philippines ehcp 18nov2004

8/2/2019 Philippines Ehcp 18Nov2004

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PhilippinesEnvironmental Health Country Profile

World Health Organization As of March 1, 2005

1 Development, Environment and Health Status

1.1 Development Pattern of the Country

1.1.1 Maps / geography / demography / urban-rural trends

The Philippines is one of the worlds largest archipelago composed of 7,100 islands with a total

land area of 300,000 kms2

. It is bounded in the east by the Pacific Ocean, in the west by theSouth China Sea, in the north by the Bashi Channel and in the south by the Sulu and CelebesSeas. The biggest island group is Luzon (141,395 kms 2), followed by Mindanao (101,999 kms 2)and Visayas (56,606 kms 2). Manila, located in Luzon, is the capital city.

The Philippine has a tropical and monsoonal climate. There are two distinct seasons - the dryseason from December to May and the wet season from June to November. About 20 to 30typhoons lash the country during the wet season.

In 2003, the estimated population in the country is 81,081,460 with an almost equal ratio of maleto female. About 55 percent of the population lives in the island of Luzon. Metropolitan Manila,

which is the largest urban center in the country, is home to an estimated 10,574,000 people in2001. The Philippines has one of the highest growth rates in the world at 2.36 percent. This isalmost twice the global rate of 1.30 percent. About 34.65 percent of the population is between 1and 14 years old, and 4.25 percent is 65 years old and above.

The presence of a well established educational system accounts for the high literacy rate of 95.10percent, which is higher among females and in urban areas. In 2003, about 61 percent of thepopulation lives in urban areas, which are continuously attracting numerous migrants from ruralcommunities.

According to the Human Development Report, in 2002 infant mortality rate was 29 for every 1,000

live births while under-five mortality rate was 38 for every 1,000 live births. In 2000, about 83.35percent of newborn infants weigh at least 2500 g at birth. A low-birth-weight child or a childexposed to environmental pollution and poor living conditions is more susceptible to diseases,which has a substantial influence on physical, mental and social growth.

1.1.2 General economy of the country

The Philippine economy traditionally depends on agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing. Arablefarmland comprises an estimated 26% of the total land area. Since it is surrounded by water, thePhilippines has a very diverse range of fishing areas. However, in recent years, the manufacturingsector has grown rapidly. Economic growth was spurred by the development of ecozones or


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industrial estates that are intended to boost industrial activities both in the urban and ruralcommunities. There are about 137 industrial estates (IE) in the Philippines with about 886locators or firms, half of which are semiconductor and electronics companies, which contribute

about 70% of export earnings.The country is well-endowed with mineral and thermal energy resources. Natural gas reservesoff Palawan Island were recently discovered. Philippine copper and chromite deposits are amongthe largest in the world. Other important minerals include gold, nickel, silver, coal, gypsum, andsulfur.

The Philippines is still developing slowly. In 2001, at current prices, the gross national product(GNP) was $ 75,702 million while the gross domestic product (GDP) was $ 19,749 million. Thetotal health expenditure of the country reached Php119.40 billion in 2001, posting a growth rate of only 5.20 per cent, much lower than the 9.70 per cent in 2000. A large proportion of the totalhealth spending (55 per cent) is from private sources, 37.50 per cent from government and 8.0 per

cent from social insurance.1.1.3 Development priorities

The Philippines has been implementing the Medium-Term Development Plan 2001-2004, whichcontained the governments socioeconomic policies, strategies and programs in the followingcore themes, namely: trabaho (employment), edukasyon (education), pabahay (housing), and

pagkain sa bawat mesa (food on every table). Part I ensures macroeconomic stability withequitable growth based on free enterprise, Part II is for agriculture and fisheries modernizationwith social equity, Part III is for comprehensive human development and protecting thevulnerable, and Part IV is for good governance and the rule of law.

The next Medium-Term Development Plan 2005-2010 is currently being developed that spellsout a 10-point agenda distributed over three clusters: economy, political security, and povertyalleviation. Relevant to environmental health are two of the 10 points which are: Item 5.Provision of power and water supply to all barangays; and Item 6. Decongestion of Metro Manilaby forming new cores of government and housing centers in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

1.1.4 Human Development Index

This is a composite index developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)based on three indicators: longevity, as measured by life expectancy at birth; educationalattainment, as measured by adult literacy and total primary, secondary and tertiary enrolmentratio; and standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita. As an indicator of quality of life,the human development index of Filipinos has been improving over time. Between 1995 and1998, the Philippines was the only ASEAN country where the human development index (HDI)rose. The gains in gross enrolment ratio largely accounted for the increase in HDI during thatperiod. The Philippines is now in the medium HDI level with an HDI of 0.75 as of 2002 andranked 83 out of 177 countries.

1.2 Existing Service Levels

1.2.1 Proportion of population (national) with existing utilities


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Data shows that 86.8 percent of the population has access to safe water and that 66.8 percent hasaccess to adequate excreta disposal facilities. In both cases, a higher percentage is found in theurban areas. In 2003 of the total solid waste generated, about 70 percent in the urban areas and 40

percent in the rural areas is collected.

1.2.2 Proportion of urban population served by piped water, sewers, electricity, municipal solidwaste collection

A high percentage of the urban population (80-100 percent) is served by municipal wastecollection. On the other hand, only 7 percent of Metro Manila is served by sewerage system andthe majority relies on septic tanks. As of 2003, about 37,748 barangays are supplied with electricitycovering almost 90 percent of the total population.

1.2.3 Presence of other basic services such as fire fighting and emergency management

There are government agencies in charge of emergency preparedness for firefighting and naturaldisasters. Chemical emergency response and preparedness is currently gaining ground in termsof capacity building with the help of the academe. There are well-established poison controlcenters and poison control and information service linked with the government-run hospital anduniversity.

1.2.4 Housing: presence of building regulations, proportion of people living in informalsettlements

There are building regulations in place with inspectors from local government units and labor

department. It is estimated that 30 percent of the population live below the poverty line, whichcould indicate poor housing. There are government programs to provide social housing toqualified urban households for the informal settlers, homeless and income poor, which are thebottom 30 of the population.

1.2.5 Transport related: number of vehicles registered, number of motorcycles registered, rate(number per 100,000 population)

In 2003, there were more than 4 million registered vehicles, a 2.50 percent increase from theprevious year. This translates to 5,610 vehicles per 100,000 population. In addition, there wereone and a half million registered motorcycles or 2,029 per 100,000 population, which are being

used mostly as tricycles for public transport.1.2.6 Capacity for monitoring environmental quality (drinking water, water resources, ambient

air, noise, radiation, etc)

Several government and private laboratories are adequately equipped to monitor variousenvironmental quality parameters for drinking water, water resources, ambient air, noise andradiation. However, most of the facilities are located in highly urbanized cities. The EnvironmentalManagement Bureau has a fully equipped environmental laboratory.

1.2.7 Capacity for data collection and processing


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There is some capacity within various agencies of the government to collect and processenvironmental quality data but there is no system in place for use of information for decision-

making and planning especially for environmental health.

1.3 Environmental Quality

1.3.1 Air pollution

In 2000, about 85 percent of the population was using solid/biomass fuels for cooking especiallyfor grilling. Around 70 percent of the vehicles use diesel and about 30 percent use unleadedgasoline. Close to 80 percent of Metro Manila residents are exposed on a regular basis to totalsuspended particulates (TSP) levels that exceed the standard levels.

1.3.2 Surface and ground water pollution

The Philippines has excellent water quality standards but weak in its implementation. Out of 421rivers, 50 were polluted and 40 were considered biologically dead. There are very good watertreatment facilities in Metro Manila but water districts in the provinces use only chlorination ornot at all depending on the water source.

1.3.3 Solid waste

The national solid waste generation rate ranges between 0.5 to 0.7 kg per capita per day with atotal annual waste production of 10 million tons. In Metro Manila, where the population density

is 63 times the national average, the estimated daily per capita waste generation is 0.66 kg. Thevolume of wastes generated daily weighs about 6,000 tons. Of the total wastes discarded 42percent is recyclable.

1.3.4 Hazardous waste

In 2000, approximately 2.4 million tons of toxic and hazardous wastes were generated. Themajority of the wastes came from more than 1,000 SMEs and medium to large industries.However, there are no hazardous waste treatment facilities or secure landfill. Hospitals contributed10,293 tons of health care waste, less than 1 percent of the total volume of waste. In Metro Manilaalone, it was estimated in 2003 that 47 tons of health care waste were generated daily, of which 27

tons are infectious waste. Incinerator is banned in the country which was the technology used bymost hospitals to deal with medical waste.

1.4 Public Health Statistics

1.4.1 Ten leading causes of mortality and morbidity

The ten leading causes of morbidity are diarrhea, bronchitis/bronchiolitis, pneumonia, influenza,hypertension, tuberculosis, diseases of the heart, malaria, measles and chickenpox. Theprevalence of communicable diseases is still very high while that of non-communicable diseases


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is increasing and will continue to do so. This double burden of disease places a great toll on thehealth and economy of the people and of the nation as a whole.

The top ten leading causes of mortality are diseases of the heart, diseases of the vascular system,pneumonia, malignant neoplasms, accidents, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonarydiseases, diabetes mellitus, other diseases of the respiratory system, nephritis/nephritic syndromeand nephrosis. Adolescents and youth account for 17 percent of the total morbidity fromnotifiable diseases and 6.70 per cent of the total deaths.

1.4.2 Diseases associated with agricultural and irrigation development (proportion of undernourished people, schistosomiasis, pesticide poisoning)

In 2000, there were 326 cases of pesticide poisoning with more but not reported. In 1998, it wasestimated that there were about 1,855 cases of pesticide poisoning. Among children, nutritional

problems and parasitism are common. In 1998, the prevalence of underweight pre-schoolchildren (between 1 to 5 years old) is 32 percent. About 23 percent of the population in 1998 wasundernourished.

1.4.3 Respiratory diseases related to outdoor air pollution from energy, transport and industrysectors

Respiratory diseases and COPD are in the top ten causes of mortality in the Philippines.Research shows that the incidence of bronchitis among Metro Manila children is 11 times thenational average and that chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath arehighest among drivers and commuters.

1.4.4 Traffic crashes (mortality due to traffic accidents, rate: deaths /100,000 population,injuries due to traffic accidents, rate: injuries/100,000 population)

There were 16,418 reported cases of road traffic accidents in 2003. This is about 21.46 accidentsper 100 000 population and 38.25 accidents per 10,000 vehicle registration. Road safety is stillan important concern in the Philippines.

1.4.5 Diseases relating to poor housing (including pulmonary diseases, tuberculosis)

Tuberculosis, associated with congestion and poor housing, had 118,408 cases in 2002.

Respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia are in the second and third causes of morbidity in the Philippines.

1.4.6 Water supply and sanitation-related diseases (such as diarrheal diseases, hepatitis,cholera, typhoid)

With 845,526 cases reported in 2001, diarrhea is the top cause of illness in the Philippines,mostly among children under five years of age. About 15,757 illnesses are due to typhoid fever,6,736 cases due to hepatitis, and 333 cases due to cholera. All of these are preventable diseaseswith provision of adequate water supply and sanitation facilities and proper hygiene practices.


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1.4.7 Vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, plague, dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagicfever)

Malaria is the eighth cause of illness in the Philippines with around 40,000 cases, found mostlyin the southern part of the country. Dengue/DHF was reported with 16,000 cases with about 183deaths in 2002. Dengue is preventable by eliminating the habitat of the mosquito Aedes aegypti that breeds in urban and semi-urban environment such as man-made containers like earthenware

jars, metal drums and concrete cisterns used for domestic water storage, as well as discardedplastic food containers, used automobile tires and other items that collect rainwater.

2 Legal, Policy, and Institutional Structure

2.1 Legislative and Policy Framework

2.1.1 National policies, plans or strategies for environmental health

There are national policies on environmental health but contained within various laws andadministrative orders, such as the following:

a) Constitution, Article XIIb) Cabinet Resolution No. 37: Philippines Strategy for Sustainable Developmentc) PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippinesd) Administrative Order No. 341 - Philippine Health Promotion Programme through Healthy

Placese) RA 9211 - Tobacco Regulation Act

2.1.2 Relevant legislation addressing environmental health issues

The Philippines has been a pioneer in developing excellent environmental laws and public healthlegislation in the region. Environmental impact assessment was recognized to be important andrequired as early as 1978. Health impact assessment has been made part of environmental impactassessment since 1997. However, the problem has been that enforcement is weak and there is notenough concerted political will and commitment.

Some of the related regulations are:

a) PD 1152 - The Philippine Environment Code of 1977b) PD 600 - The Marine Pollution Decree of 1974c) PD 979 - The Marine Pollution Decree of 1976d) PD 1067 - The Philippine Water Code of 1976e) PD 522 Sanitation Requirements for Transport Facilities of 1974f) PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippines of 1975g) PD 1586- Environmental Impact Statement System of 1978h) RA 6969- Toxic and Hazardous Waste Act of 1990i) RA 8749- The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

j) RA 9003- The Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2002k) RA 9275- Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004


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2.1.3 Decentralization and / or privatization policies dealing with environmental health

The environmental health functions including environmental mandates have been devolved to theregional offices and local government units through the following regulation: RA 7160 Local Government Code of 1991 Department of Health Administrative Order No. 18: Devolution of health services to

local government units (LGU) of 1992

The central office mainly deals with policymaking, coordination and technical assistance onenvironmental health.

2.2 Institutional Structure for Environmental Health

2.2.1 Administrative / organizational set-up of the country on environmental health

An Inter-agency Committee on Environmental Health (IACEH) has been formed throughExecutive Order 489 of 1991. It is composed of 11 members chaired by the secretary of theDepartment of Health, with secretary of Department of Environment and Natural Resources asvice-chair. The committee members come from Department of Public Works and Highways,Department of Interior and Local Government, Department of Agriculture, Department of Tradeand Industry, Department of Transportation and Communication, Department of Science andTechnology, Department of Labor and Employment, National Economic Development Authority,and Public Information Agency.

The functions of IACEH are toa) Formulate policies and guidelines and develop programs for environmental health protectionb) Coordinate, monitor, and evaluate EH programs and development projectsc) Undertake information dissemination and education campaigns on EH programsd) Coordinate, assist and/or support the conduct of research and relevant activities forenvironmental maintenance and protection.

There are five sectors of IACEH with their own subcommittees: solid waste, water, air,occupational health, toxic and hazardous waste. Regional IACEH were also created through DOHDepartment Circular No. 48 series of 1995, to conduct activities, programs and projects geared tothe reduction or prevention of environmental hazards and risks posed by environmental pollution

through an inter-agency approach.

At the Department of Health, there is an Environmental and Occupational Health Office with twodivisions: Water and Sanitation Division and Health Care Waste and Toxic/HazardousSubstances Division.

2.2.2 List of agencies and partners for environmental health other than the government

Several nongovernmental organizations and civil societies organizations are doing environmentalhealth work in the Philippines. Among them are the following:

- Philippine Environmental Journalists Inc.


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- Wildlife Foundation of the Philippines- Haribon Foundation- Green Forum Philippines

- Crusade for Sustainable Environment- Likas, Tao at Kalikasan- Philippine Business for the Environment

2.2.3 Related government agencies involved in environmental health and their respectivefunctions

Annex 1 provides the list of a dozen government agencies involved in the various functionsof environmental health in the Philippines.

2.3 Relevant International Conventions and Agreements Ratified or Signed

The Philippines is a party to the following international agreements:

a) Stockholm Convention on POPs (2001)b) Montreal Protocol on Ozone layer depleting substances (1987)c) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary of Air Pollution (1979)d) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)e) Kyoto Protocol (1997)f) Basel Convention on transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal

(1989)g) Convention on Biological Diversity (12 June 1992)

h) Convention to Combat Desertificationi) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES)

j) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layerk) Law of the Seal) Marine Dumpingm) Nuclear Test Bann) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animalso) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change- Kyoto Protocolp) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

3 Human Resources Development Programs3.1 Environmental health workforce, professionals and their skills

The Philippines has a surplus of qualified manpower in environmental health since there are formalcourses available in the country. In 2004, there are about 3,000 health inspectors and 122 sanitaryengineers within government service of the Department of Health and local government units.Pollution control officers, employed in the private sector, are estimated to be more than 2,000throughout the country.

3.2 Formal and informal training programs for environmental health


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Formal and informal training programs in the Philippines are many. Formal degrees can beobtained at the tertiary level on the following courses, mostly from the University of the

Philippines:

a) BS Environmental Health (University of the Philippines)b) BS Sanitary Engineering (Mapua Institute of Technology, Technological Institute of the

Philippines, National University and University of Baguio)c) MS Public Health (UP)d) MS Environmental Engineering (UP)

Informal training or continuing education is also available for environmental health such as:

a) Short course for sanitary inspectors

b) Certificate course on toxic and hazardous waste managementc) Short course on air quality managementd) Pollution control officers training programs

3.3 Government certification

Environmental health workforce such as medical doctors, sanitary engineers and civil engineers,has to take a government examination to obtain a license to practice. Health inspectors if employedin government have to take the civil service examination.

3.4 Professional associations

There are many at least eight professional associations in the Philippines related to environmentalhealth. Some of these groups are duly registered but others have been formed informally.

a) Sanitarians Association of the Philippines more than 3,000 membersb) Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc (PCAPI)c) Philippine Association of Environmental Assessment Professionals (PAEAP)d) Philippine Environmental Industry Association (PEIA)e) Samahan sa Pilipinas ng mga Industriyang Kimika (SPIK) or Chemical Industries

Association of the Philippines (76 firms)f) Safety Organization of the Philippines (SOPI)

g) Environmental Health Study Grouph) Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers, Inc.i) Philippine Society of Chemical Engineers

The Air and Waste Management Association (based in the US) has a local chapter in thePhilippines.


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4 Priority Environmental Health Issues

The following issues have been identified in many discussion groups and by the respectivegovernment agencies (not in order of priority):

a) Biological dead rivers due to water pollutionb) Presence of smoke belching motor vehicles causing air pollutionc) Rapid population growthd) Inadequate sewerage system and sludge management system for septic tankse) Inadequate monitoring of drinking water sourcesf) Absence of a rationalized land use plang) Improper and indiscriminate disposal of solid and liquid wastesh) Unregulated management of toxic and hazardous chemicals substances

i) Loss of primary agricultural lands j) Weak implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations/lawsk) Inappropriate assessment of adverse impacts of development/industrialization to affected

stakeholder, i.e. local communitiesl) Traditional approach in environmental governance: regulatory vs developmentm) Sustainable development concerns are not fully integrated in planning, programming and

policy-makingn) Lack of logistics and facilities

4.1 Agriculture Sector

Since the Philippines is still predominantly an agricultural country, there are large inputs of fertilizer and pesticides that might be released as part of irrigation runoff thus contaminatingwater resources. In 2002, about 723,020 metric tons were used. About 326 cases of pesticidepoisoning were reported in 2000. About 72.6 percent of total freshwater resources are used forirrigation serving 1,550,000 hectares of irrigated agricultural land.

4.2 Energy Sector

The country relies on a variety of energy sources, mainly fossil fuel (oil and coal), followed byhydropower and renewable energy such as geothermal and solar. Fossil fired power plants haveto deal with the following environmental problems: air pollution, noise, thermal pollution, fly ash

and sludge disposal.

4.3 Industry Sector

The Philippines has established ecozones or industrial estates that are group of companies thatare not heavy industries (not major polluters). These ecozones have their environmental unitsthat enforce environmental laws on control of air and water pollution, and disposal of solid wasteand hazardous waste.


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4.4 Transport Sector

Road safety, traffic crashes, ambient air pollution, and noise are the issues pertinent to thetransport sector in the Philippines. Although public/mass transport are established such as theLRT and MRT trains, buses, and jeepneys, there are still too many vehicles on the road ( causingtraffic jams most of the day. Buses and jeepneys often use second hand engines with inefficientcombustion engines that are the sources of ambient air pollution. Despite the law that requirespassing of emission testing prior to vehicle registration, it has not eliminated the so-calledsmoke belchers on the road since around 70% of the vehicles still use diesel for fuel. Thenumber of vehicles on the road is just staggering for a small road network (4 million registeredvehicles).

4.5 Urban /Rural Development Sector

Diarrhea is still the number one cause of illness in the Philippines with less than a million casesin 2001. Water borne diseases are preventable through provision of adequate water supplysystems and sanitary facilities. Bottled water have been popular among households andestablishment since the drinking water from the tap is suspected not potable. There is not enoughlandfill space and the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act has intensified solid wastedisposal and recycling efforts. Rural areas have less coverage.

4.6 Cross-cutting issues

Malaria and dengue are still important causes of illnesses in the Philippines. Environmental

management could reduce the incidence by removing their habitat. Health care waste is notproperly managed as existing facilities and technologies are not adequate. There are hospitalincinerators, which will be discontinued since incineration is banned in the country under theClean Air Act.

5 Areas Requiring Improvement

5.1 Specific policies and legislation for environmental health5.2 Institutional development and intersectoral collaboration5.3 Human resources development 5.4 Monitoring and surveillance

5.5 Integration of health and environment in international/regional agreements5.6 Others


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Annex 1 List of government agencies and partners for environmental health(for Section 2.2.3)

AGENCY FUNCTIONSDepartment of Environmentand Natural Resources(DENR)Environmental ManagementBureau (EMB)

- Formulation and revision of water quality criteria andeffluent standards

- Regulates effluent quality from formulating plants- Regulates industrial sources- Monitors disposal sites for leachate contamination, air

pollution,etc.

Department of Health (DOH) Formulation, planning, implementation, and coordination of policiesand programs in the field of environmental health. Its primary functionis the promotion, protection, preservation and restoration of the health

of the people through the- Development of drinking water standards (National Centerfor Disease Prevention and Control)

- Formulation of rules and regulations on proper wastemanagement

- Regulates food quality (Bureau of Food and Drug)

National Water ResourcesCouncil (NWRC)

- Licensing of water resources for development- Over-all coordination of water rights

Metropolitan Waterworks andSewerage System (MWSS)

- Levels 2 and 3- Sewerage System

- Water Quality MonitoringLocal Water UtilitiesAdministration (LWUA)

- Levels 2 & 3 of Water Districts- For cities and municipalities outside MM- Development of water districts

Department of Public Worksand Highways (DPWH)

- Construction of water supply facilities

Local Government Units(LGU)

- Responsible for water quality monitoring- Enforcement of anti-pollution regulation/laws- Health units provide service for poisoning cases

- Health education on food hygiene- Monitor environmental impact- Issues sanitation permits to food establishments- Regulates domestic discharges- Develops and implements solid waste

Laguna Lake DevelopmentAuthority (LLDA)

- Over-all Management of the Laguna Lake basin

Department of Interior andLocal Government (DILG)

- Enforcement of anti-pollution laws in Metro Manila


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Department of Foreign Affairs(DFA)

- Support bilateral, regional and multilateral agreements onthe protection of the environment

- Initiate bilateral, regional and multilateral arrangements

geared towards ensuring food security, and the delivery of health and nutrition, housing, education and other socialdevelopment services

Metro Manila DevelopmentAuthority (MMDA)

- Enforcement of anti-pollution laws in Metro Manila

Department of Agriculture - Regulates the fertilizer and pesticide industries; conductsoutreach services for farmers/fisherfolk (Plant HealthClinics); conducts R & D activities on organic fertilizers andnatural pesticides; monitors pesticide residues in selectedcrops; conducts crop pest infestation monitoring; conducts

public information campaigns (Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority)- Protection of agricultural crops from pests and diseases;

recommend plant quarantine policies and prescribe rules andregulations for the prevention, control and eradication of pests, diseases, and injuries to plant and plant products;development and improvement of farm equipment and otherrelated structures to the plant industry; ensure safe supply of fresh agricultural crops and promote its export (Bureau of Plant Industry)

- Proper preservation and inspection of livestock products;coordinate and monitor the activities and projects relating tolivestock and allied industries; prescribe standards for thequality of manufacture, importation, labeling, advertising,distribution and sale of livestock, poultry and alliedindustries (Bureau of Animal Industry)

- Enforce meat inspection laws, rules and regulations; providelaboratory services to the meat industry; perform inspectionon imported meat and meat products; provide technicalassistance in meat plant development; promote consumerinformation, protection and assistance programs (National

Meat Inspection Commission )- Advise and coordinate with LGUs on the maintenance of

proper sanitation and hygienic practices in fish markets andfish landing areas; implement an inspection system forimport and export of fishery/aquatic products and fishprocessing establishments consistent with internationalstandards; among others (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources)


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PHILIPPINESEnvironmental Health Data Sheet

As of November 18, 2004

INDICATORS DATA Year Source

1 Development, Environment and Health

1.1.1 Area (1000 km 2) 300.00 2002 1

Estimated population ('000)

- Total 81 081 46 2003 1

- Male 40 820.71 2003 1

1.1.1

- Female 40 260.75 2003 1

Annual population growth rate (%) 2.36 2000 2

Percentage of population

- 0-14 years 34.65 2003 31

1.1.1

- 65+ years 4.25 2003 31

1.1.1 Urban population (%) 61.00 2003 3

Adult literacy rate (%)

- Both sexes 95.1 2003 4

- Male 95.0 2003 4

1.1.1

- Female 72.50 2003 4

1.1.1 Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 29 2002 5

1.1.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 livebirths)

38.00 2001 5

1.1.1 Newborn infants weighing at least 2500g atbirth (%)

83.35 2000 17

1.1.2 General economy: narrative report (separatesheet)

Y

1.1.2 Per capita GNP at current market prices

(US$)

1050.00 2003 10

1.1.2 Total expenditure on health as % of GNP 3.10 2001 18

1.1.3 Development priorities: narrative report(separate sheet)

1.1.3 Land area for agriculture (as percentage of total land area)

47

41

1999

2001

7

9

Human development index (Highest = 1) 0.75 2002 51.1.4

Human development index Rank (out of 177 countries)

83 2002 5


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Population with access to safe water (%)

- Total 86.8 1998 26- Urban 88 1998 26

1.2.1

- Rural 64 1998 26

Population with adequate excreta disposalfacilities (%)

- Total 66.8 1996 26

- Urban 75.9 1998 26

1.2.1

- Rural 57.7 1998 26

Solid waste collection (% of total waste

generated)

2003 11

- Urban 70 2003 33

1.2.1

- Rural 40 2003

1.2.11.2.2

Proportion of urban population served bymunicipal solid waste collection (%)

80-100 2002 11

1.2.2 Proportion of urban population served bysewerage system (%)Metro Manila

7 2000 25

1.2.11.2.2

Proportion of population with electricity(%)

90 2003 32

1.2.3 Poison center service (Y/N list, year) Poison Control Center University of

the Philippines-Philippine GeneralHospital

Poison Control & Information ServiceNetwork UP-PGH

Y 2003 29

1.2.3 Chemical emergency preparedness (Y/Nlist, year)

N

1.2.4 Proportion of population living in informalsettlements (%)

30 2004 30

1.2.4 Presence of building regulations andinspection (Y/N list, year)

Y

Number of registered vehicles 4 292 272 2003 13Rate (number per 100,000 population) 5610.80 2003 13

Number of registered motorcycles 1 552 579 2003 13

1.2.5

Rate (number per 100,000 population) 2029.50 2003 13

1.2.6 Presence of government/private laboratoriesand equipment for monitoring

Y

Drinking water (Y/N; G/P) Y; G,P

Water resources (Y/N ; G/P) Y; G,P

Ambient air (Y/N ; G/P) Y; G,P


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Noise (Y/N ; G/P) Y; G,P

Radiation (Y/N ; G/P) Y; G1.2.7 Presence of government/private system for

data collection and processing (Y/N; G/P)Y; G

1.3.1 Proportion of population usingsolid/biomass fuels for cooking or heating(%)

85 2000 14

1.3.1 Proportion of vehicles using diesel (%) 69.8 2003 131.3.1 Proportion of vehicles using unleaded

gasoline (%)30.2 2003 13

1.3.1 Average number of times national airquality standards are exceeded in a year:a. short-term (1-hour average) frequency of

exceedanceb. long-term (8-hour average) frequency of

exceedance

96 times out of 446exceeded the national airquality guideline value inNational Capital Region(NCR) (24 hrs. average)short term

2003 40

1.3.2 Average number of times national waterquality standards are exceeded in a yeara. In three major riversb. In major drinking water supplies

1 2003 34

1.3.2 Industries generating wastewater (number) 7897 2004 37

1.3.3 Solid waste generated (kg/per capita/day) 0.30 0.71 2003 35

1.3.3 Solid waste generated (tons per year) 10 M 2003 35

1.3.3 Proportion of recyclable solid waste (%)BiodegradableNon-biodegradable

50.145.3

(Average of 5 LGUs inMM)

2003 35

1.3.4 Toxic and hazardous wastes generated(tons/year)

2.2 M 2003 39

1.3.4 Industries generating toxic and hazardouswastes (number)

2948 2003 39

1.3.4 Health-care waste generation (tons per year) 10,293 2001 27

1.3.4 Nuclear waste generation (tons per year)

1.4.2 Cases of pesticide poisoning (number) 326 2000 29

1.4.2 Proportion of undernourished population(%)

23 1998 5

1.4.2 Prevalence of underweight children underfive years of age (%)

32 1998 22

1.4.4 Motor and other vehicle injuries (number) 5018 1998 6

Road traffic crashes:

Number of accidents (within a year) 16,418 2003 13

1.4.4

Rate (Accident per 100,000 population) 21.46 2003 13


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Rate (Accident per 10,000 vehicleregistration)

38.25 2003 13

Rate (Injuries per 10,000 vehicleregistration)

18.87 2003 13

Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) 1.3 2003 13

Ten leading causes of morbidity Number Rate per 100,000

population

1. Diarrhea 845 526 1085.00 2001 8

2. Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis 694 836 891.70 2001 8

3. Pneumonia 652 585 837.40 2001 8

4. Influenza 499 887 641.50 2001 85. Hypertension 318 521 408.70 2001 8

6. TB Respiratory 110 841 142.20 2001 8

7. Diseases of the heart 47 040 60.40 2001 8

8. Malaria 40 543 52.00 2001 8

9. Measles 24 494 31.40 2001 8

1.4.1-

1.4.7

10. Chickenpox 24 359 31.30 2001 8

Ten leading causes of mortality Number Rate per 100,000

population

1. Diseases of the heart 55 830 76.30 1998 6

2. Diseases of vascular system 41 380 56.60 1998 6

3. Pneumonia 33 ,709 46.10 1998 6

4. Malignant neoplasms 32 ,090 43.90 1998 6

5. Accidents 29 ,874 40.80 1998 6

6. Tuberculosis, all forms 28, 041 38.30 1998 6

7. Chronic obstructive 14, 228 19.50 1998 6

8. Diabetes mellitus 8,819 12.00 1998 6

9. Other diseases of the respiratorysystem

7,516 10.30 1998 6

1.4.1-

1.4.7

10. Nephritis,nephritic syndrome andnephrosis

7,453 10.2 1998 6

Number of cases

Number of deaths

1.4.5 Tuberculosis (All types) 118,408 2002 20


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1.4.5 Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heartdiseases

1.4.6 Acute respiratory infections

1.4.6 Hepatitis viral 6736 966 C: 2001

D: 1998

8

6

1.4.6 Cholera 333 2001 8

1.4.6 Typhoid fever (and paratyphoid fever) 15,757 1120 C: 2001

D: 1998

8

6

1.4.6 Diarrhoeal diseases 845,526 4606 C: 2001

D: 1998

8

6

1.4.7 Plague 1 1998 6

1.4.7 Malaria 37,005 71 2002p 20

1.4.7 Dengue/DHF 16,156 183 2002 20

2 Legal, Policy, and Institutional Structure2.1.1 National environmental health policy (Y/N

list, year)PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippines

Y

National environmental policy (Y/N list,year)

Y

Constitution, Article XII 1987 9

2.1.1

Cabinet Resolution No. 37: PhilippinesStrategy for Sustainable Development

1989 9

2.1.1 Policies to reduce exposure toenvironmental tobacco smoke (Y/N list,year)

RA 9211 - Tobacco Regulation Act

Y 2003 12

2.1.1 National policies for healthy settings (suchas healthy cities) (Y/N list, year)

Administrative Order No. 341 -Philippine Health PromotionProgramme through Healthy Places

Y 1997 12

Environmental/Health Acts promulgated:(Y/N list, year)

a. Waterb. Airc. Solid Wasted. Toxic chemicals/Hazardous Wastee. Others

Y 2004

PD 1152 - The 1977 PhilippineEnvironment Code

1977

2.1.2

PD 600 - The Marine Pollution Decree of 1974

1974

1215


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19


PD 979 - The Marine Pollution Decree of 1976

PD 981 National Pollution Decree of 1976

Y

1976

1976

PD 1067 - The Philippine Water Code 1976 PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the

Philippines1975

PD 1586- Environmental ImpactStatement System

1978

RA 6969- Toxic and Hazardous WasteAct

1990

RA 8749- The Philippine Clean Air Actof 1999

1999

RA 9003- The Ecological Solid WasteManagement 2000 RA 9275- Philippine Clean Water Act of

20042004

41

2.1.2 EIA as an official requirement (Y/N list,year)

Y 1978 15

2.1.2 HIA as part of EIA requirement (Y/N list,year)

Y 1997 12

Policies for decentralization such as forenvironmental health and monitoring (Y/Nlist, year)

Y

RA 7160 Local Government Code 1991 12

2.1.3

Department of Health AdministrativeOrder No. 18: Devolution of healthservices to local government units (LGU)

1992 12

2.1.3 Policies for privatization such as forenvironmental health and monitoring (Y/Nlist, year)

N

2.2.1 Organizational structure for environmentalhealth (separate sheet)

Y

2.2.2 List of agencies and partners forenvironmental health other than government

- Philippine EnvironmentalJournalists Inc. (PFEJ)

- Wildlife Foundation of thePhilippines

- Haribon Foundation- Green Forum Philippines- Crusade for Sustainable

Environment- Likas, Tao at Kalikasan

Y

2.2.3 List of government agencies and theirfunctions (separate sheet as Annex 1)

Y

2.3 Relevant internationalconventions/agreements (List, yearsigned/ratified)

Y 2004 9


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Philippines is a party to: UN Framework Convention onClimate Change

Stockholm Convention on POPs

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of HazardousWastes and Their Disposal

Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete Ozone Layer

The Philippine signed: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)

Kyoto Protocol

Convention on Biological Diversity (12June 1992

UN Framework Convention on ClimateChange (12 June 1992)

Convention to Combat Desertification Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (CITES)

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of HazardousWastes and their Disposal

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Montreal Protocol on Substances thatDeplete the Ozone Layer

Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Nuclear Test Ban

The Philippines signed: Convention on the Conservation of

Migratory Species of Wild Animals United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

SignedRatified

Signed

SignedRatifiedEntered into force

SignedRatifiedEntered into force

SignedRatified

SignedRatified

19921994

05/27/04

199819931994

198819911991

06/12/9208/02/94

04/15/9811/20/03

36

3 Human Resources Development Programs

Environmental Health Workforce3.1 Pollution Control Officer(accredited)

7,279 2004 37

3.2 Tertiary degrees related to environmental Y 21


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21


health (Y/N list) BS Environmental Health (UP) BS Sanitary Engineering (MIT) MS Public Health (UP) MS Environmental Engineering (UP) 1975

3.2 Short courses and duration related toenvironmental health (Y/N list)

Short course for sanitary inspectors Certificate course on toxic and hazardous

waste management (UP)

Y 21

3.3 Government certification for environmentalworkforce (Y/N list)

Government board examination forlicensure for sanitary engineering

Y

3.4 Professional associations related toenvironmental health (Y/N list,memberships)

Sanitarians Association of thePhilippines more than 3,000 members

Pollution Control Association of thePhilippines, Inc (PCAPI)

Philippine Association of EnvironmentalAssessment Professionals (PAEAP)

Philippine Environmental IndustryAssociation (PEIA)

Samahan sa Pilipinas ng mgaIndustriyang Kimika (SPIK) or ChemicalIndustries Association of the Philippines(76 firms)

Safety Organization of the Philippines(SOPI)

Philippine Business for the Environment(PBE)

Y

3.4 International associations local affiliates(Y/N list, memberships)

Air and Waste Management Association

Y

4 Priority Environmental Health Issues

4.1 Soil erosion (mm/year)4.1 Fertilizer consumption (metric tons/year) 723,020 2002 194.1 Pesticide consumption (metric tons/year) 4.1 Banned pesticides used (number) 4.1 Water resources withdrawal for irrigation

(annual withdrawal as percentage of totalwater resources)

72.6 1996 23

4.1 Irrigated agricultural area (1000 ha) 1,550 2001 194.2 -4.6

Inputs from Chapter 1

4.6 Carbon dioxide emissions (ktons CO2) 100,738 ktons of CO2 1999 38


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4.6 Consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs(ODP metric tons) 2,049

1,6441,422

200120022003

22

Notes: Data not available.

est. EstimateC CasesD Deathsp Preliminary

Sources:

1 2003 Philippine Statistical Yearbook, National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)2 Population Commission _Department of Health (DOH) http://www.popcom.gov.ph

3 2003 ESCAP Population Data Sheet -http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/statind/index.asp

4 National Statistical Coordination Board http://www.nscb.gov.ph

5 2004 Human Development Reports http://www.undp.org

6 1998 Philippine Health Statistics, National Epidemiology Center Department of Health (DOH)

7 Department of Agriculture - http://www.da.gov.ph

8 2001 Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) Department of Health

(DOH)9 United Nations Environment Program, Regional Resource Center for the Asia and the

Pacific (UNEP RRCAP) - http://www.rrcap.unep.org/ 10 National Accounts of the Philippines, National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

11 Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), National Solid Waste ManagementCommission (NSWMC - http://www.emb.gov.ph/

12 Department of Health (DOH) - http://www.doh.gov.ph/

13 Land Transportation Office (LTO), Department of Transportations &Communications - http://www.lto.gov.ph

14 2004 World Health Report - http://www.who.int/whr/en/

15 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) -http://www.denr.gov.ph/

16 DOH Field Health Service Information System

17 DOH Field Health Service Information System Annual Report 2000

18 Information provided by WHO Representative for the Philippines, 22 February 2004

19 Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics - http://apps.fao.org/default.jsp

Tuberculosis Cases 2002, data provided by Stop TB and Leprosy Unit, WHORegional Office for the Western Pacific

20

Tuberculosis Control in the WHO Western Pacific Region 2003 Report


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23

Malaria and Dengue cases and deaths, data provided by Malaria, Vectorborne andParasitic Diseases Unit, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 10 March2004

21 University of the Philippines (Diliman UPD; Manila UPM) - http://www.up.edu.ph/

22 Asian Development Bank Statistics - http://www.adb.org/statistics/

23 Philippine Environment Monitor, World Bank 2000

24 Philippine Environment Monitor (Solid Waste), World Bank 2001

25 Philippine Environment Monitor (Water Quality), World Bank 2003

26 National Health and Demographic Survey-DOH-NSO 1998

27 Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project [TA 3848-PHI], Final Report, Volume 8, Medical Waste Management, September 2003

28 Built Operate and Transfer Center- Office of the President 2003

29 Poison Control Centers 200330 Housing Need Projection: 2001-2004, Housing and Urban Coordinating Council

31 1995 Census Based National, Regional and Provincial, Population Projection,NSO

32 Department of Energy, Web site- http://www.doe.gov

33 Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project ADB

34 EMB

35 NSWM Status Report

36 Philippine Senate/DFA

37 EMB-Regional Accomplishment Report38

38. Phil. Institute National Convention on Climate Change

39 EMB Regional Office report

40 Metro Manila TSP sampling

41 The President in the exercise of the legislative power

philippines ehcp 18nov2004

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