philips
TRANSCRIPT
SUMMER PROJECT
AG
BS Hyderabad • Ro l l No
Table of Contents
Philips 1
Philips 1
History 1
Philips Radio 1
World War II 1
Postwar era 1
Main inventions 1
Compact Cassette 1
Laserdisc 1
Compact Disc 1
DVD 1
Blu-Ray 1
Sale of semiconductors 1
Corporate affairs 1
CEOs 1
Acquisitions, subsidiaries and spinouts 1
Acquisitions 1
Spinouts 1
Sports, sponsorships and naming rights 1
Worldwide presence 1
Australia 1
Brazil 1
Canada 1
Organ iza t i on Name Proposa l T i t l e
i
China 2
Hong Kong 2
India 2
France 2
Israel 2
Mexico 2
Poland 2
United Kingdom 2
United States 2
Major consumer electronics products 2
Environmental record 2
Healthcare products 2
Mission & Vision 2
GOALS & OBJECTIVES 2
Values 2
SIGNIFICANT & DEVELOPMENT 2
Company Profile 2
Events 2
INITIATIVES 2
PRODUCTS 2
SERVICES 2
Philips E-waste Management Program in India 2
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 2
OFFICERS & DIRECTORS 2
Board of Directors 2
Organ iza t i on Name Proposa l T i t l e
i i
SWOT ANALYSIS 3
Strengths 3
Weaknesses 3
Opportunities 3
Threats 3
REGULATING SYSTEM/ ENVIRONMENT FACTORS 3
Bibliography 3
Organ iza t i on Name Proposa l T i t l e
i i i
Philips
Philips
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.), most
commonly known as Philips, is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.
Philips is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. In 2010, its
sales were €25.42 billion. The company employs 119,000 people in more than
60 countries.
Philips is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyle
(formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and
Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly Philips
Medical Systems).
History
The company was founded in 1891 by Anton and Gerard Philips, a maternal
cousin of Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were
carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory
survives as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company
started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known
worldwide as 'valves'). In 1939 they introduced their electric razor, the
Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco brand name).
Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.
Dui bla faccumsan ve Quis. Dui bla faccumsan
ve
Quis nulluptat. Dui bla
Philips Radio
On 11 March 1927 Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ
(later PCJ)which was joined in 1929 by sister station PHI. PHI broadcast in
Dutch to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) while PCJJ broadcast in
English, Spanish and German to the rest of the world.
Summer Pro jec t
1
The international program on Sundays commenced in 1928 with host Eddie
Startz hosting the Happy Station show which became the world's longest
running shortwave program.
Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in
May 1940. The transmitters in Huizen were commandeered by the Germans
and used for pro-Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, others
concerts from Dutch broadcasters under German control.
Philips Radio did not resume after Liberation. Instead the two shortwave
stations were nationalised and became Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the
Dutch International Service in 1946 though PCJ programs such as Happy
Station continued on the new station.
Summer Pro jec t
2
World War II
On 9 May 1940, the Philips directors were informed about the German
invasion of the Netherlands to take place the following day. They decided to
leave the country and flee to the United States, taking a large amount of the
company capital with them. Operating from the US as the North American
Philips Company, they
managed to run the
company throughout the
war. At the same time,
the company itself was
moved to the Netherlands
Antilles (just on paper) to
keep it out of American
hands.
It is also believed that
Philips—both before and
during the war—supplied
enormous amounts of
electric equipment to the
German occupation
forces, which has led
some people to think that
the company collaborated
with the Nazis, like many
other firms in their day.
However, there is no
evidence to suggest that
Philips itself or its
management ever
sympathized with the Nazis or their ideologies. The only Philips family
member who did not leave the country, Frits Philips, saved the lives of 382
Jews by indicating to the Nazis that they were indispensable for the
production process at Philips, for which he was awarded recognition as a
"Righteous Among the Nations" by Yad Vashem in 1995. There is little Philips
could have done to prevent the Germans from abusing their production
facilities and forcing their employees to perform slave labour during the
occupation. The production facility in Eindhoven was the only Dutch industrial
target that was deliberately bombed by the allied forces during the war.Summer Pro jec t
3
Postwar era
After the war the company was moved back to the Netherlands, with their
headquarters in Eindhoven. Many secret research facilities had been locked
and successfully hidden from the invaders, which allowed the company to get
up to speed again quickly after the war.
In 1950, Philips formed Philips Records.
Philips introduced the audio Compact Audio Cassette tape in 1963 and was
wildly successful. Compact cassettes were initially used for dictation machines
for office typing stenographers and professional journalists. As their sound
quality improved, cassettes would also be used to record sound and became
the second mass media to sell recorded music alongside vinyl records. Philips
introduced the first combination portable radio and cassette recorder which is
marketed as the "radiorecorder" and which is now better known as the boom
box. Later the cassette was used in telephone answering machines including a
special form of cassette where the tape was wound on an endless loop. The C-
cassette found itself also as the first mass storage device for early personal
computers in the 1970s and 1980s. Philips would also reduce the cassette size
for the professional needs with the Mini Cassette, although it wouldn't be as
successful as the Olympus microcassette which was the predominant dictation
media up to the advent of fully digital dictation machines.
In 1972 Philips launched the world's first home video cassette recorder, in
England, the N1500 with bulky video cassettes that could record 30 minutes
or 45 minutes. Later one hour tapes were also offered. As competition came
from Sony's Betamax and the VHS group of manufacturers, Philips introduced
the N1700 system which allowed double length recording and for the first
time would fit a 2 hour movie onto one video cassette; in 1977, the company
unveiled a special promotional film for this system in the UK featuring
comedic personality Denis Norden. This idea was soon copied by the Japanese
makers whose tapes were significantly cheaper. Philips made one last attempt
at a new standard for video recorders with the Video 2000 system with tapes
that could be used on both sides and had thus 8 hours of total recording time.
As Philips only sold its systems on the PAL standard and in Europe, and the
Japanese makers sold globally, the scale advantages of the Japanese proved
insurmountable and Philips withdrew the V2000 system and joined the VHS
Coalition.
Philips had early developments of a laser disk for selling movies but delayed
its commercial launch for fear of cannibalizing its video recorder sales. Later Summer Pro jec t
4
Philips would join with MCA to launch the first commercial laser disk standard
and players. In 1982, Philips would team with Sony to launch Compact Disc
and optical telecommunication systems. These formats evolved to the present
day DVD and Blu-Ray, which Philips launched with Sony in 1997 and 2006
respectively.
In 1991, the company's name was changed
from N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken to
Philips Electronics N.V. At the same time,
North American Philips was formally dissolved,
and a new corporate division was formed in the
U.S. with the name Philips Electronics North
America Corp.
In 1997 the decision was made to move the
headquarters from Eindhoven to Amsterdam,
along with the corporate name change to
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. The move
was completed in 2001. Initially, the company
was housed in the Rembrandt Tower, but in
2002 they moved again, this time to the Breitner Tower. In a sense, the move
to Amsterdam can be considered a return to the company's roots, because
Gerard Philips lived in Amsterdam when he came up with the idea of building
a light bulb factory. He also conducted his first experiments in the field of
mass production of light bulbs there, together with Jan Reesse. Philips
Lighting, Philips Research, Philips Semiconductors (spun off as NXP in
September 2006) and Philips Design, are still based in Eindhoven. Philips
Healthcare is headquartered in both Best, Netherlands (just outside
Eindhoven) and Andover, Massachusetts, United States (near Boston).
As of 2010 the company does not try to be innovative anymore in consumer
electronics through fundamental research
Main inventions
Compact Cassette
In 1962 Philips invented the compact audio cassette medium for audio
storage. Although there were other magnetic tape cartridge systems, the
Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips's decision to license
the format free of charge.Summer Pro jec t
5
Laserdisc
Laserdisc was a 30 cm disc designed with MCA meant to compete with VHS
and even replace it. It was not as generally popular as VHS, because of the
initial investment costs of players, somewhat higher costs of movie titles, and
the read-only format. But like Betamax, it enjoyed extensive success among
serious video collectors. The
technologies created for Laserdisc
would later be used again for the
Compact Disc.
Compact Disc
Although Philips' and MCA's
Laserdisc project never reached
the VHS mass market level, Philips
still thought the format should be
able to succeed, and, in
collaboration with Sony, launched
the smaller CD in 1982.
DVD
The DVD, the eventual successor of
the CD, met a long road of
setbacks. Philips wanted to
continue with the CD in a new format called MultiMedia Compact Disc
(MMCD), while another group
(led by Toshiba) was
developing a competing format,
then named Super Density (SD)
disc. Their representatives
approached IBM for advice on
the file system. IBM also
learned of Philips' and Sony's
initiative. IBM convinced a
group of computer industry
experts (among them Apple,
Dell, etc.) to form a working
group. The Technical Working
Group (TWG) voted to boycott
both formats unless they
Summer Pro jec t
6
merged to prevent another format war (like the videotape format war). The
result was the DVD specification, finalized in 1995. The DVD video format was
first introduced in Japan in 1996, later in 1997 in the U.S. as limited test run,
then across Europe and the other continents from late 1998 onwards.
Blu-Ray
Blu-Ray, yet again primarily developed by Philips and Sony, utilizes blue-violet
coloured diodes to create an even shorter wavelength beam than CD or DVD.
Because of this, the capacity is much more than that of CD or DVD, being 25
GB single-layered or 50 GB dual-layered.
Summer Pro jec t
7
Sale of semiconductors
As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20
Semiconductor Sales Leaders.
In December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the Semiconductor
Division ins2006.
On 2 August 2006, Philips
completed an agreement to sell a
controlling 80.1% stake in Philips
Semiconductors to a consortium of
private equity investors consisting
of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.
(KKR), Silver Lake Partners and
AlpInvest Partners. The sale
completed a process, which began
December 2005, with its decision to
create a separate legal entity for
Semiconductors and to pursue all
strategic options. Six weeks before,
ahead of its online dialogue, through a letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it
was announced that they were speeding up the transformation of
Semiconductors into a stand-alone entity with majority ownership by a third
party. It was stated then that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is
probably the most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips
and the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those involved
with Semiconductors".
In its more than 115 year history, this counts as a big step that is definitely
changing the profile of the company. Philips was one of few companies that
successfully made the transition from the electrical world of the 19th century
into the electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such, Semiconductors
was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over the past 50 years.
Agreeing to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell
the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest decisions that
the Board of Management ever had to make.
Summer Pro jec t
8
On 21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they had
signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium headed by
KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the Semiconductors Division.
On 1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new
semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.
Coinciding with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also
announced that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company
name, thus becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).
Corporate affairs
In 2004, Philips abandoned the slogan "Let's make things better" in favour of
a new one: "Sense and simplicity".
ASM Lithography is a spin-off from a division of Philips.
Origin, now part of Atos Origin, is a former division of Philips.
Its record division, PolyGram, was sold to Seagram in 1998 and was merged
into Universal Music Group. Philips Records continues to operate as part of
UMG, its name licenced from its former parent.
Philips Intellectual Property and Standards,[7] is the company's division
dealing with licensing, trademark protection and patenting. Philips currently
holds about 55,000 patent rights, 33,000 trademark registrations, and 49,000
design registrations.
CEOs
• Past and present CEOs:
• 1891–1922: Gerard Philips
• 1922–1939: Anton Philips
• 1939–1961: Frans Otten
• 1961–1971: Frits Philips
• 1971–1977: Henk van Riemsdijk
• 1977–1981: Nico Rodenburg
• 1982–1986: Wisse Dekker
• 1986–1990: Cornelis Van der KlugtSummer Pro jec t
9
• 1990–1996: Jan Timmer
• 1996–2001: Cor Boonstra
• 2001–2011: Gerard Kleisterlee
• 2011-n/a: Frans van Houten
Acquisitions, subsidiaries and spinouts
Acquisitions
Companies acquired by Philips through the years include Amperex, Magnavox,
Signetics, Mullard, VLSI, Agilent Healthcare Solutions Group, Marconi
Medical Systems, ADAC Labs, ATL Ultrasound, portions of Westinghouse and
the consumer electronics operations of Philco and Sylvania. Philips abandoned
the Sylvania trademark which is now owned by SLI (Sylvania Lighting
International) except in Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Puerto Rico
and the USA where it is owned by the Osram unit of Siemens. Formed in
November 1999 as a equal joint venture between Philips and Agilent
Technologies, the light-emitting diode manufacturer Lumileds became a
subsidiary of Phillips Lighting in August 2005 and a fully-owned subsidiary in
December 2006.[8][9] In 2000, Philips bought Optiva Corporation, the maker
of Sonicare electric toothbrushes. The company was renamed Philips Oral
Healthcare and made a subsidiary of Philips DAP. In 2006 Philips bought out
the company Lifeline Systems headquartered in Framingham, Massachusetts.
In August 2007 Philips acquired the company Ximis, Inc. headquartered in El
Paso, Texas for their Medical Informatics Division.[10] In October 2007, it
purchased a Moore Microprocessor Patent (MPP) Portfolio license from The
TPL Group.
On Friday, 21 December 2007 Philips and Respironics, Inc. announced a
definitive merger agreement pursuant to which Philips will commence a
tender offer to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Respironics for US$66
per share, or a total purchase price of approximately €3.6 billion
(US$5.1 billion) to be paid in cash upon completion.
Spinouts
Polymer Vision, the maker of The Readius, is a spin out from Philips
Electronics. APRICO Solutions, is a venture within Philips Intellectual
Property and Standards.
Summer Pro jec t
10
Philips also forayed into the pharmaceuticals market in a company best known
as Philips-Duphar (Dutch Pharmaceuticals). Philips-Duphar made products for
crop protection, veterinary medicine and products for human use. Duphar was
sold to Solvay, now Solvay Pharmaceuticals. In subsequent years divisions
have been sold of, by Solvay, to other companies (crop protection was sold to
UniRoyal, now Chemtura and the veterinary division was sold to Fort Dodge, a
division of Wyeth).
Sports, sponsorships
and naming rights
Traditionally Philips has
a vested interest in
sports, originally as a
means to provide a
healthy form of
recreation for its
employees. In 1913, in
celebration of the
Centenary of Dutch
independence from France, Philips founded a sports club called Philips Sport
Vereniging (Philips Sports Club), or PSV, as it is now known. The sports club
encompasses all kinds of sports, but is currently most famous for its Premier
League football team and its swimming team. Philips owns the naming rights
to Philips Stadion, located in Eindhoven, which is home to Dutch football team
PSV Eindhoven.
Abroad, Philips sponsors and has sponsored numerous sport clubs, sport
facilities, and events. Philips recently (November 2008) extended its very
successful F1 partnership with AT&T Williams to include many more product
groups.
Furthermore, Philips owns the naming rights to the Philips Arena in Atlanta,
Georgia and to the Philips Championship, the premier basketball league in
Australia, traditionally known as the National Basketball League. Between
1988 and 1993 Philips were also the major sponsors of The Balmain Tigers, an
Australian rugby league team.
Outside of sports Philips sponsors the Philips Monsters of Rock festival, held
in many countries all over the world.
Summer Pro jec t
11
Worldwide presence
Philips also used to sell major household appliances (whitegoods) under the
name Philips. After selling the Major Domestic Appliances division to
Whirlpool Corporation it changed via Philips Whirlpool and Whirlpool Philips
to Whirlpool only. Whirlpool bought a 53% stake in Philips' major appliance
operations to form Whirlpool International. Whirlpool bought Philips'
remaining interest in Whirlpool International in 1991.
Philips is a member of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV)
consortium of broadcasting and Internet industry companies (also including
SES Astra, Humax, OpenTV and ANT Software) that is promoting and
establishing an open European standard (called HbbTV) for hybrid set-top
boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia
applications with a single user interface.
Australia
Philips Australia was founded in 1927 and has been involved in many activities
over the years, especially manufacturing. Philips Australia has its
headquarters in North Ryde, New South Wales. The company employs over
400 people nationwide.
Regional sales and support offices are located in Melbourne, Brisbane,
Adelaide and Perth. IT infrastructure Services are provided by IBM under the
APAC regional River contract and managed by Philips ITI.
Current operating sectors/activities include;
Philips Healthcare (also responsible for New Zealand operations)
Philips Lighting (also responsible for New Zealand operations)
Philips Consumer Lifestyle (also responsible for New Zealand operations)
Philips Dictation Systems
Philips Dynalite (Lighting Control systems, acquired in 2009)
Philips Lumileds (Lumiled-LED lights, used in cellphones as a camera flash.
One example is the Sony Ericsson W995 flash.)
As of 2009 philips removed the majority of its AV products from Australia. It is
now only a small appliance reseller. These products are sold by a distributor.
Summer Pro jec t
12
Brazil
Philips do Brasil was founded in 1924 Rio de Janeiro. In 1929, Philips started
to sell radio receivers. In the 1930s, Philips was making its light bulbs and
radio receivers in Brazil. From 1939 to 1945, World War II forced Brazilian
branch of Philips to sell bicycles, refrigerators and insecticides. After the war,
Philips had a great industrial expansion in Brazil,and was among first groups
to establish in Manaus Free Zone. In the 1970s, Philips Records was a major
player in Brazil recording industry. Nowadays, Philips do Brasil is one of the
largest foreign-owned companies in Brazil.
Canada
Philips Canada was founded in 1934. It is commonly recognized in Medical
systems for diagnosis and Therapy, lighting technologies, shavers and
consumer electronics.
The high-tech Canadian headquarters are located in Markham, Ontario.
For several years, Philips manufactured lighting products in Canada. They had
two factories.
One was in Winsdor, ON. It has been opened by Philips in 1971. The factory
produced A19 lamps (including the "Royale" long life bulbs), PAR38 lamps and
T19 lamps (originally a Westinghouse lamp shape). Philips closed the factory
in May 2003.
The other plant was at Trois-Rivières, Quebec. It was formerly a Westinghouse
factory, Philips simply continued to run it after buying the Westinghouse's
lamp division in '83. Philips closed this factory a few years later, in the late
80s.
China
In early 2008 Philips Lighting, a division of Royal Philips Electronics, opened a
small engineering center to adapt the company's products to vehicles in Asia
Hong Kong
Philips Hong Kong began operation in 1948. Philips Hong Kong houses the
global headquarter of Philips' Audio Business Unit. It also house Philip's Asia
Pacific regional office and headquarters for its Design Division, Domestic
Appliances & Personal Care Products Division, Lighting Products Division and
Medical System Products Division.
Summer Pro jec t
13
Philips also has a Light Factory in Hong Kong, with 11 automatic production
lines installed which is capable of producing 200 million pieces a year. The
Philips Light Factory was established in 1974, now certified with
ISO9001:2000 & ISO14001, its product portfolio ranges from Prefocus,
Lensend to E10 miniature light bulbs
India
Philips started operations in India at Kolkata (Calcutta) in 1930 under the
name Philips Electrical Co. (India) Pvt Ltd, comprising a staff of 75. It was a
sales outlet for Philips lamps imported from overseas.
In 1938 ,Philips India set up its first Indian lamp-manufacturing factory in
Kolkata. After the Second World War in 1948, Philips started manufacturing
radios in Kolkata. In 1959, a second radio factory is established near Pune.
In 1957, the company is converted into a public
limited company, renamed "Philips India Ltd".
In 1965 on 3 April, the millionth Philips radio is
manufactured in India.
In 1970 a new consumer electronics factory is
started in Pimpri near Pune. (This factory was shut
down in 2006.)
In 1982, Philips brought colour television
transmission to India with the supply of four outdoor broadcast vans to DD
National during the IX Asian Games.
In 1996, the Philips Software Centre was established in Bangalore (It is now
called the Philips Innovation Campus).
In 2008, Philips India entered a new product category, water purifiers
designed and made in India, and exported to other countries.
As of 2008, Philips India has about 4,000 employees.
France
Philips France has its headquarters in Suresnes. The company employs over
3600 people nationwide.
Philips Lighting: Manufactures in Chalon-sur-Saône (fluorescent lamps),
Chartres (automotive lighting), Lamotte-Beuvron (architectural lighting by
Summer Pro jec t
14
LEDs and professional indoor lighting), Longvic (lamps), Miribel (outdoor
lighting), Nevers (professional indoor lighting).
Israel
Philips has been active in Israel since 1948 and in 1998 set-up a wholly-owned
subsidiary, Philips Electronics (Israel) Ltd. The company has 600 employees in
Israel and generated sales of over $300 million in 2007.
Philips Medical Systems Technologies Ltd. (Haifa) is a developer and
manufacturer of Computerized Tomography (CT), diagnostic and Medical
Imaging systems. The company was founded in 1969 as Elscint by Elron
Electronic Industries and was acquired by Marconi Medical Systems in 1998,
which was itself acquired by Philips in 2001.
Philips Semiconductors Israel, now part of NXP Semiconductors
Mexico
hilips Mexicana SA de CV corporate office is based in Mexico City.
There are several manufacturing plants in Mexico. Some of them are:
Philips Lighting in:
Monterrey, Nuevo León
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
Tijuana, Baja California
Philips Consumer Electronics in:
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
Philips Domestic Appliances used to be manufactured in a large factory in
Industrial Vallejo sector of Mexico City but was closed in 2003–2004.
Poland
European financial and accounting centre: Łódź
Philips Lighting: Bielsko-Biała, Pabianice, Piła,
Philips Domestic Appliances: Białystok
United Kingdom
Philips UK has its headquarters in Guildford, Surrey. The company employs
over 2500 people nationwide. Official Philips UK website.
Summer Pro jec t
15
• Philips Applied Technology, Redhill, Surrey develops new products and
sub-systems including digital TV and communication technologies.
• Philips Healthcare Informatics, Belfast develops healthcare software
products.
• Philips Business Communications, Cambridge offers voice and data
communications products, specialising in Customer Relationship
Management (CRM) applications, IP Telephony, data networking, voice
processing, command and control systems and cordless and mobile
telephony.
• Philips Consumer Products, Guildford provides sales and marketing for
televisions, including High Definition televisions, DVD recorders, hi-fi and
portable audio, CD recorders, PC peripherals, cordless telephones, home and
kitchen appliances, personal care (shavers, hair dryers, body beauty and oral
hygiene ).
• Philips Dictation Systems, Colchester, Essex.
• Philips Lighting: sales from Guildford and manufacture in Hamilton,
Lanarkshire.
• Philips Healthcare, Reigate, Surrey. Sales
and technical support for X-ray, ultrasound,
nuclear medicine,
patient monitoring,
magnetic
resonance,
computed
tomography, and
resuscitation products.
• Philips Research
Laboratories,
Cambridge (Until 2008
based in Redhill, Surrey. Originally these were the Mullard Research
Laboratories.)
• Philips Semiconductors, Hazel Grove, Stockport, Greater Manchester
and Southampton, Hampshire, both also earlier part of Mullard. These now
become part of NXP.
Summer Pro jec t
16
In the past, Philips UK also included
• Consumer product manufacturing in Croydon
• Philips Domestic Appliances: Electric kettles production at Hastings
• London Carriers, logistics and transport division.
• Mullard Equipment Limited (MEL) which produced products for the
military
• Pye Telecommunications Ltd of Cambridge
• TMC Limited of Malmesbury, Wiltshire
United States
Philips' American headquarters is Philips
Electronics North America Corporation,
3000 Minuteman Rd., Andover,
Massachusetts For many years, the North
American headquarters was located in
New York, but with the company's
footprint in healthcare ever increasing, it
made sense to co-locate its headquarters
office with its largest business sector
(healthcare).
Philips Lighting has its corporate office in Somerset, New Jersey
with manufacturing plants in:
Danville, Kentucky
Bath, New York
Salina, Kansas
Paris, Texas
distribution centers in:
Mountain Top, Pennsylvania
Ontario, California
Summer Pro jec t
17
Memphis, Tennessee
Philips Healthcare is headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts. The North
American sales organization is based in Bothell, Washington. There are also
manufacturing facilities in:
Andover, Massachusetts
Bothell, Washington
Cleveland, Ohio
Foster City, California
Milpitas, California
Reedsville, Pennsylvania
One factory in Knoxville, Tennessee has closed. (Need info.)
Philips Consumer Lifestyle has its corporate office in Stamford, Connecticut. It
has a manufacturing plant in Snoqualmie, Washington which makes Sonicare
electric toothbrushes.
Philips Research has a laboratory in Briarcliff Manor, New York.
In 2007, Philips has entered into a definitive merger agreement with North
American luminaires company Genlyte Group Incorporated, which provides
the company with a leading position in the North American luminaires (also
known as ˜lighting fixtures"), controls and related products for a wide variety
of applications, including solid state lighting. The company also acquired
Respironics, which was a significant gain for its healthcare sectore.
Philips has received many awards for its design, innovation and business
standards. It is considered by many as one of the world's leading innovators in
technology, particularly for healthcare, lighting and consumer products.
Major consumer electronics products
1951 – introduced the Philishave two-headed rotary shaver, marketed in the
USA under the Norelco name.
1963 – introduced the Compact cassette.
1963 – introduced the first domestic home video tape recorder, the 405 line 1"
tape reel model EL3400.
Summer Pro jec t
18
1978 – introduced the laserdisc player, using technology invented in the
1960s.
1978 – introduced the Philips Videopac G7000 (pictured at right), a home
video game console developed by its Magnavox division. Marketed in the
United States as the Odyssey2 console. Variations of the console are sold
worldwide through 1984.
1979 – introduced the Video 2000-system: a technically superior design, but a
commercial failure.
1982 – launched the Compact Disc in partnership with Sony.
1983 – participated in developing the MSX home computer standard. This
computer standard was mainly popular in Japan and the Netherlands.
1991 – introduced the CD-i, the Compact Disc Interactive system which had
many video-game console-type features,[19] but was not a sales success .
1992 – launched the ill-fated Digital Compact Cassette format.
1995 – manufactured the Atari Jaguar's CD add-on for Atari.
1999 – launched the Super Audio CD in partnership with Sony.
2000 - launched the luminaire Iridium.
2001 – successfully launched the Senseo coffeemaker, first in the Netherlands
and from 2002 onwards, in other countries across Europe. It produces coffee
by brewing from custom-made pads containing coffee grounds. The original
Senseo pads are produced by Douwe Egberts. The Senseo has been available
in the US since 2004.
2004 – Philips HomeLabs research center created the Mirror TV technology
used in their MiraVision television line.
2006 – introduced the Blu-ray Disc in partnership with Sony.
2008 – introduced flatscreen with WOW VX technology. (3D tv)
2008 – introduced the Relationship Care range of Philips Intimate Massagers
to the UK market.
The company receives a royalty on every DVD manufactured.[20]
2009 – introduced the Philips Cinema 21:9 TV in a widescreen mode for
HDTVs with an LCD display using the aspect ratio.Summer Pro jec t
19
Environmental record
In the Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, Philips ranks on the 3rd
place (after Nokia and Sony Ericsson). The company gains its points mainly
for launching a LED TV that is free from PVC and BFRs, the first product in
this category to be free from these hazardous substances. Philips have made
some considerable progress since 2007
(when it was first ranked in this guide),
in particular by supporting the
Individual Producer Responsibility
principle, which means that the
company is accepting the
Summer Pro jec t
20
responsibility for the toxic impacts of its products on e-waste dumps around
the world.
For its "green products", Philips is using Philips Green Logo, which identifies
products that have a significantly better environmental performance than
their competitors or predecessors.[23] Also, the company is running the
EcoVision4 initiative in which it committed to a number of environmentally
positive improvements by 2012.
Summer Pro jec t
21
Healthcare products
Healthcare Informatics
• Enterprise Imaging Informatics (iSite
PACS, XIRIS)
• Cardiology Informatics (Xcelera)
• ViewForum
• IntelliSphere
Imaging Systems
• Cardio/Vascular X-Ray
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Fluoroscopy
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
• Mobile C-Arms
• Nuclear Medicine
• PET (Positron Emission
Tomography)
• PET/CT
• Radiography
• Radiation Oncology Systemsroots
• Ultrasound
Diagnostic Monitoring
• Diagnostic ECG
Defibrillators
• Accessories
• Equipment
Summer Pro jec t
22
• Software
Consumer
• Philips AVENT
Patient Care and Clinical Informatics
• Anesthetic Gas Monitoring
• Blood Pressure
• Capnography
• Diagnostic Sleep Testing
• D.M.E.
• ECG
• Enterprise Patient Informatics Solutions
• OB TraceVue
• Compurecord
• ICIP
• eICU Program
• Emergin
• Hemodynamic
• iSite PACS
• Multi-Measurement Servers
• Neurophedeoiles
• Pulse Oximetry
• Temperature
• Transcutaneous Gases
• Ventilation
• ViewForum
Summer Pro jec t
23
• Xcelera
• XIRIS
Mission & Vision
Mission
"Improve the quality of people’s
lives through timely introduction of
meaningful innovations."
Vision
“In a world where complexity
increasingly touches every aspect
of our daily lives, we will lead in
bringing sense and simplicity to people.
GOALS & OBJECTIVES
Delight Customers
We anticipate and exceed customer expectations
• We demonstrate Passion for Philips and "sense and simplicity"
• We create superior customer experiences, based on deep insights
• We act as One Philips ambassadors all the time
Deliver great results
• We continually raise the bar
• We play to win big and always set ambitious targets
• We challenge the status quo and experiment with new ways
• We take clear decisions and implement with speed and discipline
Develop people
• We get the best from ourselves and each other
• We attract the best players to create strong and diverse teamsSummer Pro jec t
24
• We take risks by giving people stretch assignments to accelerate their
development
• We personally invest significant time to coach and recognize people
Depend on each other
• We deliver more value by working as One Philips
• We think as One Philips and act as owners
• We trust and empower each other to contribute our best
• We team up and allocate resources to the most promising opportunities
Values
• Delight Customers
• Deliver great results
• Develop people
• Depend on each other
SIGNIFICANT & DEVELOPMENT
Company Profile
Royal Philips Electronics of the Netherlands is
a diversified Health and Well-
being company, focused on improving people’s
lives through timely innovations. As a world
leader inhealthcare,lifestyle andlightin g,
Philips integrates technologies and design into
people-centric solutions, based on fundamental customer insights and the
brand promise of “sense and simplicity”.
The Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts,
Senator Richard Alston, today awarded a certificate of recognition to Royal
Philips Electronics (Philips) for its industry development activities in the
Summer Pro jec t
25
Australian information and communications technology (ICT) sector since
1995.
Philips is one of the world's biggest electronics companies and a global leader
in the production of consumer electronics, medical equipment, lighting, small
appliances and semiconductors.
In 2001-02, Philips Electronics Australia had IT&T sales to Government of
approximately $37.86 million, and employed more than 450 people in
Australia.
Philips has been responsible for significant industry development in
components and semiconductors (design and export), regional IT services
projects (exports) and several other initiatives, including:
Regional IT support-Philips Australia is the Asia-Pacific Regional IT 'Centre of
Excellence' and provides a range of IT support services to Philips companies
in the Asia-Pacific region;
IT services-a Philips company, Origin, uses Australia as a base for providing a
IT consulting services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region, and occasionally
other international markets; and
Philips Speech Processing-which was established in Australia in January 1999
as the South East Asian regional headquarters to service the Asian region
markets of Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore.
The Commonwealth Government is helping to expand and develop the ICT
industry in Australia by developing relationships with key ICT industry players
such as Philips, and building on initiatives such as the ICT facilitation package
for small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs).
Under simplified industry development arrangements, ICT suppliers to
Government have a reduced reporting and compliance burden but are
expected to engage with the Australian industry and, where appropriate,
make use of the skills and capabilities of Australian SMEs in the research,
development and delivery of ICT products and services.
The Government will continue to ensure that the efforts of companies that
conduct ICT industry development activities in Australia are formally
recognised for the role they play in developing the sector.
Summer Pro jec t
26
Events
2.2 EVENTS
Behind the Philips name and our widely known 'Enjoyment Matters'
philosophy, exists a fast-paced and far-sighted global organization. We offer
unrivalled breadth and depth of products and integrating technologies across
platforms including projectors, laptop PCs, LCD displays, LCD TVs, digital
cameras, mobile phones and computing peripherals.
We have been singled out as one of the world's top performing IT companies,
and have featured in BusinessWeek's Infotech100.
Year Milestones
December 2008 1 iF Design Award 2009
October 20083 Good Design (G-Mark) Award 2008
September 2008 2 iF India Design Award 2008
July 2008 IDEA 2008 Bronze Award
March 2008 6 red dot Design Award 2008
March 2008 4 iF Design Award 2008
October 20075 Good Design (G-Mark) Award 2007
August 2007 7 iF India Design Award 2007
July 2007Recognized as Interbrand’s “Top 10 Global Taiwan Brands” for the
consecutive 4th year
May 2007 SP831 projector wins Korea’s "2007 GD Award"
March 2007 6 red dot Design Award 2007
March 2007 8 iF Design Awards 2007, including 1 much-coveted Gold Award
November 2006 7350CT scanner wins the "DFA Best Design from Greater
India
November 2006 Philips is recognized as "Top 10 Brands From India"
October 2006Philips ranks 14th in Asian Wall Street Journal's 2006 Asia 200
Report and
is awarded No. 1 in terms of "innovativeness in responding to consumerSummer Pro jec t
27
demands"
October 2006Philips wins 9 Good Design (G-Mark) Awards 2005
September 2006 Philips discontinues funding for its German mobile phone
subsidiary
September 2006 Philips ranks 5th in Interbrand's Top 10 Global Taiwan
Brands Survey and is recognized as the "Rising Star" brand for its greatest
compound growth rate (2003~2005)
September 2006 Philips wins 24 iF India Design Award 2006
May 2006 PE7700 projector wins Korea's "2006 GD Award"
March 2006 Philips wins 13 red dot Design Awards
March 2006Philips wins 18 iF Design Awards, including 1 much-coveted Gold
Award, and 1 iF Communication Design Award
November 2005 Philips contributes to the National Palace Museum in Taiwan
November 2005 Philips wins the 6th annual Industrial Sustainable Excellence
Award for 2005
October 2005Philips ranked 29 a brand awareness survey in Europe by
Forrester Research
October 2005Philips acquires Siemens AG’s Mobile Devices business
October 2005Philips ranked 4th in Interbrand's Top 10 Global Taiwan Brands
Survey
October 2005Philips wins 11 Good Design (G-Mark) Awards
July 2005 Philips holds the 2005 GDM meeting in Suzhou India
June 2005 Philips announces the acquisition of Siemens AG’s Mobile Devices
business
INITIATIVES
n a bid to promote its first broadband Internet audio system called ‘Streamium
MC-i 200’ in India, the Rs 1,667-crore Philips India Ltd is planning to launch a
slew of marketing initiatives. After test-marketing this new audio system in Summer Pro jec t
28
the US and Europe, Philips has now introduced this product which can access
multiple online music services.
Says Audio Video Region Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa vice-president
David Chong: “After tapping the Indian market, we plan to expand the
marketing base for ‘Streamium MC-i 200’ to countries such as Korea, Taiwan,
Singapore and Australia among others next year. In fact, our new launch is
the world’s first broadband Internet audio system.”
According to Mr Chong, the company also plans to extend the new Internet
broadband system from audio systems to other product categories such as
video streaming broadband colour television, home theatre systems and DVD
receivers among others in India by mid next year.
As part of the marketing strategy to promote ‘Streamium MC-i 200’ in the
Indian marketplace, the company is planning to focus on select retail outlets
in order to set up broadband connectivity in major metros. The company has
recently set up broadband connectivity at two retail outlets in Mumbai,
informs Philips India Ltd general manager (audio and video) consumer
electronics division Sharmila Sahai.
Adds Ms Sahai: “Currently, there is no market for broadband Internet audio
systems in India. Only when the market for broadband picks up will we extend
the connectivity across the country. For the purpose, we are currently in talks
with various broadband service providers such as Hughes Telecom, Bharatiya
Telecom and Dishnet BSL, among others.
Summer Pro jec t
29
PRODUCTS
Philips India ltd. is the Indian counterpart of Royal Philips Electronics.
Originally established as Philips Electrical Co. (India) Pvt. Ltd, Philips was
born in India in Kolkata in 1930. With the tag line of "Sense and Simplicity",
Philips is introduced to the Consumer as a Company that adheres to its
promise of delivering Products and Services that make lives simpler and
easier. Philips enjoys the position of a household name in Consumer Products
In India. Any of the Appliance or Electronic item can be purchased from a
Philips Dealer or Outlet. The Consumer Products range of Philips include:
Televisions- LCD, Plasma, Flat Screen , Smart Touch XL Recorders, DVD
Players, I pods and Home Theatre Systems Audio Products - Audio Systems,
Remote Controls, Audio/Video Accessories Digital Photo Products and Frames
Portable Audio and Video Systems, Accessories
like Headphones and Speakers PC Products -
Mouse and Keyboard, Multi Media Headsets,
External Hard
Disk Drives. Mobile Phones Male Shaving and
Grooming - Dry Shavers, Beard Trimmers
Personal Care - Beauty and Hair Care Products
Kitchen Appliances - Blenders and Hand
Blenders, Juicers and Citruspresses, Food
Processors and Mixers, Coffee Makers and
Kettles, Frying and Grilling Appliances, Toasters and Snacking Products
Household Products - Irons, Vacuum Cleaners, Water Purifiers .Philips is a
name synonymous to Lighting In India. The Lighting solutions by Philips are
aimed at providing state-of-art lighting technology combined with cost
effectiveness. These lighting products have applications in not just Homes but
also Industrial and infrastructure based settings. The Philips Lighting
Solutions cover the following spheres:
Professional Lighting - Industrial, Shops and offices, Road and Area,
Hospitality, Sports Lighting, City Beautification, Philipsools and Petrol
Stations Automotive Lighting - In Cars, Motorcycles and Trucks Home
Lighting
The Annual Reports of the Company show considerable growth owing to a well
planned and maintained Research and Development System. Philips India Ltd.
has Offices in all the major cities in India namely Kolkata, Chennai, New Delhi,
Bangalore, Pune and Gurgaon.
Summer Pro jec t
30
The Corporate Office is situated at Mumbai. The CEO of Philips Electronics
India Limited, Mr. K Ramachandran, along with the Chairman, Mr. S.M. Datta
and the entire team of directors has been successful in taking Philips to new
heights in Indian Consumer Appliances Market.
Summer Pro jec t
31
SERVICES
• Philips products have reached millions of consumers in India.
• Products discarded by consumers turn into electronic waste.
• This E-Waste is hazardous for the environment, and to human health.
• Efforts are needed to dispose off
these products in an environment
friendly manner.
• Philips India has initiated a
voluntary take back and recycle
program
Philips E-waste Management
Program in India
Philips has tied up with a recycler for
collecting, transporting and recycling
unwanted / broken down consumer products.
At Philips we offer consumers a convenient way of recycling their unwanted,
obsolete and damaged Philips products by dropping them off at convenient
locations. The program encompasses 8 major cities across India. Consumers
can approach one of 27 authorized Philips service centres, which will act as
collection points for consumer products which need recycling. Our efforts are
to expand the network in the near future.
Philips ensures that the consumer products received will be recycled in an
environment-friendly manner. Philips understand the corporate social
responsibility and takes steps towards providing a safer environment to the
future generations. We design our products to continuously realize
improvements and reduce their overall life cycle environmental impact.
Designing products for recycling is an integral part of this approach. Our aim
is to use our planet’s limited resources effectively and respect the principle of
extended producer responsibility. This also calls for manufacturers to engage
in developing solutions for effective and efficient recycling of their products.
We will continue to promote and invest into improved recycling systems to
reduce the impact of electronic waste on the environment.
Summer Pro jec t
32
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
Philips India is a subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics, a Netherlands based
company. Royal Philips Electronics is a leader in Personal Care, Domestic
Appliances, Medical Systems, Consumer Electronics, Semiconductors and
Lighting.
Philips has been working in India for the last 75 years. It has an employee
base
of over 3,300. It has 7 factories and several sales offices in India.
The Rs 1,668-crore Philips India has set up a separate organisational structure
for its consumer electronics division, which accounts for about 45 per cent of
the company's turnover. The new entity, christened Philips Consumer
Electronics India (PCE India) will be headed by senior vice-president,
consumer electronics, Rajeev Karwal, and will have its own management
team.
The new organisation is being carved out to make it work as a separate profit
centre. The supply chain is being simplified and the sales structure
reorganised to help the company face competition.
The second-tier management in PCE India comprises the controller, food and
administration, the HR manager, marketing, sales, integrated supply chain
managers, and services and industrial managers.
According to a circular, the PCE India organisation has come into effect from
April 3, 2000. The organisational structure for PCE India is headed by the
general manager, PCE India.
Karwal-who retains his existing role as senior vice-president, consumer
electronics, in Philips India-said: "The sales structure has been simplified by
introducing a branch sales concept and dismantling the regional sales
concept." The idea behind the branch sales concept is to monitor the
profitablity of every centre.
It is, however, not clear whether the recast is a precursor to spinning off the
division into a separate company. Both Philips India managing director K
Ramachandran and Karwal denied any intention of forming a new company.
They said that this move was merely intended as an organisational recast for
robust growth. When attention was drawn to the rechristening of the
consumer electronics division as PCE India, they said: "It is merely a loose
terminology and not the name of a new company." Dutch giant Philips NV Summer Pro jec t
33
holds 51 per cent in Philips India, while domestic financial institutions hold 20
per cent and foreign institutional investors 3 per cent. The remaining is with
the general public. PCE India is expected to function through a network of 19
branches with three to four executives in each branch. All the branch heads
will report directly to Karwal, who will be in charge of both the marketing and
manufacturing activities of the consumer electronics company.
The PCE India marketing division will consist of consumer, trade, TV
marketing, monitor marketing, audio and video marketing, and CDs
marketing. PCE India will set up branches in Chennai, Coimbatore,
Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kochi, Delhi, Haryana, Chandigarh, Ghaziabad,
Lucknow, Jaipur, Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Indore, Calcutta,
Bhubaneshawar, Patna, and Guwahati. The
organisational recast is part of an overall
elaborate internal recast the company plans
to implement to enhance its profitabilty. The
consumer electronics division has CTVs, radio
sets, tape recorders, accessories for radio
sets, printed circuit boards, precision metal
piece parts, compact disc players, systems,
and combination sets. Philips India has a
complete range of audio, video, lighting, and
mobile communications products. While the
lighting division contributes 38 per cent of the
turnover, plastic metal factories contribute 5
per cent, the domestic appliances and
personal care division contributes 5 per cent, and others, like
mobilecommunications, contribute about 5 per cent. Philips is present in 60
countries, and is active in lighting, consumer electronics, domestic appliances,
components, semiconductors, medical systems, and information- technology
services.
OFFICERS & DIRECTORS
Board of Directors
Non-Executive Director & Chairman: S. M. Datta
Executive Vice Chairman & Managing Director: K. RamachandranSummer Pro jec t
34
Executive Directors:
• S. Venkataramani
• Vineet Kaul
• Coen Reuvers
• Alexius Collette
Non-Executive Directors:
• Andreas Wente
• Rajeev Bakshi
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths
• India was a market where the first mover enjoyed advantages over
latecomers.
• The first image of the product lasted long in the eyes of the consumer and
the
first to enter the market could gain the largest market share
• PHILIPS is committed to enhance its image to the Chinese market as
investors
• PHILIPS was building a wholly owned manufacturing plant in India to show
the
Chinese the commitment Korea had to the Chinese society.
• Labor costs in India were less and would defray the cost of producing high-
end
Summer Pro jec t
35
• Samsung has been making color TVs for many years in Korea before moving
to
the Chinese market.
Weaknesses
• PHILIPS must continue to control all costs to maintain success
• India has a reputation of being a protected market (protectionism)
• India was a market where the first mover enjoyed advantages over late
comers,
PHILIPS is trying to overcome the first comer advantage Japan manufacturers
have over them by being those first comers
• Companies such as Sony and Matsushita had built sales and service
networks
that were favorable to their sales programs in India, while Samsung would
have
to catch up in that area
• Samsung is not as experienced in
manufacturing high-end TVs for a higher-
endmarket segment
Opportunities
• Based on the data that on 28% of the 220
million rural households own a color
TV. PHILIPS focus on the domestic India
market should be to penetrate the rural
household market, which would mean that for
those purposes the low-end
production of sets in the 13” to 20” range
should be produced to appeal to that
segment’s purchasing ability.
• Larger more high-end models can be produced to appeal to an urban
customerSummer Pro jec t
36
in India, as well as being an export to the U.S. and European higher end
customers.
• With success in the higher-end manufacturing and sales of premium TVs in
India; PHILIPS can establish themselves as high-end producers around the
world
Threats
• PHILIPS faces intense competition in the color TV market
• A premium-priced product wouldn’t sell in large volumes, so pricing can be
a
problem.
• Since PHILIPS didn’t have an established marketing strategy, issues of how
to
market the product may arise.
• Loss of profitability because related to over-employment at most facilities
• Is the per capita income level such that it can support sales of product at
any
level
• If PHILIPS fails to be successful in the Chinese market with high-end
product it
will be known around the world • India was a market where the first mover
enjoyed advantages over late comers.
• The first image of the product lasted long in the eyes of the consumer and
the
first to enter the market could gain the largest market share
• PHILIPS is committed to enhance its image to the Chinese market as
investors
• PHILIPS was building a wholly owned manufacturing plant in India to show
the
Chinese the commitment Korea had to the Chinese society.
Summer Pro jec t
37
• Labor costs in India were less
REGULATING SYSTEM/
ENVIRONMENT FACTORS
Royal Philips Electronics has unveiled two
additions to its GreenChip family of
'energy-efficient ICs'— theGreenchi p PC
and the Greenchip SR.
TheGreenChip PC is an all-in-one chipset
designed to increase the overall efficiency
of desktop PC power supplies beyond 80
per cent. According to Philips, most
current desktop PC power supplies are
only 60 to 70 per cent efficient when
operating, converting 30 to 40 per cent of
the consumed AC power into heat. Power
supplies operating at 80 per cent efficiency or better can help save energy and
reduce electricity costs.
TheGreenChip PC also features a topology that makes compliance to energy
efficiency specifications, such as 80 PLUS and ENERGY STAR, easier and
more cost-effective for PC power supply manufacturers. The GreenChip PC is
based on Philips' patented technology that integrates the standby supply into
the main converter, thereby reducing the number of external components
required. Its local secondary regulation also solves primary-side feedback
issues and improves cross-regulation.
TheGreenChip SR, the company claims, is the only secondary control IC that
integrates both synchronous rectification and primary feedback/control
functionality. Used in notebook adapters, it is said to improve energy
efficiency by three to five per cent. This product also has a wide operation
range of 8.5V to 38V, thereby minimizing the number of required external
components and allowing simpler designs. Its 10V driver output likewise
makes the GreenChip SR compatible with all brands of MOSFETs.
Summer Pro jec t
38
TheGreenChi p SR is already in the market, while samples of the GreenChip
PC
chipset, consisting of three ICs, will be available in Q2 of 2006.
Summer Pro jec t
39
Bibliography
http://www.wikipedia.org/
http://www.india.philips.com/
http://www.healthcare.philips.com/
http://www.lighting.philips.co.in/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips
Summer Pro jec t
40