Philosophical Instructions

MESBAH YAZDI

CONTENTS Translators Introduction

INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS o Lesson One A Glance at the Course of Philosophical Thought (From Its Origins to the Islamic Epoch) o Lesson Two A Glance at the Course of Philosophical Thought (from the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century) o Lesson Three A Glance at the Course of Philosophical Thought (in the last two centuries) o Lesson Four The Technical Meanings of Science and Philosophy o Lesson Five Philosophy and The Sciences o Lesson Six What is Philosophy? o Lesson Seven The Position of Philosophy o Lesson Eight The Method of Philosophical Inquiry o Lesson Nine The Relation between Philosophy and the Sciences o Lesson Ten The Necessity of Philosophy

EPISTEMOLOGY o Lesson Eleven Introduction to Epistemology o Lesson Twelve The Self-Evidence of the Principles of Epistemology o Lesson Thirteen The Divisions of Knowledge o Lesson Fourteen Acquired Knowledge o Lesson Fifteen Types of Universal Concepts o Lesson Sixteen Empiricism o Lesson Seventeen The Role of the Intellect and Sensation in Ideas o Lesson Eighteen The Role of the Intellect and Sensation in Affirmations o Lesson Nineteen The Value of Knowledge o Lesson Twenty The Evaluation of Ethical and Legal Propositions

ONTOLOGY o Lesson Twenty-One Introduction to Ontology o Lesson Twenty-Two The Concept of Existence o Lesson Twenty-Three Entified Reality o Lesson Twenty-Four Existence and Whatness o Lesson Twenty-Five Precepts of Whatness o Lesson Twenty-Six Introduction to the Fundamentality of Existence o Lesson Twenty-Seven The Fundamentality of Existence o Lesson Twenty-Eight Unity and Multiplicity o Lesson Twenty-Nine Unity and Multiplicity in Entified Existence o Lesson Thirty The Levels of Existence

CAUSALITY o Lesson Thirty-One Cause and Effect o Lesson Thirty-Two The Principle of Causation o Lesson Thirty-Three The Causal Relation o Lesson Thirty-Four The Dependence of the Effect on the Cause o Lesson Thirty-Five The Dependence of the Effect on the Cause o Lesson Thirty-Six The Relations of Cause and Effect o Lesson Thirty-Seven The Principles of Cause and Effect o Lesson Thirty-Eight The Efficient Cause o Lesson Thirty-Nine The Final Cause o Lesson Forty The Purposefulness of the Cosmos

THE MATERIAL o Lesson Forty-One The Material and the Immaterial o Lesson Forty-Two What is Location? o Lesson Forty-Three What is Time? o Lesson Forty-Four Kinds of Substances o Lesson Forty-Five Continuation of the Discussion of the Kinds of Substance o Lesson Forty-Six Matter and Form o Lesson Forty-Seven Accidents o Lesson Forty-Eight Quality o Lesson Forty-Nine The Reality of Knowledge o Lesson Fifty The Union of the Knower and the Known

THE IMMUTABLE AND THE CHANGING o Lesson Fifty-One The Immutable and the Changing o Lesson Fifty-Two The Potential and the Actual o Lesson Fifty-Three A Continuation of the Discussion of the Potential and the Actual o Lesson Fifty-Four Generation and Corruption o Lesson Fifty-Five Motion o Lesson Fifty-Six Properties of Motion o Lesson Fifty-Seven Divisions of Motion o Lesson Fifty-Eight Motion in Accidents o Lesson Fifty-Nine Motion in Substance o Lesson Sixty Further Discussion of Substantial Motion

THEOLOGY o Lesson Sixty-One The Way to Know God o Lesson Sixty-Two Demonstrations of the Necessary Existent o Lesson Sixty-Three Tawd o Lesson Sixty-Four The Unity of Divine Actions o Lesson Sixty-Five The Divine Attributes o Lesson Sixty-Six Attributes of Essence o Lesson Sixty-Seven Attributes of Action o Lesson Sixty-Eight The Purpose of Creation o Lesson Sixty-Nine Divine Decree and Destiny o Lesson Seventy Good and Evil in the Cosmos

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PART I

INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS Lesson One

A Glance at

the Course of Philosophical Thought

(From Its Origins to the Islamic Epoch) The Beginning of Philosophical Thought

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The Period of the Flourishing of Philosophy

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The End of Greek Philosophy

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The Development of Philosophy

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Lesson Two

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The Renaissance and the

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Lesson Three

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Lesson Four

The Technical Meanings of

Science and Philosophy

Introduction

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Lesson Five

Philosophy and The Sciences

The Philosophy of the Sciences

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