi” nelle righe larghe che però hanno un ritardo τ.Il ritardo è “light travel time” ovvero il tempo necessario alla propagazione della radiazione ionizzante e dei fotoni della riga: Δτ ~ r / c La misura del ritardo Δτ fornisce quindi una stima delle dimensioni della regione delle righe larghe.

Reverberation MappingReverberation Mapping

Tempo

Flusso

Continuo

Riga

Δτ

Δτmean ~ r / c

Nube di gas

Nucleo del Quasar

rΔτ1 = r / cΔτ2 = 0Δτ4 = 2r / cΔτ3 = r / c

1

2

3

4

Page 27: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Reverberation mapping

r θTo the observer

τ =(1+ cosθ)r /c dτ = −(r /c)sinθdθ isodelay paraboloid

the interseption of the paraboloid and the sphere is a ring

of radius rsinθ and surface area 2πr2 sinθ

ψ (θ)dθ = 2πςr2 sinθdθ emission line response

ς = responsitivity per unit area

ψ (τ )dτ =ψ (θ)dθ /dτ = 2πςrcdτ = transfer function

Page 28: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Reverberation MappingReverberation MappingIl “lag” della BLR è misurato in tutti gli AGN in cui è stato fatto lo studio di reverberation mapping (richiede molto tempo ...): RBLR = c Δτ varia da alcuni giorni-luce fino ad anni-luce.Si trova che RBLR ~ L0.5 che indica come il parametro di ionizzazione e la densità della BLR ( ϕ ~ L/RBLR

2 ) debbano essere costanti (ovvero la BLR deve avere delle condizioni fisiche ben determinate).

λLλ(5100Å) ≃ 0.1 L [erg/s]

RB

LR [

lt-d

ays]

Page 29: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Il reverberation mapping indica che la BLR è situata molto vicino al BH.

Le righe sono larghe in conseguenza delle alte velocità con cui le nubi orbitano attorno al BH.

Applicando il teorema del viriale posso scrivere

f, costante (geometria della BLR);

V, velocità (FWHM delle righe);

RBLR dal reverberation mapping.

Le masse che ottengo per i BH sono dell’ordine di 106-109 M☉ ovvero proprio quello che mi aspetto dal limite di Eddington!

Le galassie in esame hanno tutte L<LEdd e questa non è una assunzione ma è il risultato di due misure indipendenti!

Le Masse Viriali dei BHLe Masse Viriali dei BH

Page 30: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

BLR vir. Δv ≅ GM/R

Δv = Hβ FWHM

Δv3000 = 2.19m91/ 2R0.1

−1/ 2

R0.1 = L461/ 2 from rev. map.

Δv3000 = 2.19m91/ 2L46

−1/ 4

m9 = 0.21Δv30002 L46

1/ 2 ; LEdd 46 =12.5m9

L

LEDD

= 0.38Δv3000−2 L46

1/ 2

AGN “Eigenvector” Laor et al. 1997

Page 31: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La Narrow Line Region (NLR)La Narrow Line Region (NLR)Le righe “strette” non variano, questo, assieme al fatto che sono “strette” (ovvero bassa dispersione di velocità, FWHM < 1000 km/s) indica che vengono emesse da una regione estesa.Tramite immagini (in riga) ad alta risoluzione angolare la NLR si riesce a risolvere negli AGN più vicini ed ha dimensioni dell’ordinedi ~100 pc.

NGC 1068Rosso: HST (continuo ottico)Verde: Chandra ( X )

HST [OIII] 5007 Å

In prima approssimazione può essere considerata un’enorme regione HII (o meglio un insieme di nubi HII), ma il fatto che si tratti di nubi foto-ionizzate dall’AGN rende le caratteristiche spettrali della NLR differenti.

Page 32: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La Narrow Line Region (NLR)La Narrow Line Region (NLR)

12 14 16 18 20

-1

0

log ν

F(ν)

Big Blue BumpBig Blue Bump

IR bumpIR bump

X-raysX-rays

Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)

Radio QuietRadio Quiet

Radio LoudRadio Loud

O starO star

H+H+

He+He+

He2+He2+

Fe+9Fe+9

S+8S+8

Il fatto che il continuo ionizzante si estenda ad energie molto superiori rispetto alle stelle calde (OB) consente di ionizzare specie atomiche a livelli molto superiori → si osservano righe di emissione da ioni che non si osservano in regioni HII classiche.

L’elevato flusso di raggi X estende molto la regione di transizione:Flusso ionizzante

d

d ~ 1

nH aν

sezione d’urtoper fotoionizzazione

aν ~ ν-3 (ν > ν0) ⇒ d(X-rays) >> d(UV)

Es. NH~103 cm-3sorgente UV (O stars): d ~ 10-4 pc

sorgente X (AGN): d ~ 1-100 pc

Page 33: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La Narrow Line Region (NLR)La Narrow Line Region (NLR)

Flusso ionizzante

Struttura di ionizzazione di una nube fotoionizzata da un AGN

regione altamenteionizzate

estesa regione di transizione, parzialmenteionizzata, dove emettono righe speciedi bassa ionizzazione come [NII],[SII],[OI],...

Page 34: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La Narrow Line Region (NLR)La Narrow Line Region (NLR)Queste caratteristiche consentono di identificare la presenza di un AGN da caratteristici rapporti delle righe strette: AGN hanno più forti sia le righe di alta che di bassa ionizzazione.

Log [NII]/Hα

Log [OIII]/Hβ

continuo ionizzantepiù “hard”

parametro diionizzazione U

AGN

regioni HII

Page 35: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN diagnostic diagramsThe BPT diagrams are used in narrow-line emission systems, to distinguish between hard and soft radiation (Balwin, Phillips & Terlevich 1981,

Veilleux & Ostrebrock 1987), which is usually ascribed to non-stellar and

stellar activity, respectively.

(BPT 1981) (Peterson 1997)

H II gal

Sey gal

LINERs

Some people erronuously take [O III] / Hβ > 3 as the criterium for AGN

(Kennicutt 1998) Adapted from Arextaga 2003

Page 36: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN

SBs

100% AGN 25%

AGN

0% AGN

ULIRGs

● ●●●●●●●● ●

●●

■ ■■

■ ■

■■ ■

▼▼▼▼▼▼ ▼▼▼

▼▼

10% AGN

75% AGN

AGN diagnostic diagrams

Policyclic aromatic hidrocarbons (PAHs), create bumps in the MIR spectrum, which easily identify soft-UV radiation fields that irradiate hot dust. They get destroyed by hard radiation.ULIRGs have radiation fields closer to starburst galaxies than to AGN. From this diagnostic diagram, it is estimated that 70-80% of the MIR radiation is powered by

obscured starbursts and 20-30% by AGN (Genzel et al. 1998).

λ (μm)

Adapted from Arextaga 2003

Page 37: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Il Toro OscuranteIl Toro Oscurante

Ricostruzione ideale di un AGN visto di lato rispetto al getto.La radiazione e le particelle energetiche (getti) sfuggono lungo l’asse polare.

Il “Toro” è una “ciambella” di gas denso e ricco di polvere.

Il nucleo attivo è nascosto dentro al toro.

Page 38: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Emissione della polvere nel toroEmissione della polvere nel toroLa radiazione UV prodotta dal nucleo riscalda la polvere nel toro e più generalmente nel mezzo circumnucleare.

Ricordiamo che Teq ≃ 1000 L1/5 R-2/5 K46 pc

Ci aspettiamo quindi che cisia una forte distribuzione radialedella temperatura della polvere,quindi del massimo di emissionetermica.

Page 39: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Emissione della polvere nel toroEmissione della polvere nel toro

Sono stati elaborati modellimolto complessi sull’emissioneinfrarossa del toro oscurante.

Non è semplice riprodurrela SED IR che è moltopiù larga di un singoloblack body e che quindirichiede polvere adiverse temperature.

Page 40: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Emissione della polvere nel toroEmissione della polvere nel toro

Grani di silicio e grafite sublimano a temperature Tsub ~ 1500 K

Imponendo Tsub = Teq (T equilibrio) si ottiene:Rsub ≃ 0.06 L1/2 pc45

questo è probabilmente il raggio interno del toro polveroso oscurante.

E’ interessante confrontarlo col raggio della BLR stimato dal reverberation mapping:

RBLR ≃ 0.02 L1/2 pc

45

Ovvero la Broad Line Region è libera da polvere.Infine, il fatto che la temperatura della polvere non possa superare la temperatura di sublimazione di 1500 K indica che la polvere più calda emette a λ ~2 μm questo spiega il “dip” nella SED degli AGN.

12 14 16 18 20

-1

0

log ν

F(ν)

Big Blue BumpBig Blue Bump

IR bumpIR bump

X-raysX-rays

Radio QuietRadio Quiet

Radio LoudRadio Loud

O starO star

“dip”“dip”

Page 41: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Extinction

Fλ = cos t × f λ × e−Aλ

Page 42: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Extinction

Iν =dE

dνdAdtdΩ= Specific Intensity; α ν = nσ ν = Absorption coefficient

perdita di intensita' in un beam che viaggia ds :

ndAdS = numero particelle in un elemento dV

σ ν ndAdS = σ ν ndAcdt = α ν dAcdt ≡ area assorbente totale

energia persa per assorbimento :

dE ≡ −dIdAdtdνdΩ = Iν dνdtdΩ ×σ ν ndAdS

dIν

dS= −α ν Iν

Iνo

= e− αν S 'dS '

So

S

∫= e−τν =10−0.434τν

τ = α ν S 'dS ' = nσ νSo

S

∫ S

Aλ ≡ mλo − mλ = 2.5log

Iλo

Page 43: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Absorption€

Fν = cos t × fν × e−σ ν N H

N H (z) ≈ N H (0)(1+ z)2.5

0.3 1 3

z=0 10

100X1022cm-2

Z=9 5.3 3 1 .5 0 NH=1024cm-2

Page 44: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

N H

AV

=1.8 ×1021cm−2

τ obsO ≈ τ z

O (1+ z)

τ obsX ≈ τ z

X (1+ z)1

2.5 ⇒τ obs

O

τ ob 2X

≈ (1+ z)3.5

Optical-UV extinction vs. X-ray absorption

Page 45: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN SED

Page 46: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Le Componenti NucleariLe Componenti Nucleari

Disco di Accrescimento

(sorgente UV-X)D < 0.01 pc

L = 1042 - 1047 erg/s

12 14 16 18 20

-1

0

log ν

F(ν)

Big Blue BumpBig Blue Bump

IR bumpIR bump

X-raysX-rays

Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)

Radio QuietRadio Quiet

Radio LoudRadio Loud

O starO star

H+H+

He+He+

He2+He2+

Fe+9Fe+9

S+8S+8

Page 47: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Composite optical-UV

Page 48: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN IR-optical SED

Page 49: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

X-ray spectrum

Page 50: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Le Componenti NucleariLe Componenti Nucleari

Getto Relativistico

D ~ 0.1 pc - 1 Mpc

plasma a velocità relativistiche (moti superluminali quando la linea di vista è prossima all’asse del getto)

12 14 16 18 20

-1

0

log ν

F(ν)

Big Blue BumpBig Blue Bump

IR bumpIR bump

X-raysX-rays

Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)

Radio QuietRadio Quiet

Radio LoudRadio Loud

O starO star

H+H+

He+He+

He2+He2+

Fe+9Fe+9

S+8S+8

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Le Componenti NucleariLe Componenti Nucleari

Broad Line Region (BLR)

D ~ 0.01 pc - 0.1 pc

densità N ~ 109-1014 cm-3

covering factor ~ 10-30 %ΔV ~ 5000 km/s

Page 52: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

12 14 16 18 20

-1

0

log ν

F(ν)

Big Blue BumpBig Blue Bump

IR bumpIR bump

X-raysX-rays

Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)

Radio QuietRadio Quiet

Radio LoudRadio Loud

O starO star

H+H+

He+He+

He2+He2+

Fe+9Fe+9

S+8S+8

Le Componenti NucleariLe Componenti Nucleari

Toro Oscurante

D ~ 1 -10 pc

densità di colonna NH ~ 1025 cm-2

covering factor ~ 70 %.

La polvere viene riscaldata dalla radiazione UV/X del disco e riemette nell’IR.

Page 53: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Le Componenti NucleariLe Componenti Nucleari

Narrow Line Region (NLR)D ~ 10 -100 pc

densità N ~ 103-106 cm-2

covering factor ~ 1-3 %

Page 54: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN Spectral Energy Distribution

AGN selection

Page 55: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

…but.. many obscured AGN do not show any ‘AGN’ features in their O-UV spectra..: e.g. NGC6240, NGC4945 etc etc…

The optical-UV light from the nucleus, the BLR and even the NLR isblocked or strongly reduced by the obscuring screen

NGC1068NGC6240

Page 56: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN diagnostic diagrams X-ray to optical flux ratio

EMSS, Stocke, Maccacaro, Gioia et al.

Page 57: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

AGN diagnostic diagrams X-ray to optical flux ratio

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AGN diagnostic diagramX-ray - optical ; radio-optical

indices

EMSS, Stocke, Maccacaro, Gioia et al.

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Le Radio GalassieLe Radio Galassie

Lobi brillanti

Nucleo debole

‘Hot spots’

Immagine Radio di Cigno A

Getto

Il gas ionizzato viaggia lungo il getto a velocità v~c.L’energia viene dissipata nelle “hot spots” come radiazione di Sincrotrone (emissione di particelle relativistiche che si muovono in un campo magnetico).

Page 60: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

La Formazione dei Getti RadioLa Formazione dei Getti Radio

Buco Nero

Disco di Accrescimento

Il disco di ha un campo magnetico con linee di forza parallele all’asse del disco.

Un BH ruotante (di Kerr) determina l’avvolgimento delle linee di forza del campo magnetico (frame dragging).

ll gas altamente ionizzato è espulso a v~c lungo le linee di forza del campo magnetico (effetto Blandford-Znajek).

Page 61: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Radio Galassie e QuasarRadio Galassie e Quasar

Cygnus A (radio sorgente)

Direzione di

Osservazione

Radio Galassia: sorgente radio con due lobi; righe di emissione strette.

Radio Galassie, Quasar Radio-loud e Blazars sono gli stessi oggetti visti ad angolazione diversa rispetto al getto.

L’emissione di sincrotrone non è isotropa ma è concentrata lungo l’asse del getto.

FR I

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Quasar Radio-loud e BlazarsQuasar Radio-loud e Blazars

Direzione di

Osservazione

Getto forte

Contro-getto debole

I Quasar radio-loud ed i blazar sono visti vicino all’asse del getto.L’emissione di sincrotrone del getto verso di noi è molto più forte (relativistic beaming).I lobi appaiono tra loro più vicini rispetto a prima (effetto di proiezione).Negli spettri si osservano righe larghe ed un forte continuo ottico/UV.

I Blazar sono il caso estremo in cui si osserva direttamente lungo la direzione del getto.

FR II

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AGN taxonomy: Seyfert galaxiesSeyfert types: depending on the width of the optical emission lines (Khachikian &

Weedman 1974, Osterbrock 1981):• Sy 2: narrow emission lines of FWHM ≤ few x 100 km s−1 • Sy 1: broad permitted emission lines (Hα, He II, ... ), of FWHM ≤ 104 km s−1 that originate in a high-density medium (ne ≥ 109 cm−3), and narrow-forbidden lines ([O III], [N II], …) that originate in a low-density medium (ne ≈ 103−106 cm−3). • Sy1.x (1.9, 1.8, ...): they graduate with the width of the Hα and Hβ lines.• NL Sy1: subclass of Sy 1 with soft X-ray excess and optical Fe II in emission.

But the classification for a single object can change with time, due to AGN variability!

(Goodrich 1995)

Page 64: Phenomenology The many appearances of the beast: the blind man and the elephant Metereology (complexity and randomness) or underlying order? A single observations

Quasar = Quasi Stellar Radio-source , QSO = Quasi-Stellar ObjectScaled-up version of a Seyfert, where the nucleus has a luminosity

MB< −21.5 + 5 log h0 (Schmidt & Green 1983). The morphology is, most often, star-

like. The optical spectra are similar to those of Sy 1 nuclei, with the exception that the narrow lines are generally weaker.

There are two varieties: radio-loud QSOs (quasars or RL QSOs) and radio-quiet QSOs (or RQ QSOs) with a dividing power at P5GHz≈1024.7 W Hz−1 sr–1 .

RL QSOs are 5−10% of the total of QSOs.

AGN taxonomy: Quasars and QSOs

Lyσ

Si IV

C IVC III]

Mg IIC III Hγ

[O III]

Hδ[O II]

(Å)

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AGN taxonomy: Quasars and QSOsThere is a big gap in radio power between RL and RQ varieties of QSOs (Kellerman et al. 1989, Miller et al. 1990)

(Miller et al. 1990)

P5GHz≈1024.7 W Hz−1 .

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AGN taxonomy: BAL QSOsBAL QSOs = Broad Absorption Line QSOsOtherwise normal QSOs that show deep blue-shifted absorption lines corresponding to resonance lines of C IV, Si IV, N V.All of them are at z ≥ 1.5 because the phenomenon is observed in the rest-frame

UV. At these redshifts, they are about 10% of the observed population.

BAL QSOs tend to be more polarized than non-BAL QSOs.(Ogle et al. 1999)

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AGN taxonomy: Radio galaxiesStrong radio sources associated with giant elliptical galaxies, with optical spectra similar to Seyfert galaxies.

Sub-classification according to • optical spectra: NLRG = narrow-line radio galaxy, and BLRG = broad-line radio galaxy, with optical spectra similar to Sy 2 and Sy 1, respectively.• spectral index (α, such that Fν=να ) at 1GHz: steep or flat separated by α=−0.4• radio morphology (Fanaroff & Riley 1974): measured by the ratio of the distance between the two brightest spots and the overall size of the radio image. FR I with R<0.5 and FR II with R>0.5

Hydra A

(Aretxaga et al. 2001) ©Chandra

2.7=

188

kpc

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AGN taxonomy: LINERsLINER = Low-Ionization Narrow-Line Region

They are characterized by [O II] 3727Å / [O III] 5007Å ≥ 1 (Heckman 1980)

[O I] 6300Å / [O III] 5007Å >1/3Most of the nuclei of nearby galaxies are LINERs. A census of the brightest 250 galaxies in the nearby Universe shows that 50–75% of giant galaxies have some

weak LINER activity ( Filippenko & Sargent 1993, …).

They are the weakest form of activity in the AGN zoo. One has to dig into the bulge

spectrum sometimes to get the characteristic emission lines:

(Ho et al. 1993) ©POSS

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AGN taxonomy: BL LacsBL Lac is the prototype of its class, an object, stellar in appearance, with very weak emission lines and variable, intense and highly polarized continuum. The weak lines often just appear in the most quiescent stages.Blazars encompass BL Lacs and optically violent-variable (OVV) QSOs. These are believed to be objects with a strong relativistically beamed jet in the line of sight.

(Vermeulen et al. 1994)