phenotypic diversity of cultivated mangoes in oman

7/27/2019 Phenotypic Diversity of Cultivated Mangoes in Oman

1/12

267

Phenotypic Diversity of Cultivated Mangoes in Oman

R.A. Al-Yahyai1,a, A.M. Al-Subhi1, S. Al-Khanjari2 and Z. Al-Farei11 Department of Crop Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Oman2 University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman

Keywords: Mangifera indica, biodiversity, cultivars, fruit crops, tropical fruits,morphological characteristics

AbstractMango is a major fruit crop of the tropical and subtropical regions of the

world. There are numerous mango cultivars being cultivated around the worldincluding in the southern Arabian Peninsula. The diversity of mango cultivars inOman has not been studied and the majority of mango trees remain unidentified.We investigated the morphological diversity of mango cultivars grown in Oman.Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of imported mango cultivars, locallygrown cultivars, and surveyed unknown mango cultivars were compared usingmultivariate analysis and analysis of variance. Shanon-Weaver diversity index (H)showed large phenotypic diversity in mangoes cultivated in Oman, particularly inthe quantitative characteristics of the fruits. Identification of unknown cultivars waspossible using UPGMA pairwise-comparison of the phenotypic characteristics withthat of known cultivars. Mango cultivars from the same region tended to grouptogether. Results from this study will help further studies on the biodiversity ofmangoes in Oman and to develop the appropriate breeding program for improvingmango cultivars in arid regions.

INTRODUCTIONMango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit crop that belongs to the family

Anacardiaceae. Based on their apomictic characteristics, mango has been divided intopolyembryonic, South-east Asian type, and monoembryonic, Indian type (Mukherjee and

Litz, 2009). The genus Mangifera contains 70 species that are common to tropical Asia(Viruel et al., 2005).Mango is one of the most diverse fruit crops in cultivation and has over a thousand

cultivars. These cultivars are grown throughout the tropics and subtropics, includingsouthern Europe. India is the largest producer of mangoes, producing approximately13 million tons in 2009 (FAOSTAT, 2011) which is around 40% of the worlds mango

production. There are over 500 mango cultivars in India alone that vary greatly in theircanopy vegetative and reproductive characteristics, production season, yield, fruit

physical and chemical quality attributes (Bally, 2006). Wild mango cultivars can still befound along the Himalayan foothills that stretch from Iran through India and Pakistan toBangladesh. Modern selection and breeding has taken place in Florida, USA, from wherethe major commercial cultivars, such as Haden and Tommy Atkins, have originated

(Viruel et al., 2005). However, in developing countries, mango production has been basedon the cultivation of a mixture of local and imported cultivars. The ancient trade routesbetween the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian Subcontinent have facilitated the exchangeof various types of fruit crops that have eventually spread to the rest of Africa, WesternAsia and Europe (Hammer et al., 2009). Mango is one of the main fruit crops in Omanand is the third largest in production quantity after date palm and banana. Oman

production of mango was 6,500 tons from 1,237 ha in 2009 (FAOSTAT, 2011), largelyfrom traditional farms. The large diversity of mangoes cultivated in Oman has helped tolimit the extent of the damage caused by the recent outbreak of Sudden decline diseasethat wiped out up to 60% of mango trees in Oman (Al Adawi et al., 2006; Al-Subhi et al.,2006; Deadman et al., 2007). The remaining tree stands are thought to have tolerated the

a [email protected]

Proc. 2nd All Africa Horticulture CongressEds.: K. Hannweg and M. PenterActa Hort. 1007, ISHS 2013


2/12

268

outbreak and showed no symptoms. The tolerance or resistance to disease has led to agreater interest in studying the diversity of mangoes in Oman to assess the characteristicsof locally grown mango cultivars and rootstocks (Deadman et al., 2007). Although ageneral description of many mango cultivars exists (Knight et al., 2010), no informationis available on the genetic diversity or germplasm characterization of cultivated mangoes

in Oman. Fruit tree diversity can be simply observed using morphological characters,while the basis is due to their genetic makeup (exon region) (Fitmawatai et al., 2010;Rodrguez et al., 2011). The objective of this study was to evaluate phenotypic diversityof mango cultivars in Oman and to relate the open-pollinated selections with the knowncultivars in the country. This study will serve as the starting point to characterize mangoesgrown in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula.

MATERIALS AND METHODSMango tree and fruit phenotypic characteristics were used to determine the

diversity of cultivated mango in Oman following UPOV guidelines (UPOV, 1987) andIBPGR descriptors for mango (IBPGR, 1989). Tree and fruit qualitative and quantitativeattributes of 10 local and 16 imported mango cultivars were used to carry out preliminary

biodiversity analysis using an index of mango cultivars in Oman (Al-Jabri, 2008). Local

and imported cultivars that are commonly cultivated in Oman were used in this study(Table 1). Additionally, a survey of mango cultivars was carried out in three mango-growing regions of Oman, viz., South Al-Batinah (Musanaa), Muscat (Seeb) and theInterior (Nizwa), and are listed in Table 2. Information characterizing tree canopy, youngand fully developed leaves, flowers and inflorescence, fruit, stone and seed were gatheredfrom 29 trees during the fruiting season that extends from May-July.

Shannon-Weaver biodiversity index (H) was used to assess phenotypic variabilityof the mango cultivars using NTSYS software (Shannon and Weaver, 1949; Rohlf, 2002).Similarity-dissimilarity matrices were computed with Jaccards coefficient (Sneath andSokal, 1973). A dendogram of all tree qualitative and quantitative characteristics was

plotted using PAST software (Hammer et al., 2001). Further analysis of variance wasdone among groups for the cultivars, surveyed samples and both combined to test the

validity of the quantitative characteristics distribution using SAS software (SAS Institute,Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA) and mean separation was done using Duncans MultipleRange Test,P=0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Quantitative Characteristics of Local and Imported Mango Cultivars in OmanIdentified mango cultivars comprising local and imported mango cultivars

(Table 1) were used as the baseline for determining the biodiversity of mango in Oman.Quantitative characteristics reported by Al-Jabri (2008) showed that local cultivars wereshorter in mature fruit length and also had lower fruit mass (Table 3). Othercharacteristics including fruit width and stone characteristics were not significant. Thegenerally inferior yield and quality of local cultivars has resulted in continuousintroduction of many cultivars, mainly from the Indian Subcontinent, that arecharacterized by 36% larger fruit weight. Lower yield of local cultivars can be attributedto their origin as seedlings without any breeding selection and also to the lack of propertree management such as grafting, pruning and fruit thinning. The low number (10) ofcharacterized local cultivars is a fraction of the large numbers of cultivated mango treesthat remain unidentified or un-described.

Diversity of Mangoes Based on Qualitative CharacteristicsQualitative indicators that are common among sampled mango trees and the

identified cultivars were used to determine the extent of mango diversity (Table 4).Sampled trees had lower diversity H-index compared to known cultivars that exceeded70% in all characteristics. Both sampled and known cultivars had monoembryonic seeds,


3/12

269

i.e., Indian types, and hence the low H-Index (0.00 and 0.24 respectively). H-Index ofall trees, samples and cultivars, indicated a high diversity in all characteristics except

polyembryony (Table 4).

Diversity of Mangoes Based on Quantitative Characteristics

Quantitative indicators for sampled mango trees and cultivars showed morediversity among the samples (0.80) compared to the cultivars (0.72) (Table 5). In contrastto the qualitative traits, the fruit and stone quantitative characteristics of the mangosamples had higher H-Index compared to local cultivars except in fruit and stone weight.High H-Index of fruit weight in sampled mango trees indicated that there were largevariations among sampled trees from three regions. This also suggests that mangocultivation is comprised of mixed cultivars, typical of traditional mango orchards inOman. Despite the predominantly small-sized farms in Oman, traditional fruit farms havegenerally more diversity in both species and cultivars, as is the case for date palm (Al-Yahyai and Al-Khanjary, 2008).

Relationships among Cultivated Mangoes in Oman1. Mango Cultivars. Based on qualitative and quantitative phenotypic characteristics of

mango trees and fruits of known cultivars, mango can be divided into six groups (Fig. 1).The cultivar Tenneru (T) was distinct (cluster 1) from all other cultivars because of itsgreater fruit weight and size. The phylogenetic tree showed that mango cultivars werelargely distributed into local and imported cultivars. Cluster 3 was comprised of localcultivars, whereas cluster 2, 4, 5 and 6 grouped imported cultivars (except for the localcultivars Alkhokh (K) in 2 and Mokhadrani (MO) in cluster 6. Given all thecharacteristics, imported cultivars had distinctive characteristics that differed from localcultivars, which supported the point discussed earlier about the better yield and fruitquality of imported cultivars. Similar results were reported for wheat landraces in Omanthat were separated into clusters based on their geographical origin using molecular(Zhang et al., 2006) and morphological (Al Khanjari et al., 2008) characterization. For theIndian cultivars, Alphonso (AL) and Neelum (N), the similarity grouping based on

quantitative and qualitative data reported were similar to that of Eiadthong et al. (1999)using molecular analysis. Alphonso (AL) and Langra (L) have different characteristicsas described by Knight et al. (2010), and supported by our results, placing them into twoseparate groups (Fig. 1).2. Sampled Mango Trees. Mango trees sampled during this study showed a wide rangeof diversity as they were grouped into 8 clusters (Fig. 2). Two of the surveyed samples(S1 and S14) were distinct from all other trees, whereas N1 and N2 in cluster 6 weredistinctive perhaps due to their cultivation in a separate locality (Nizwa). This was

predicted since mango can be distinctly grouped based on geographical origin andpolyembryony (Viruel et al., 2005). The remaining clusters contained from 3 to 7 treesper cluster.3. Combined Sampled and Cultivated Mangoes. When data from both identifiedcultivars and sampled trees was combined and analyzed, many of the surveyed trees

joined clusters with identified mango cultivars (Fig. 3). The exceptions to this wereclusters 3 and 7 which had identified cultivars only and cluster 8 with sampled trees only,the two cultivars Tenneru (T) in cluster 1 and Amoriah (A) in cluster 10. Using knowncharacteristics of identified cultivars such as Zingbariahmar (ZA) in cluster 6 may helpidentify several unknown trees, based solely on their similarity. However, an unknowntree (S14) may be placed among four distinct cultivars in cluster 4. Thus, caution should

be used when trying to associate unknown mango trees to known cultivars based on theirphenotypic characteristics alone.

Quantitative Characteristics for Mango Diversity AssessmentBecause much of the diversity in both known cultivars and unknown sampled

mango trees is largely attributed to quantitative characteristics, differences among groups


4/12

270

(of clusters) in Figures 1-3 were analyzed for mean differences of these characteristics.Mean separation of groups showed that group 1 [Tenneru (T)] had the greatest fruitmass and dimensions, whereas groups 2, 3 and 6 were the lowest (Table 6). Cultivars ingroups 4 and 5 had moderate fruit size and fruit weight. Identification of the cultivars andthen testing the reasons that underline their grouping is a novel idea as it will facilitate the

selection of superior types and identification and elimination of inferior cultivars. Thisperhaps is more meaningful in fruit breeding and selection than sorting characteristicsusing principle component analysis (PCA) alone.

Similarly, Table 7 shows the quantitative characteristics of sampled trees asgrouped in Figure 2. Fruit dimensions and fruit weight contributed the most to treegroupings. For example, fruit weight of cluster 1 is significantly larger than cluster 6 andcluster 3, which had the lowest fruit weight, almost one third of that of trees in cluster 2.

Fruit characteristics showed that imported mango cultivars were superior to localcultivars in mature fruit length but more importantly in fruit weight (Table 4). Othercharacteristics were not significantly different, but arithmetic mean indicated larger stoneweight and size for local cultivars that corresponded with lower fruit weight, which

perhaps is another reason for growers to continuously introducing unknown and newcultivars.

The results from this study showed a high level of biodiversity of mango cultivarsin Oman with an average H=0.74 for qualitative characteristics (Table 4) and H=0.72for quantitative characteristics (Table 5) of the fruit. The diversity index (H) of thequantitative characteristics based on the physical dimensions of the fruit and seed waslower than that for fruit and stone weight (Table 5). Diversity based on the quantitativeand qualitative characteristics of mango cultivars in Oman were similar with H averaging0.74 and 0.72, respectively, with the lowest being in polyembryony (H=0.24) (Tables 4and 5). Therefore, the high diversity of mango cultivars in Oman is perhaps due to theinherited differences among these cultivars that are monoembryonic and of an Indianorigin.

The data also indicated that selected phenotypic characteristics of mangoes canreliably be used to relate unknown cultivars to those that have been characterized and

identified. Mango cultivars were also grouped based on their native habitat andcultivation zone as can be seen in the dendograms in this study (Figs. 1-3). Similargroupings of mangoes were reported using morphological and biochemical markers(Rajwana et al., 2011), as well as molecular markers (Eiadthong et al., 1999).

CONCLUSIONSThere are 36 recorded mango cultivars in Oman and numerous others remain

unidentified. This study attempted to assess the extent of biodiversity of mangoes inOman using data for identified and randomly sampled trees. Results indicated that there isa large diversity of mangoes in Oman in both local and imported cultivars. Qualitativeand quantitative characteristics showed a great deal of biodiversity in the phenotypicalattributes of Omani mangoes. The highest diversity is in the shape of the fully developedleaf as well as in fruit and stone weights. Grouping of cultivars based on their cultivationzone indicated an influence of the growing conditions on the quantitative and qualitativecharacteristics of the fruit. The data presented here will aid in the identification of mangocultivars using other tools such as molecular and chemical characterization.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors acknowledge the financial support of Sultan Qaboos University

(SQU). The support of Harith Al-Nabhani and Abdulbaqi Al-Raeesi from the AgriculturalExperiment Station (SQU) during the sample collection and identification of mangocultivars is highly appreciated. We thank Prof. Michal Deadman for reviewing andcommenting on this manuscript and Aysha Al-Farsi for helping with the data analysis.


5/12

271

Literature CitedAl Adawi, A.O., Deadman, M.L., Al Rawahi, A.K., Al Maqbali, Y.M., Al Jahwari, A.A.,

Al Saadi, B.A., Al Amri, I.S. and Wingfield, M.J. 2006. Aetiology and causal agentsof mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman. European Journal of PlantPathology 116:247-254.

Al-Jabri, M.H. 2008. Mango Production and Cultivation in the Sultanate of Oman.Ministry of Agriculture, Muscat, Oman.Al Khanjari, S., Filatenko, A.A., Hammer, K. and Buerkert, A. 2008. Morphological

spike diversity of Omani wheat. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55:1185-1195.

Al Subhi, A.M., Al Adawi, A.O., vanWyk, M., Deadman, M.L. and Wingfield, M.J.2006. Ceratocystis omanensis, a new species from diseased mango trees in Oman.Mycological Research 110:237-245.

Al-Yahyai, R. and Al-Khanjary, S. 2008. Biodiversity of date palm in the Sultanate ofOman. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3(6):389-395.

Bally, I.S.E. 2006. Mangifera indica (mango), ver. 3.1. In: C.R. Elevitch (ed.), SpeciesProfiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR),Hlualoa, Hawaii. http://www.traditionaltree.org.

Deadman, M.L., Al Adawi, A., Al-Yahyai, R. and Wingfield, M.J. 2007. Ceratocystiswilt of mango in Oman. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Prospects ofHorticultural Industry in Pakistan, 28-30 March 2007, University of Agriculture,Faisalabad, Pakistan. p.191-194.

Eiadthong, W., Yonemori, K., Sugiura, A., Utsunomiya, N. and Subhadrabandhu, S.1999. Identification of mango cultivars of Thailand and evaluation of their geneticvariation using the amplified fragments by simple sequence repeat(SSR) anchored

primers. Scientia Horticulturae 82:57-66.FAOSTAT. 2011. Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations. http://faostat.fao.org, accessed 10 Nov. 2011.Fitmawati, A. Hartana and Purwoko, B.S. 2010. Diversity of Indonesian mango

(mangifera indica) cultivars based on morphological and RAPD markers. Sabrao

Journal of Breeding and Genetics 42(2):84-95.Hammer, O., Harper, D.A.T. and Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statisticssoftware package for education and data analysis. Paleontologia Electronica 4(1):9.

Hammer, K., Gebauer, J., Al Khanjari, S. and Buerkert, A. 2009. Oman at the cross-roadsof inter-regional exchange of cultivated plants. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 56:547-560.

IBPGR. 1989. Descriptors for Mango. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources(IBPGR), Rome, Italy.

Knight, R.J., Campbell, R.J. and Maguire, I. 2010. Important mango cultivars and theirdescriptors. p.42-66. In: R. Litz (ed.), The Mango Botany, Production and Uses (2nded). CABI, USA.

Mukherjee, S.K. and Litz, R.E. 2009. Introduction: botany and importance. p.1-18. In:R.E. Litz (ed.), The Mango Botany, Production and Uses (2nd ed.). CABI,Wallingford, UK.

Rajwana, I.A., Khan, I.A., Malik, A.U., Saleem, B.A., Khan, A.S., Ziaf, K., Anwar, R.and Amin, M. 2011. Morphological and biochemical markers for varietalcharacterization and quality assessment of potential indigenous mango (Mangiferaindica) germplasm. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 13:151-158.

Rodrguez, N.N., Jimnez, R., Fuentes, V.R., Coto, O., Santiago, L.I., lvarez, A.,Capote, M.L., Velsquez, J.B., Puentes, J.L., Vernhes, M., Prieto, E.F., Rivero, D.,Sourd, D.G., Blanco, M., Martnez, F. and Matamoros, J.M. 2011. Genetic resources,

breeding and avocado crop technologies (Persea americana Mill.) in Cuba.Proceedings VII World Avocado Congress 2011 (Actas VII Congreso Mundial delAguacate 2011). Cairns, Australia. 5-9 September 2011.

Rohlf, F.J. 2002. Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system. NTSYS version2.11a. Applied Biostatistics Inc. New York, USA.


6/12

272

Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication.University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Ilinois, USA.

Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. The Principles and Practiceof Numerical Classification. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, USA, p.69-181.

UPOV. 1987. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, homogeneity and

stability: mango (Mangifera indica L.). International Union for the Protection of NewVarieties of Plants (UPOV): TG/112/3.Viruel, M.A., Escribano, P., Barbieri, M., Ferri, M. and Hormaza, J.I. 2005.

Fingerprinting, embryo type and geographic differentiation in mango (Mangiferaindica L.,Anacardiaceae) with microsatellites. Molecular Breeding 15:383-393.

Zhang, P., Dreisigacker, S., Buerkert, A., Alkhanjari, S., Melchinger, A.E. andWarburton, M.L. 2006. Genetic diversity and relationships of wheat landraces fromOman investigated with SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 00:1-10.

Tables

Table 1. Major local and imported mango cultivars grown in Oman.

Local mango cultivars Imported mango cultivarsCultivar(Code)

DistributionHarvestmonth

Cultivar(Code)

OriginHarvestmonth

Alhalqoom (H) MCT (Qurayat) May Baramasi (B) India May, October

Alkhokh (K) MCT (Qurayat) May Hindibusinarah (HB) Egypt MayUmalkizan (UK) B (Liwa) May Alphonso (AL) India JuneZingbariahmar (ZA) MCT (Qurayat) May Dashehari (D) India JuneOudalmoz (OZ) B (Sohar) May Langra (L) India JuneAmoriah (A) B (Liwa) June Allumpurbaneshan (AB) India JuneOudalmomnain (OM) B (Sohar) May Imampasand (IP) India JuneAlkhiliah (KH) B (Liwa) July Pairi (P) India JuneMokhadrani (MO) B (Saham) July Baneshan (B) India JuneMantakhalthor (MT) B (Liwa) July Cherukarasam (C) India June

Tenneru (T) India JuneZafran (Z) India JuneSafedamulgoa (SM) India JuneMulgoa (M) India June

Banglora (BN) India JulyNeelum (N) India JulyMCT = Muscat, B = Al-Batinah. Source: Al-Jabri (2008).


7/12

273

Table 2. Regions and codes of farms and trees surveyed in this study.

RegionsGPS

coordinatesFarms

(tree number)Samples codes

South Al-Batinah,(Musanaa)

23.736N57.599E

MZ (3) MZ1, MZ2, MZ3pm

MS (3) MS1, MS2, MS3

MSH (9)MSH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH4, MSH5,

MSH6, MSH7, MSH8, MSH9za

Muscat (Seeb)23.599N58.165E

S1 (7) S1, S13, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18

S2 (5) S2, S22, S23, S24, S25

Interior (Nizwa)22.935N57.519E

N (2) N1, N2

Table 3. Quantitative fruit characteristics of local and imported mangoes cultivated inOman.

Fruit characteristicsMango cultivars

Imported LocalMature fruit length (cm) 9.41 a 8.05 bMature fruit width (cm) 7.04 a 6.41 a

Fruit weight (g) 334.13 a 213.60 bStone weight (g) 28.81 a 30.62 aStone length (cm) 7.14 a 6.70 aStone width (cm) 3.39 a 3.59 a

Table 4. Comparison of the H-Index of the qualitative characteristics for mango samples,cultivars and combined data of both.

Tree and fruit characteristics

H-index

samples

H-index

cultivars

H-index

combinedBranches attitude 0.69 0.78 0.74Fully-developed leaf attitude 0.50 0.93 0.77Fully-developed leaf tip shape 0.00 0.99 0.78Ripe fruit skin color 0.99 0.78 0.93Polyembryony 0.00 0.24 0.13Sum 2.18 3.72 3.35Average 0.73 0.74 0.67


8/12

274

Table 5. Comparison of the H-Index of the quantitative characteristics for mangoescultivars and combined data from both.

Fruit characteristicsH-indexsamples

H-indexcultivars

H-indexcombined

Mature fruit length 0.65 0.59 0.54Mature fruit width 0.98 0.62 0.87Fruit weight 0.81 0.95 0.84Stone weight 0.91 0.93 0.92Stone length 0.74 0.70 0.79Stone width 0.74 0.56 0.56

Sum 4.83 4.34 4.52Average 0.80 0.72 0.75

Table 6. Fruit quantitative characteristics of mango cultivars grown in Oman.

Fruit characteristicsAverage values for phylogenetic tree clusters for cultivars

Tree cluster groupy1z 2 3 4 5 6

Mature fruit length (cm) 17.70 a 7.08 c 8.06 bc 9.92 b 10.20 b 8.73 bcMature fruit width (cm) 9.70 a 6.12 b 6.61 b 7.58 b 7.43 b 5.73 bFruit weight (g) 1050.00 a 209.33 c 209.75 c 370.80 b 342.33 b 205.67 c

Stone weight (g) 52.50 a 21.42 c 30.73 bc 30.82 bc 36.50 b 25.56 bcStone length (cm) 14.50 a 5.30 c 6.71 bc 7.46 b 7.70 b 6.97 bcStone width (cm) 4.50 a 3.37 b 3.56 b 3.38 b 3.57 b 3.10 bz This group contained one cultivar.y Based on data clustering in Figure 1.


9/12

Table 7. Fruit quantitative characteristics of sampled mango trees grown in Oman.

Fruit characteristicsAverage values for phylogenetic tree clusters for mang

Tree cluster groupy1 2 3 4 5 6

Fully-developed leaf length (cm) 17.50 bc 23.24 a 17.80 bc 17.79 bc 19.77 ab 17.52 bcFully-developed leaf width (cm) 4.54 a 5.42 a 5.09 a 4.54 a 4.88 a 4.31 a Mature fruit length (cm) 13.04 a 7.29 b 5.67 b 6.77 b 8.49 b 9.14 b Mature fruit width (cm) 7.64 a 7.57 a 4.57 c 5.87 b 6.64 ab 6.75 ab Fruit weight (g) 395.28 a 195.36 bc 78.85 c 130.71 bc 200.04 bc 233.87 bStone weight (g) 33.17 a 26.28 ab 15.04 c 23.47 b 24.08 ab 25.29 abStone length (cm) 11.66 a 5.56 b 4.56 b 5.34 b 6.48 b 7.20 b

Stone width (cm) 3.72 a 3.56 ab 2.51 c 3.16 b 3.23 ab 3.21 ab Seed length (cm) . 4.96 abc 3.93 c 4.58 abc 4.93 abc 5.84 a Seed width (cm) . 2.82 a 2.00 b 2.51 a 2.63 a 2.64 a Seed weight (g) . 16.44 ab 9.51 c 14.11 bc 15.89 b 18.40 abz This group contained only one sample tree.y Based on data clustering in Figure 2.

275


10/12

276

Figures

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of relatedness of mango cultivars in Oman based on qualitativeand quantitative phenotypic characteristics using Jaccards coefficient.

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of relatedness of sampled mango trees grown in three regions ofOman based on qualitative and quantitative phenotypic characteristics usingJaccards coefficient.


11/12

277

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree showing the distribution of mango cultivars in Oman based onqualitative and quantitative phenotypic characteristics using Jaccards coefficient.


12/12

278

phenotypic diversity of cultivated mangoes in oman

Documents