phil hurvitz avian conservation lab meeting 8. march. 2002
DESCRIPTION
Overview Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The FocalPatch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats RevisitedTRANSCRIPT
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 1
Phil HurvitzAvian Conservation Lab Meeting
8. March. 2002
The FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 2
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 3
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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Landscape Ecology
• Background
Landscape ecology emphasizes the interaction between spatial pattern and ecological process -- that is, the causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity across a range of scales. Two important aspects of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines within ecology.
First, landscape ecology explicitly addresses the importance of spatial configuration for ecological processes. Not only is landscape ecology concerned with how much there is of a particular component but also with how it is arranged.
Second, landscape ecology often focuses upon spatial extents that are much larger than those traditionally studied in ecology. Landscape ecology offers new concepts, theory and methods that are revealing the importance of spatial patterning on the dynamics of interacting ecosystems.
http://ravel.zoology.wisc.edu/mgt/ (Monica G. Turner)
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FocalPatch Extension
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Landscape Ecology
• Background, continued• Effect of spatial configuration on ecological
process• Ecological process across large spatial scale
• GIS must be a central (tool = language = environment) for investigation of landscape ecology issues
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 6
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 7
Landscape Configuration• Varying configurations occur in both
managed and unmanaged areas
east of SeattleYakima area
near Hanford
(images from Terraserver)
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 8
Landscape Configuration
• Different configurations can have very different effects on ecological function• Movement of plants & animals (enhancement
or inhibition)• Edge/interior effects, isolation
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 9
Landscape Configuration
• Understanding landscape configuration and composition is a central problem in management of ecosystems
• Loss or maintenance of “natural” (“sustainable”?) ecological functionality
• Configuration and composition affect ecological processes
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FocalPatch Extension
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Landscape Configuration
• Varying scale of landscape configuration can have varying effects on different species
(image from Fragstats manual)
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 11
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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Landscape Ecology Metrics
• Patterns and differences are immediately recognized by the eye + brain
• Landscape Ecology Metrics allow these patterns in space to be described quantitatively
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 13
Landscape Ecology Metrics
• Quantification of patch configuration on the landscape
• Central quantitative basis for much analysis & understanding in Landscape Ecology
• Attempt to quantify either individual patches, classes, or the entire landscape
• Assess continuity, contiguity, or fragmentation of landscape elements
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 14
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats
• Developed by Kevin McGarigal & Barbara Marks, OSU 1994
• Computer program for calculating a number of patch, class, and landscape ecology metrics
• Integrated with ESRI GIS• fragstats.aml from McGarigal & Marks• ArcView Extension Patch Analyst (Rob
Rempel)
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats L.E. Metrics: Classes
• Area• Patch density, patch size & variability• Edge• Shape• Core area• Nearest neighbor• Diversity• Contagion & interspersion
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats
• Patch metrics
(image from Fragstats manual)
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats
• Class metrics
(image from Fragstats manual)
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats
• Landscape metrics
(image from Fragstats manual)
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats L.E. Metrics: Examples
• Landscape Similarity Index (LSIM)
• For each patch type, LSIM is the proportion (percentage) of the landscape in that class
• Indicates the relative dominance of each different class
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats L.E. Metrics: Examples
• Edge Contrast Index (EDGECON)
• Edge contrast values [0, 1] are specified for each combination of patch types
• EDGECON is the sum of (patch perimeters * edge contrast values)
• Indicates a “weighted” perimeter
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats L.E. Metrics: Examples
• Fractal Dimension
• Indication of the convolution of shape for each patch
• R: 1 FRACT 2• Approaches 1 for simple shapes (circle, square)• Approaches 2 for highly convoluted shapes
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FocalPatch Extension
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Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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Focal Functions in GIS
• Processing occurs on a central cell in conjunction with the values associated in its neighborhood
• “Moving window”• “Kernel”
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FocalPatch Extension
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Focal Functions in GIS
• Example of the focal mean function
7.186
8) 44 6 16 21 16 22 8 (27
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FocalPatch Extension
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Focal Functions in GIS
• ArcInfo & ArcViewfocal functionsare all “basic”statistical
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 27
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Application of focal processing on land cover grids
• Instead of using ArcInfo focal statistics, calculates Fragstats Landscape Ecology metrics on a focal basis
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• New ArcView 3.x extension
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Creates point features
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FocalPatch Extension
• Creates CWED file
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Runs on points
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Output files
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 35
FocalPatch Extension
• On a cell-by-cell basis• Creates a point feature at the cell center• Extracts the region in a user-specified radius
around the point• Calculates landscape metrics for that circle• Places metrics back into point attribute table
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Extract circle from habitat grid at user-defined radius
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Calculate landscape metrics
Rempel’s interface Rempel’s batch script
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Calculateslandscape metrics
• Values represent the landscape metrics for the focal region around the central cell
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FocalPatch Extension
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FocalPatch Extension
• Points can be used for interpolation of surfaces
• Surfaces can represent any of the landscape metrics
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 40
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions
• Some animal species respond to large regions of landscapes
• Typical animal-landscape relationships are explored either by point processes or by land cover types
• Is there a relationship between landscape metrics and actual animal usage of landscape?
• Which landscape characteristics do animals respond to ?
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FocalPatch Extension
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Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions
utilization distribution (UD)limit processing to UD
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Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions
contrast-weighted edge surfaceutilization distribution
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Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions
• Regression techniques will be used to determine strength of relationship between utilization and landscape metrics• Multiple regression• Raster regression within GRID
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FocalPatch Extension
Phil Hurvitz 2002 45
Overview
• Landscape Ecology• Landscape Configuration• Landscape Ecology Metrics• Fragstats• Focal Functions in GIS • The FocalPatch Extension• Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions• Fragstats Revisited
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats Revisited
• Version 3 of Fragstats: “ Analysis Type.–Chose between “standard”
and “moving window” Moving Window.--If moving window mode
is selected, then FRAGSTATS will conduct a moving window analysis and output a separate grid for each metric selected.”
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FocalPatch Extension
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Fragstats Revisited
• Does Fragstats v.3 actually perform moving window analysis?
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Final Question
• Given that Fragstats v.3 might perform focal analysis of landscape data, is it worth it to continue development of an ArcView 3.X interface for focal Fragstats analysis?
• What are the benefits of having this within the ArcView environment?
• Can this be considered original work?