philippine biodiversity (1)

8/3/2019 Philippine Biodiversity (1)

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PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY

STATUS

OUR LIVING AND NON-LIVING

RESOURCES
http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Blue%20Linckia%20Starfish.JPG


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PHILIPPINES: high speciesdiversity and high endemicity

ENDANGERED

A species present in suchsmall numbers that it is at

risk of extinction.

ENDEMIC

An organism exclusivelynative to a place or biota

WHY IS THIS SO:

the patchwork of isolated islands,

the tropical location of the country,

and the once extensive areas of rainforest


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The Birds


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The Philippines is home to some of theworld's most exotic birds

Scientists have documented 577 birdspecies around the Philippine archipelago.

Of this number, 185 species are endemicto the country.

The Bird Life International listed 116 ofthem as "threatened" or "near-threatened".


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Causes of Endangerment of Birds

They are large, easily seen birds and thusvulnerable to being shot;

They are trapped for pets or food;

Their habitat has been destroyed,especially lowland virgin forest; and

They are restricted to one or two islands.


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Lives in the rainforests of

Isabela, Samar, Leyte and

Mindanao.

It has similarities with Papua

New Guinea's Harpy Eagle

(Harpyopsis novaeguinea).

It lives on large snakes,

hornbills, civet cats, flyinglemurs and monkeys - the

reason why it is also called

monkey-eating eagle.

With an estimated population

of 100 to 300 today, the

Philippine eagle is in danger ofextinction.

It is one of the 400 exotic bird

species in the Philippines,

which, if not protected, would

disappear from the face of the

Earth.

The Philippine Eagle : Pithecophaga jefferyi


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Endangered

The Philippine or Red-vented Cockatoo

(Cacatua haematuropygia)

The Palawan Peacock Pheasant

(Polyplectron emphanum)
http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/ZINDEX-P.html


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Endangered

Sulu hornbill and Cebu black shama, the Philippine

Eagle might follow the Cebu flowerpecker which is now

presumed extinct.

The Mindoro Imperial Pigeon

(Ducula mindorensis)

The Sulu Hornbill

(Anthracoceros montani)


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Endangered

Cebu Black Shama

Cebu Flowerpecker

(now presumed extinct)


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Endemicsand Endangered

The Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon

Gallicolumba platenae

Visayan wrinkled hornbill

Aceros waldeni

Red-bellied pitta (Pitta erythrogaster)


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Endemicsand still widespread

GrandRhabdornis


12/40The Mammals

One of the world's rarest mammals

lives in the dwindling forest of Panay

Island: Philippine spotted deer(Cervus alfredi), considered by many

as the most endangered deer in the

planet

Deer that cannot be found

elsewhere: the Calamian hogdeer or Calamian deer

have longer and darker legs,

compared with other hog deer.

By 1996, its population further

declined to only about 900,

prompting conservationists to

declare it as an endangered

species.


13/40The Mammals

Unique pygmy water

buffalos (Bubalusmindorensis)endemic to

Mindoro listed as one of

the ten most endangered

species in the world.

From 10,000 heads in the

1900's, population went

down to 369 heads in the

late 1980's to as few as

20 heads roaming in the

wild today


14/40The Mammals

Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)measures only about twelvecentimeters in length.

Its two big eyes cannot move anddo not have a tapetum - the upperprotective tissue; can turn its head180 degrees.

Found in the islands of Samar,Leyte, Bohol and Mindanao, thePhilippine tarsier got its namefrom its elongated tarsus bone.

Today, there are only about 1,000tarsiers inhabiting the wilds ofCorella town in Bohol provincewhere the biggest concentration ofthese rare animals was oncereported.

Ensuring the continued existenceof the Philippine tarsiers is thePhilippine Tarsier Foundation Inc.
http://www.math.is.tohoku.ac.jp/~obata/album/scenery/Tarsier2005-01-05.jpg


15/40The Mammals

The Palawan bearcat population is threatened

by human activities.


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The Mammals

South of Palawan, lies the Balabac Island, home of the world's

smallest hoofed mammal - the Philippine mouse deer.

Locally known as Pilandok (Tragalus nigricans), this ruminantstands only about 40 centimeters at the shoulder level.

While the mouse deer are widely distributed across Asia, theirdwindling population has alarmed the World ConservationUnion, which declared them as endangered in 1996.


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The Mammals

Dugongs or sea cows,the only herbivorous marine

mammals, are often sighted in

Philippine waters,

particularly near Palawan

province and southern

Mindanao.

A dugong can live more than 70 years.

The Philippine government has bannedthe commercial exploitation of dugongsince 1991.


18/40The Mammals

Over the years, these

two species of giantfruit bats have

roamed around the

10,000-hectare Subic

Forest National

Protected Area,

which is considered

the biggest roosting

site of bats in the

world.

Golden- capped fruit

BatAcerdon jubatus


19/40The Mammals

The smallest bat in the world is the Philippine

bamboo bat (vespertilionid), which belongs to the

vespertilionid family. This bat measures about fourcentimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length and has a

wingspan of 15 cm. Approximately, it weighs 1.5

grams (1/20 ounce).


20/40The Mammals

The Mindoro Pallid Flying

Fox smallest flying fox inthe Philippines The Philippine tube-nosed bat,Nyctimene raboriof Negros is

considered highly endangered


21/40The Mammals

bare-backed fruit bat or Dobsonia chapmani

Believed to

have becomeextinct in

1970s as a

result of the

combination of

forest

destruction,

disturbance byguano miners,

and hunting


22/40The Mammals

The continuous denudation of

tropical forests in the country

threatens the remaining population of

kagwang, which used to abound in

the wilderness of Basilan, Leyte,Samar, Bohol and Mindanao.

Philippine government declared

kagwang as an endangered species

and banned its commercial

exploitation.


23/40The Mammals

The Visayan Warty Pig

Sus cebifrons

1994: Endangered1996 - 2004: CriticallyEndangered

Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat

Phloeomys pallidus

Widespread in northern and central

Luzon

From sea level to high mountains (at

least 2000 m), in primary and

secondary forest and heavily disturbed

scrub


24/40Amphibians and Reptiles

Crocodylus porosus, it is different from

Mindoro's freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus

mindorensis)

There were tales

that a 27-foot

saltwatercrocodile was

killed near Lake

Taal in Batangas

in 1823.

It reportedlytook 40 men to

bring the body

ashore.



Philippine flat- headed frog

Barbourula busuangensis

Busuanga, Culion, and Palawan

inhabits clear, unpolluted swift-flowing mountain

streams and rivers in lowland rainforests where it

usually floats near the surface of the water unless

disturbed, when it will hide under submerged rocks



Grays monitor

Varanus olivaceus

southern Luzon andCatanduanes Island

in the Philippines,

where it inhabits the

forested slopes of

low mountains


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Amphibians and Reptiles

Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)

Hawksbill sea turtle

Philippine pond turtle

Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle

Leatherback sea turtle
http://cs.brown.edu/~twd/fish/PNG/doeppne-081.jpghttp://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=287http://cs.brown.edu/~twd/fish/PNG/doeppne-081.jpghttp://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=318


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Donsol, a fishing town in Sorsogon province,

serves as a sanctuary to a group of 40 whalesharks (Rhincodon typus), which are consideredas the largest fish in the world.

Locally known as "butanding", whale sharksvisit the waters of Donsol from November to May.They travel across the oceans but nowhere elsehave they been sighted in a larger group than inthe waters of Sorsogon.

In 1996, a marine biologist discovered that whale sharks are ovoviviparous, which meansthat the females produce live offspring from eggs hatched in the uterus.

The Philippine government declared whale sharks as endangered species in 1998, therebybanning its plunder and exploitation.

Right now, the Department of Tourism is promoting eco-tourism to protect the whalesharks in Donsol.


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The world's smallest freshwater fish is found in the

Philippines. The dwarf goby (Pandaka pygmaea) measures

1.2 centimeters or less than half of an inch, the tiniest

known vertebrate.

American Ichthyologist Albert Herre first discovered it inMalabon River in 1925.


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World's smallest commercial fish: Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis)found only in Lakes Bato and Buhi in Camarines Sur province.

Sinarapan grows to an average length of 1.25 centimeters, only slightly

longer than the dwarf goby.

Today, unabated fishing in the two lakes threatens the population of

sinarapan.

it would take a thousand to fill a tablespoon


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Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus

Blue-spotted angelfish

Exyrias: goby or biya

Sawtail Catshark

Philippine Anchovy: Dilis or Bolinao
http://www.frdc.com.au/shop/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=37015009-DLD.tif&Category_Code=&Store_Code=photohttp://www.frdc.com.au/shop/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=37015009-DLD.tif&Category_Code=&Store_Code=photo


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More than 500 of the world's 700 coral species arefound under the waters of the Philippines, which is apart of the Coral Triangle - a region in the PacificOcean.

There are at least 50 known seahorse species in theworld. They inhabit temperate and tropical waters but

most of them are concentrated in the warm coastalwaters of the Philippines.

The seahorse's scientific genus name, Hippocampus isa Greek word, which means, "bent horse."

At least 47 nations and territories around the world areinvolved in buying and selling seahorses. The largestknown importers are China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

Among the largest exporters is the Philippines.


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The Invertebrates

About 70 percent of the Philippines nearly

21,000 recorded insect species are found only

in this hotspot.

About one-third of the 915 butterflies found

here are endemic to the Philippines, and over

110 of the more than 130 species of tiger

beetle are found nowhere else.


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The Invertebrates

Tridacna gigas grows as large as one meter in lengthand weighs 600 pounds

Tridacna gigas, one of the world's largest shells can befound under Philippine waters.


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The Invertebrates

Pisidum, the world's tiniest shell,can be found under Philippine waters.

Pisidum is less than1 millimeter long


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The Invertebrates

A shell called glory of the sea (Connus gloriamaris) is also found

in the Philippines and considered as one of the most expensiveshells in the world.


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The Plants

Total Plant Species: 9,2536 Endemic Plant Species: 6, 091 Endemics as Percentage of World

Total: 2.0


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The Plants

Velvet Apple, Mabolo

Diospyros discolor

Among the endemic fruit trees

in the Philippines are durian,

mabolo, pili and bignay

There are more than 150 species of palms and

dipterocarps in the hotspot, and around two-

thirds of these are found nowhere else in the

world.


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The Plants

Of the 1,000

species of

orchids found in

the Philippines,

70 percent are

restricted to the

hotspot.

As many as 9,000 flowering plants can be

found in the country

Gingers, begonias, gesneriads, orchids and

pandans are particularly high in endemic

species


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