philosophy of law case digests and philospohical reference

7/18/2019 Philosophy of Law Case Digests and Philospohical Reference

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/philosophy-of-law-case-digests-and-philospohical-reference 1/21

Annaliza G. Bendal

COL1A

G.R. No. L-99 November 16, 1945

PIO !RAN, "e#i#ioner,

v$.

%AL&AOR ABA %AN'O%, ()d*e o+ Peo"le$ Co)r#, re$"onden#.

Marciano Almario for petitioner.

Judge Salvador Abad Santos of People's Court in his own behalf.

a#$/ Pe#i#ioner Pio )ran i$ a ili"ino "oli#ial "ri$oner )nde# #0e )$#od o+ #0e ire#or o+

Pri$on$ in #0e Ne2 Bilibid Pri$on, 3)n#inl)"a Rizal +or no# le$$ #0an #0ree mon#0$ 2i#0o)# an

in+orma#ion 0avin* +iled a*ain$# 0im. e +iled a "e#i#ion +or 0i$ relea$e on bail 2i#0 #0e Peo"le$Co)r#. %olii#or General reommended #0a# #0e "e#i#ioner be "rovi$ionall relea$e on P5, .

bail. A+#er 0earin* #0e $#a#emen#$ o+ %"eial Pro$e)#or &.. Car"io, in re"re$en#a#ion o+ #0e

%olii#or General and A##. 3ariano Almario, o)n$el +or #0e "e#i#ioner, ()d*e %alvador Abad

%an#o$ denied #0e "e#i#ion +or bail on O#ober 17, 1945 and re+)$ed #o reon$ider 0i$ order

al#0o)*0 no# $#a#in* an rea$on on #0e i$$)ed on O#ober 15, 1945.

'0e denial o+ #0e "e#i#ion i$ a +la*ran# viola#ion o+ #0e Con$#i#)#ion o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ and o+

%e#ion 19 o+ Common2eal#0 A# No. 687 and #0a# #0e )d*e 0a$ ommi##ed *rave ab)$e o+

di$re#ion +or 20i0 "e#i#ioner 0a$ no o#0er "lain $"eed and ade:)a#e remed in ordinar o)r$e

o+ la2.

'0e re$"onden# )d*e denie$ ab)$e o+ di$re#ion and $#a#ed #0e rea$on +or denin* #0e "e#i#ion +or

bail on 0i$ order on O#ober 15, 1945 and #0e *ro)nd$ are ;#0e de#ainee$ ad0erene #o #0e enem

a$ mani+e$#ed b 0i$ )##erane$ and a#ivi#ie$ d)rin* #0e (a"ane$e domina#ion 0i$#orial +a#$ o+

on#em"orar 0i$#or and o+ ")bli <no2led*e 20i0 #0e "e#i#ioner anno# den ma<e$ #0e a$e

a*ain$# 0im :)i#e $erio)$ and ma #0e nee$$i#a#e #0e im"o$i#ion o+ #0e a"i#al ")ni$0men#.=

I$$)e/ >0e#0er or no# #0e re$"onden# )d*e ommi##ed *rave ab)$e o+ di$re#ion +or denin* #0e

"e#i#ioner?$ "e#i#ion #o bail a$ ")r$)an# #o $e#ion 19 o+ Common2eal#0 A# No. 687@

eld/ No.

Pe#i#ioner 2a$ 0ar*ed +or #rea$on 20i0 i$ #0e 0i*0e$# o+ all rime$.

A$ ")r$)an# #o $e#ion 19 o+ Common2eal#0 A# No. 687

. . . Provided, however, '0a# ei$#in* "rovi$ion$ o+ la2 #o #0e on#rar no#2i#0$#andin*,

#0e a+ore$aid "oli#ial "ri$oner$ ma, in #0e di$re#ion o+ #0e Peo"le$ Co)r#, a+#er d)e

no#ie #o #0e O++ie o+ %"eial Pro$e)#or$ and 0earin*, be relea$ed on bail, even "rior #o

#0e "re$en#a#ion o+ #0e orre$"ondin* in+orma#ion, )nle$$ #0e Co)r#, +ind$ #0a# #0ere i$

$#ron* evidene o+ #0e ommi$$ion o+ a a"i#al o++en$e . . .

'0e rei#al b #0e $"eial "ro$e)#or o+ #0e $)""o$ed a#$ ommi##ed b #0e "e#i#ioner and

re+erred #o b #0e re$"onden# )d*e in 0i$ order o+ O#ober 15, 1945, above :)o#ed 20i0 a#$

2ere no# reb)##ed b o)n$el +or #0e "e#i#ioner a# #0e 0earin* on #0e "e#i#ion +or bail, $)""or#$ #0e

onl)$ion and r)lin* o+ #0e Peo"le$ Co)r#.

'0e "e#i#ioner denied #0e im")#a#ion #0a# #0e "e#i#ioner 2a$ #0e e)#ive General o+ #0e

3a<a"ili, b)# 0e o"enl admi##ed #0a# a# #0e 0earin* be+ore #0e Peo"le$ Co)r# 0e did no# ma<e

an e++or# #o den or di$"rove #0e $aid im")#a#ion or #0e o#0er$ a""earin* in A""endi o+ #0e



"e#i#ion. In vie2 #0ereo+, 0o2 an 2e e"e# #0e Peo"le$ Co)r# no# #o #a<e in#o on$idera#ion

20a# 0ad been $#a#ed #0en, a""earin* in $aid A""endi @

Co)n$el$ on#en#ion #0a# #0ere 2a$ $#ron* 0ave "re$en#ed evidene #o "rove #0a# #0ere 2a$ $#ron*

evidene o+ #0e ommi$$ion o+ a a"i#al o++en$e be+ore Peo"le$ Co)r# o)ld den bail in #0i$

a$e 2a$ $)b$#an#iall om"lied 2i#0, al#0o)*0 #0e in+orma#ion 0ar*in* #0e ommi$$ion o+ #0e

rime o+ #rea$on 0ad no# a$ e# been +iled. >e are o+ #0e o"inion and $o 0old #0a# 0earin* $e# and

0eld +or #0e ")r"o$e 2a$ am"l $)++iien# +or #0e Peo"le$ Co)r# #o be in+ormed and #o de#ermine

20e#0er #0ere 2a$ $#ron* evidene o+ #0e ommi$$ion o+ a a"i#al o++en$e.

In vie2 o+ #0e +ore*oin*, i# anno# be $#a#ed #0a# #0e "e#i#ioner 0a$ been de"rived o+ 0i$ liber#

2i#0o)# d)e "roe$$ o+ la2, bea)$e 0i$ "e#i#ion +or bail 0ad been $e# +or 0earin* and 0e 2a$

*iven an o""or#)ni# #o be 0eard 20en #0e above ir)m$#ane$ 2ere $)bmi##ed #o #0e Peo"le$

Co)r#, 20ere i# 2a$ made #o a""ear $a#i$+a#oril #0a# 0e 2a$ bein* de#ained d)e #o 0i*0l

#rea$onable a#ivi#ie$ a*ain$# #0e Common2eal#0 o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ and #0e !ni#ed %#a#e$, 20i0

a#ivi#ie$ 2o)ld be 0ar*ed in #0e in+orma#ion +or a a"i#al o++en$e and ")ni$0able b dea#0, and

#0a# #0e evidene in #0e a$e $#ron*.

P0ilo$o"0ial Re+erene/

()d*e Gre*orio Per+e#o made bi* im"re$$ion in :)o#in* #0e 2ord$ #0e o)#$#andin* "0ilo$o"0er-

)ri$# (0erin* 2ro#e in 0i$ li##le bi* boo<, '0e %#r)**le +or La2=

'0e e$$a learl re+er$ #o ;I rave #0e la2= #0e "oe#$ de$ri"#ion in #0e rela#ion o+ la2 in #0e

$)be#, in #0e obe#ive and $en$e o+ #0e #erm meanin* o+ #0e $#r)**le +or la2. %0lo<, on #0e

o#0er 0and 2a$ a (e2 20o 0a$ $)++ered endle$$ di$rimina#ion a# #0e 0and$ o+ 0i$ enem,

An#onio, a$<$ 20 0e $0o)ld no# be allo2ed #o ea# 0i$ reven*e no2 #0a# 0e 0a$ been *iven #0e

0ane. e de$ribe$ #0e $#r)**le o+ ever man in an level 20o$e $en#imen# o+ le*al ri*0# in

$#ron*e$# and mo$# ideal 20en #0e im"er+e#ion o+ le*al in$#i#)#ion re+)$e$ 0im $a#i$+a#ion on

dei$ion rendered on 0im. e $#a#ed #0e $#r)**le a*ain$# #0e la2, #0e +eelin* o+ le*al ri*0# le+# in

loi#er b #0e "o2er 20i0 $0o)ld "ro#e# i#. A# #0e "re$en# a$e, Pio )ran bein* 0ar*ed 2i#0

#rea$on in 20i0 <no2n +or 0i*0e$# o+ all rime$ bear$ #0e 2ei*0# o+ "rovin* 0i$ ri*0# #o bail, a

$#r)**le in 20i0 0e believed 0e 2a$ de"rived o+ 0i$ liber# 2i#0o)# d)e "roe$$ o+ la2, li<e

%0lo<, 20o$e laim o+ :)e$#ion +or la2 0a$ 0an*ed in #0e la2 o+ &enie. La2 ma be 0ar$0

b)# #0a# i$ #0e la2, i$ #0e maim I an rela#e #o 0i$ )rren# $i#)a#ion. >e re+er #o la2$ +avorable+or #0e a)$ed, 0o2ever, )nder ir)m$#ane$, in 20i0 0e i$ in, #0e la2 i$ no# ab$ol)#e and i#

ma 0ave ee"#ion.

G.R. No. L-DD ebr)ar 18, 19D

LIEBR'O C. %'A. 3ARIA, "e#i#ioner,

v$.

%AL&AOR P. LOPF, ' BOAR O RGN'% O ' !NI&R%I' O 'PILIPPIN%, and N3%IO CRAL, re$"onden#$.

V.. del !osario and Associates and Atien"a, #abora $ del !osario for petitioner.

%ffice of the Solicitor &eneral eli( V. Ma)asiar, Solicitor *ernardo P. Pardo and Special

Counsel Perfecto V. ernande" for respondents Salvador +ope", et al.

Crispin . *ai"as for respondent -emesio Ceralde.

a#$/ Pe#i#ioner, a "ro+e$$or o+ n*li$0 and Com"ara#ive Li#era#)re H+ormerl ean o+ #0e !PColle*e in Ba*)io, 2a$ ele#ed ean o+ #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion on 3a 5, 196D b #0e Board



o+ Re*en#$, on nomina#ion o+ #0e !P Pre$iden#. i$ a""oin#men# a$ $)0 ean 2a$ +or a +ive ear

#erm, e++e#ive 3a 16, 196D )n#il 3a 1D, 19D7, )nle$$ $ooner #ermina#ed, 2i#0 all #0e ri*0#$

and "rivile*e$ a$ 2ell a$ #0e d)#ie$ and obli*a#ion$ a##a0ed #o #0e "o$i#ion in aordane 2i#0

#0e r)le$ and re*)la#ion$ o+ #0e !niver$i# and #0e Con$#i#)#ion and la2$ o+ #0e Re")bli o+ #0e

P0ili""ine$.

A$ +ar ba< a$ ebr)ar 11, 1969, #0e *rad)a#e and )nder*rad)a#e $#)den#$ o+ #0e !P Colle*e o+

d)a#ion "re$en#ed #o Pre$iden# %alvador P. Lo"ez a n)mber o+ demand$ 0avin* a bearin* on

#0e *eneral aademi "ro*ram and #0e "0$ial "lan# and $ervie$, 2i#0 a l)$#er o+ $"eial

demand$. In re$"on$e, Pre$iden# Lo"ez rea#ed a ommi##ee om"o$ed o+ ei*0# *rad)a#e

$#)den#$, #2o )nder*rad)a#e $#)den#$, and +o)r +a)l# member$. '0i$ ommi##ee me# 9 #ime$

2i#0 ean %#a. 3aria in ebr)ar and 3ar0 1969. On 3ar0 1D, 1969, ean %#a. 3aria *ave

Pre$iden# Lo"ez a 2ri##en $)mmar o+ #0e dialo*)e$ 0e 0ad 2i#0 #0e ommi##ee and en)mera#ed

in onne#ion 2i#0 #0e demand$, #0e $#e"$ #a<en, #0e $#e"$ bein* #a<en5 and #0e $#e"$ #o be #a<en

in on$)l#a#ion 2i#0 #0e +a)l#.

e al$o reommended #o #0e !P Pre$iden# #0e +ollo2in*/ a moreade:)a#e b)d*e# re$"on$ive #o #0e need$ o+ #0e olle*e, #a<in* in#o ao)n# i#$ e"andin*

*rad)a#e "ro*ramJ im"rovemen# o+ #0e librar $ervie in #erm$ o+ a be##er boo< olle#ion and

more ade:)a#e $"ae and readin* room$, "ar#i)larl +or *rad)a#e $#)den#$J a""oin#men# o+ more

+a)l# member$ on #0e $enior level #o 0andle #0e lar*e *rad)a#e "ro*ram, and #o mee# #0e a)#e

need +or more *rad)a#e advi$er$, ri#i$, and ommi##ee member$J im"rovemen# o+ #0e 2a#er

$$#em o+ #0e olle*eJ im"rovemen# o+ #0e "0$ial "lan# o+ #0e olle*e, inl)din* i#$ la$$room$,

o++ie$, #oile#$, $ide2al<$ and $)rro)ndin* land$a"eJ and on$#r)#ion o+ a *rad)a#e $#)den#$

dormi#or.

B)# #0e $#)den#$ 2ere no# #o be a""ea$ed. or, ean %#a. 3aria, aordin* #o #0em, did no# a# on$ome o+ #0eir demand$. Re$"onden#$ 0erein 0ave $#re$$ed #0a# in #0e mee#in*$ o+ #0e ed)a#ion

*rad)a#e ommi##eeJ ean %#a. 3aria nei#0er inl)ded in #0e a*enda nor on$)l#ed #0e +a)l#

abo)# #0e $#)den#$ demand$ on +orei*n lan*)a*e "ro+iien eamina#ion and on re$ear0 and

#0e$i$ 2ri#in* "re$$)re$. '0e 0ave bro)*0# o)# #0e +a# #0a# man member$ o+ #0e +a)l#

$0ared #0e $#)den#$ *rievane$ on #0e ab$ene o+ de+ini#e $#andard$ and "roed)re$ on aademi

2or<, inl)din* #ea0in* load, admini$#ra#ive and ommi##ee a$$i*nmen#$, +a)l# eval)a#ion,

and +avori#i$m and di$rimina#ion.

On ()l 16, 1969, Adelaida . 3a$)0)d, Pre$iden# o+ #0e !P Grad)a#e d)a#ion %#)den#

Or*aniza#ion., led a *ro)" 20o vi$i#ed Pre$iden# Lo"ez and $)bmi##ed #o 0im a "ro*re$$ re"or# on#0e $#)den#$ demand$ #a<en )" 2i#0 %#a. 3aria $ine 3ar0 76, 1969. %0e a<no2led*ed #0a#

#0e dean 0ad *ran#ed #en demand$ b)# de"lored #0e +a# #0a# #0e dean 0ad i*nored #0e +ollo2in*J

$)bmi$$ion #o #0e +a)l# +or dei$ion, o+ #0e demand +or aboli#ion o+ +orei*n lan*)a*e

re:)iremen#$ and om"re0en$ive eamina#ion$J +iin* #0e ri#eria +or $ele#ion, admi$$ion,

a""oin#men# and "romo#ion o+ +a)l# member$J +orm)la#ion o+ lear-)# "oliie$ on #0e$i$

advi$in*, +a)l# #ea0in* load, and +a)l# member$0i" on $#andin* ommi##ee$J and

a""oin#men# o+ a "ermanen# dire#or +or #0e Grad)a#e d)a#ion %#)die$ o+ #0e %P Pro*ram.

%0e #0)$ $#a#ed/ I a""reia#e #0e e++or#$ o+ #0e ean in a#in* On $ome o+ o)r demand$.

o2ever, #0e ean 0a$ +ailed #o #a<e +)r#0er a#ion on #0e demand$ #0a# 0ave +ar rea0in*

im"lia#ion$ +or #0e $#)den#$, +a)l# and #0e Colle*e a$ a 20ole. A$ a on$e:)ene "roblem$,

on+)$ion and demoraliza#ion o+ $#)den#$ and +a)l# 0ave ro""ed )" ane2 in #0e olle*e.

'0e $#)den#$ #0rea#ened #o boo## #0eir la$$e$ #0e ne# da, ()l 1D. Pre$iden# Lo"ez a$<ed #0a#

#0e de$i$#, $)**e$#ed #0a# #0e in$#ead a##end a $#)den#-+a)l# mee#in* #0e ne# da in 0i$ o++ie.

B)# on ()l 1D, #0e d)a#ion Grad)a#e %#)den# Or*aniza#ion boo##ed #0eir la$$e$ )$# #0e

$ame. '0e Pre$iden# me# #0e $#ri<in* $#)den#$ re"re$en#a#ive$ and #0e +a)l# member$ o+ #0e

Colle*e o+ d)a#ion. C0ar*e$ o+ +avori#i$m 2ere alle*edl 0)rled b $ome o+ #0e +a)l#

member$ a*ain$# %#a. 3aria. On #0e o#0er 0and, #0e dean o++ered #o $i# do2n 2i#0 #0e



$#)den#$.'0e la##er, 0o2ever, re+)$ed #o en#er in#o a dialo*)e )nle$$ 0e H#0e dean 2ere +ir$#

o)$#ed.

In a $e"ara#e develo"men#, #0e +a)l# member$ o+ #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion onvened in #0e

a+#ernoon o+ ()l 77. '0e re$olved, amon*$# o#0er$, #o reo*nize #0e ri*0# o+ a olle*e dean #o

0i$ "o$i#ion +rom 20i0 0e anno# be removed )nle$$ +or a)$e H44 in +avor, 7 ab$#ained, and no#

#o endor$e #0e $#)den#$ demand +or #0e +ored re$i*na#ion o+ %#a. 3aria H6 in +avor, 5 a*ain$#,

ab$#ained.

'0e boo## +ever in+e#ed o#0er olle*e$. On ()l 77, 1969, #0e ne2l in$#alled member$ o+ #0e

!P %#)den# Co)nil vo#ed #o $)""or# #0e ed)a#ion $#)den#$ $#ri<e. '0e ne# da, ()l 7, #0e

main aven)e$ leadin* #o #0e )niver$i# *a#e$ 2ere barriaded, b)$e$ denied en#rane, and

$#)den#$ aoled in#o oinin* #0e $#ri<e. I# 2a$ #0)$ on #0a# da #0a# all aademi a#ivi# in #0e

)niver$i# ame #o a om"le#e $#and $#ill. In #0e mornin* o+ ()l 7, a# 1/ olo<, #0e !P

Pre$iden# alled a mee#in* o+ #0e +a)l# o+ #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion. '0o$e "re$en# *ave 0im a

vo#e o+ on+idene H4 in +avor, D ab$#ained #o re$olve #0e i$$)e on 0and a$ 0e $ee$ +i#.

Armed 2i#0 #0e vo#e o+ on+idene o+ #0e ed)a#ion +a)l#, on #0e $ame da, ()l 7, 1969,

Pre$iden# Lo"ez i$$)ed #0e #ran$+er order 0erein 0allen*ed, Admini$#ra#ive Order DD. '0a# order,

addre$$ed #o ean %#a. 3aria, read$/

Pre$iden# Lo"ez 2a$ #o e"lain in a "re$$ $#a#emen# o+ ()l 7, 1969 #0a# 0e anno# "ermi# #0e

on#in)ed di$r)"#ion o+ #0e aademi li+e o+ #0e in$#i#)#ionJ #0a# #0e #ran$+er order 2a$ made

Kin #0e in#ere$# o+ #0e $ervie and a$ an emer*en mea$)re bea)$e #0e mee#in*$ 2i#0 #0e

+a)l#, $#)den#$, %#a. 3aria and #0e !P Pre$iden# 0ad "roved +r)i#le$$ in #0e +ae o+ #0e re+)$alo+ #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion $#)den#$ #o di$)$$ an +)r#0er #0eir demand$ )nle$$ and )n#il ean

%#a. 3aria re$i*n$ 0i$ "o$i#ionJ and #0a#, #0ere+ore, #0e om"le#e $0)#-do2n o+ la$$e$ in #0e

iliman am")$ 0a$ om"elled 0im #o #ran$+er ean %#a. 3aria #o o#0er d)#ie$.

avin* reeived #0e #ran$+er order on #0e $ame da, ()l 7, %#a. 3aria +or#02i#0 2ro#e a le##er,

20i0 0e 0im$el+ 0and arried #o Pre$iden# Lo"ez, re:)e$#in* #0a# Ha a +ormal inve$#i*a#ion be

ond)#ed b #0e Board o+ Re*en#$ on #0e ir)m$#ane$ 20i0 led #o #0e "rom)l*a#ion o+ #0e

above order, and on #0e ba$i$ #0ereo+J and Hb $aid order be reon$idered and $e# a$ide +or bein*

mani+e$#l )n)$#, )n+air, )non$#i#)#ional, and on#rar #o la2, and, #0ere+ore, n)ll and void.

'0e ne# da, ()l 74, %#a. 3aria anno)ned #o #0e ed)a#ion $#)den#$ and +a)l#, #0ro)*0

3emorand)m 1D, #0a# #0e #ran$+er order i$ no2 #0e $)be# o+ a "endin* re:)e$# +or

reon$idera#ion ... and, +or #0i$ rea$on, i#$ e++e#ivi# i$ nee$$aril $)$"ended, and #0a# 0e $0all

on#in)e #o be #0e ean ... ")r$)an# #o 0i$ a""oin#men# a$ $)0 +or #0e "eriod +rom (an)ar 1,

1968 #o 3a 15, 19D7.

A# Pre$iden# Lo"ez re:)e$#, a $"eial mee#in* o+ #0e Board o+ Re*en#$ 2a$ 0eld on ()l 75,

1969. Pre$iden# Lo"ez #0ere re"or#ed ean %#a. 3aria$ #ran$+er and Pro+e$$or Ceralde$ ad

interim a""oin#men# a$ A#in* ean o+ #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion. e #old #0e board #0a# bea)$e

o+ +ail)re o+ leader$0i" in #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion, a ri$i$ o+ on+idene emer*ed in #0a#in$#i#)#ionJ #0a# #0e )l#ima#e re$)l# 2a$ #0e boo## o+ la$$e$ b #0e $#)den#$ $#ar#in* on ()l

1D, 1969 in "ro#e$# a*ain$# #0e ina#ion o+ ean %#a. 3aria on #0eir demand$ $)bmi##ed mon#0$

a*oJ and #0a# #0i$ $i#)a#ion im"elled 0im #o i$$)e Admini$#ra#ive Order DD a$ demanded b #0e

"revailin* ri$i$.

'0e board on+irmed ean %#a. 3aria$ #ran$+er and Pro+e$$or Ceralde$ a""oin#men#, on$idered

a$ "rema#)re %#a. 3aria$ 3emorand)m 1D 0ere#o+ore men#ioned, b)# *ave d)e o)r$e #o 0i$ "lea

+or reon$idera#ion and *ran#ed 0im a 0ane #o be 0eard a# #0e ne# board mee#in* on ()l 79,

1969.



In #0e $aid mee#in* o+ ()l 79, %#a. 3aria did no# "er$onall a""ear. e $en# 0i$ o)n$el 20o

mani+e$#ed #0a# %#a. 3aria 2a$ no# reo*nizin* #0e board$ )ri$di#ion )nle$$, 2i#0o)# +)r#0er

0earin*, #0e board +ir$# revo<e #0e #ran$+er order. '0e board re$olved/ ... #o #a<e o*nizane and

on$ider a$ a new petition o+ ean %#a. 3aria, $)bmi##ed #0ro)*0 o)n$el, 0i$ delara#ion #0a# #0e

e++ia o+ #0e Pre$iden#$ Admini$#ra#ive Order No. DD #ran$+errin* 0im $0o)ld +ir$# be

$)$"ended b #0e Board and 0eld in abeane a$ a "rere:)i$i#e + or #0e 0earin* bein* "raed +or.

In #0i$ onne#ion, ean %#a. 3aria 2ill be a$<ed #o +ile a 3emorand)m 2i#0 #0e Board in

$)""or# o+ 0i$ ne2 "e#i#ion.

'0e +ore*oin* 0ad been #0e develo"men#$ 20en %#a. 3aria +iled #0e "re$en# "e#i#ion

+or certiorari, "ro0ibi#ion and mandamus in #0i$ Co)r# on ()l 1, 1969 a*ain$# re$"onden#$

%alvador P. Lo"ez, #0e Board o+ Re*en#$ and Neme$io R. Ceralde.

I$$)e/ >0e#0er or no# %#a. 3aria $0all be removed in 0i$ a"ai# a$ #0e ean o+ !P Colle*e o+

d)a#ion@

eld/ No.

No# #0a# #0e +ore*oin* $#and alone. '0e rea$on$ advaned b re$"onden#$ #o )$#i+ $)0 #ran$+er

are :)i#e revealin*. '0e "i#)red %#a. 3aria a$ a b)n*lin* admini$#ra#or, inom"e#en#,

ine++iien#, )n2or#0, a mi$a$#. '0e averred #0a# 0e did no# a# on #0e "e#i#ion$ and *rievane$

o+ *rad)a#e $#)den#$J #0a# 0e a)$ed 2ide$"read di$$a#i$+a#ion amon*$# +a)l# member$ and

$#)den#$ bea)$e o+ 0i$ ina#ion, 0i$ la< o+ $ineri# and andor in dealin* 2i#0 #0em, #0a#

0e 2a$ *)il# o+ in+leible arro*an# a##i#)de and a#)a#ion a$ deanJ #0a# 0e mi$erabl +ailed #o

aver# a boo## #0a# 2a$ a)$ed b a ri$i$ o+ on+idene and +ail)re o+ leader$0i" in 0i$olle*eJ #0a# 0e abandoned 0i$ "o$# 20en 0e 2a$ mo$# neededJ #0a# 0e re+)$ed #o ae"# $ol)#ion$

even a$ 0e +ailed #o advane 0i$ o2n #o mi#i*a#e #0e ri$i$J #0a# in $)m, 0e 2a$ a mi$a$# in #0e

Colle*e o+ d)a#ion.

I# i$ bea)$e o+ all #0e +ore*oin* #0a# 2e are le+# )nder no do)b# #0a# "e#i#ioner eliber#o %#a.

3aria i$ en#i#led #o be re$#ored #o 0i$ "o$i#ion a$ ean o+ #0e Colle*e o+ d)a#ion.

()$# a$ 2e are abo)# #o dra2 #0i$ o"inion #o a lo$e, o)r a##en#ion i$ dra2n #o #0e alle*ed non

e0a)$#ion o+ admini$#ra#ive remedie$. A $)++iien# an$2er 2o)ld be #0a# ean %#a. 3aria a$<ed

#0a# 0e be re$#ored #o 0i$ "o$i#ion "endin* inve$#i*a#ion o+ an 0ar*e a*ain$# 0im. B)# #0e boardre+)$ed. In$#ead, i# on+irmed #0e ad interim a""oin#men# o+ re$"onden# Pro+. Neme$io Ceralde

a$ a#in* ean in "lae o+ %#a. 3aria. &ir#)all #0e door 2a$ lo$ed. No#0in* 2a$ le+# +or %#a.

3aria #o do b)# *o #o Co)r#.

O+ o)r$e, %#a. 3aria $#ood "a# on 0i$ ri*0# #o <ee" 0i$ "o$i#ion a$ ean. '0i$ i$ "er+e#l

)nder$#andable. ind$i*0# no2 reveal$ #0a# +)r#0er ")r$)i# o+ admini$#ra#ive remed be+ore #0e

Board o+ Re*en#$ 2o)ld be b)# an a# o+ $)"erero*a#ion A# an ra#e, #0ere i$ no om"ellin*

rea$on #o re$or# #o #0i$ remed. ere, #0e laimed ri*0# i$ #0e on$#i#)#ionall "ro#e#ed d)e

"roe$$. 3andam)$ 2ill lie.


'0e C0ildren o+ Li*0# and #0e C0ildren o+ ar<ne$$/

'0e man 20o $ear0e$ a+#er bo#0 meanin* and +)l+illmen#$ beond ambi*)o)$ +)l+illmen#$ and

+r)$#ra#ion$ o+ 0i$#or ei$# in a 0ei*0# o+ $"iri# 20i0 no 0i$#orial "roe$$ an om"le#el

on#ain. >0ile ever a$"e#$ o+ li+e a$ i#$ o2n 0ei*0#, a man on #0i$ $ele#ion, re+er$ #o 0i$ +)ll

"o#en#ial in $ear0 +or meanin* o+ 0i$ o2n ambi*)i#. And #0e +)ll "o#en#ial re+er$ #o #0e 0i*0er

"o$$ibili# o+ )$#ie #0a# ome #o #0e omm)ni# +rom #0i$ 0ei*0# o+ a2arene$$. 3eanin*, #0e

)$#ie ame +or#0 #o #0e omm)ni# in lima o+ everone$ a2arene$$ #0a# #0ere$ $)0 #0in* a$



)$#ie, #0a# #0i$ 0ei*0# i$ de$#roed b an omm)ni# 20i0 $ee<$ "rema#)rel #o )# o++ #0i$

"innale o+ individ)ali# in #0e in#ere$# o+ omm)ni#$ "eae and order. or #0e main#enane o+

"eae and order, rea0in* #0e +)ll "o#en#ial in li+e #o eno i$ bein* de$#roed, in o#0er 2ord$,

#0ere$ re$#ri#ion. '0e omm)ni# involved 0ere i$ #0e $#)den#$ on#in)ed #o $#ri<e )n#il #0e

Pre$iden# o+ #0e !niver$i# ielded #o #0eir demand. I+ #0e $#)den#$ 20o 2an# #o a##end #0eir

la$$e$ 2ere bein* re$#ri#ed $o #0e role o+ "olie 2ill en#er. Polie "o2er i$ <no2n #o be #0e

"ro#e#or o+ #0e $#a#e, and $aid #o be $ol)#ion +or #0e "roblem no# #0e removal o+ #0e "e#i#ioner. I#

i$ onl)ded a$ #0e moral le$$on #o re$olvin* i$$)e i$ #o al2a$ narro2 do2n #o #0e vindia#ion

o+ a "rini"le/ #0e ra#ional $ol)#ion o+ an on#rover$.

G.R. No. L-1617 ebr)ar 76, 1948

(ORG B. &ARGA%, "e#i#ioner,

v$.

3ILIO RILLORAFA, (O% BRNAB, 3AN!L %C!RO, ()d*e$ o+ #0e Peo"le$

Co)r#, and ' %OLICI'OR GNRAL O ' PILIPPIN%, re$"onden#$.

Claro M. !ecto for petitioner.

%ffice of the Solicitor &eneral Manuel +im and Assistant Solicitor &eneral Manuel P. *arcelona

for respondents.

a#$/Co)n$el +or #0e de+en$e, in a mo#ion da#ed A)*)$# 78, 194D, a$$ail$ #0e on$#i#)#ionali# o+

$e#ion 14 o+ #0e Peo"le$ Co)r# A# HCommon2eal#0 A# No. 687 )"on #0e +ollo2in* *ro)nd$/

Ha I# "rovide$ +or :)ali+ia#ion o+ member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r#, o#0er #0an #0o$e

"rovided in $e#ion 6, Ar#ile &III o+ #0e P0ili""ine Con$#i#)#ion.

Hb I# a)#0orize$ #0e a""oin#men# o+ member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# 20o do no# "o$$e$$

#0e :)ali+ia#ion$ $e# +or#0 in $e#ion 6, Ar#ile &III, o+ #0e P0ili""ine Con$#i#)#ion.

Hc I# remove$ +rom o++ie #0e member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# b mean$ o+ a "roed)re

o#0er #0an im"ea0men#, on#rar #o Ar#ile IE, o+ #0e P0ili""ine Con$#i#)#ion.

Hd I# de"rive$ #0e Commi$$ion on A""oin#men#$ o+ Con*re$$ o+ i#$ on$#i#)#ional

"rero*a#ive #o on+irm or ree# a""oin#men#$ #o #0e %)"reme Co)r#.

He I# rea#e$ #2o %)"reme Co)r#$.

H f i# im"air$ #0e r)le ma<in* "o2er o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r#, on#rar #o $e#ion 1, Ar#ile

&III o+ #0e P0ili""ine Con$#i#)#ion.

H g I# i$ a Bill o+ A##ainder, +or i# ")ni$0e$ b di$:)ali+ia#ion member$ o+ #0e %)"reme

Co)r# 20o rendered $aid ")bli $ervie d)rin* #0e (a"ane$e o)"a#ion.

Hh I# denie$ e:)al "ro#e#ion o+ #0e la2$.

Hi I# i$ an e( post pacto le*i$la#ion.

H I# amend$ #0e Con$#i#)#ion b a "roed)re no# $an#ioned b Ar#ile E&, o+ #0e

P0ili""ine Con$#i#)#ion.

H) I# de$#ro$ #0e inde"endene o+ #0e ()diiar, and i# "ermi#$ #0e "a<in* o+ #0e

%)"reme Co)r# in er#ain a$e$, ei#0er b Con*re$$ or b #0e Pre$iden#.



'0e %olii#or General, in be0al+ o+ #0e "ro$e)#ion, o""o$e$ #0e mo#ion and in $)""or# o+ 0i$

o""o$i#ion $)bmi#$ #0e$e "ro"o$i#ion$/

1. Po2er o+ Con*re$$ #o ena# $e#ion 14 o+ Common2eal#0 A# No. 687.

7. %e#ion 14 o+ Common2eal#0 A# No. 687 doe$ no# and i$ no# in#ended #o "rovide anaddi#ional :)ali+ia#ion +or member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r#, m)0 le$$ doe$ i# amend

$e#ion 6, Ar#ile &III, o+ #0e Con$#i#)#ion o+ #0e P0ili""ine$.

. M)ali+ia#ion$ o+ member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# "re$ribed in $e#ion 6, Ar#ile &III

o+ #0e Con$#i#)#ion a""l #o "ermanen# a""oin#ee$ no# #o #em"orar de$i*nee$.

4. %e#ion 5, Ar#ile &III o+ #0e Con$#i#)#ion i$ no# a""liable #o #em"orar de$i*na#ion$

)nder $e#ion 14, Common2eal#0 A# No. 687.

5. I# doe$ no# remove b)# merel di$:)ali+ie$ #0e member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# a++e#ed#o $i# and vo#e in #0e "ar#i)lar la$$ o+ a$e$ #0erein men#ioned.

6. I# doe$ no# rea#e an addi#ional %"eial %)"reme Co)r#.

D. I# doe$ no# im"air #0e r)le-ma<in* "o2er o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# b)# merel

$)""lemen#$ #0e R)le$ o+ Co)r#.

8. I# i$ no# a bill o+ a##ainder.

9. I# i$ no# an e( post pacto la2.

1. I# doe$ no# den e:)al "ro#e#ion o+ #0e la2$ ei#0er #o #0e ()$#ie$ o+ #0e %)"reme

Co)r# a++e#ed or #0e #rea$on india#e$ onerned.

11. I# doe$ no# amend an on$#i#)#ional "rovi$ion.

17. I# doe$ no# de$#ro #0e inde"endene o+ #0e )diiar or )r#ail #0e )ri$di#ion o+ #0e

%)"reme Co)r#.

'0i$ o""o$i#ion i$ a re"rod)#ion b re+erene in #0e in$#an# a$e o+ a $imilar "leadin* +iled b#0e %olii#or General in G.R. No. L-98, People vs. Sison, ")r$)an# #o #0e re$ol)#ion o+ #0i$ Co)r#

in #0e in$#an# a$e da#ed O#ober , 194D, *ran#in* #0e "raer o+ #0e A$$i$#an# %olii#or General

#0a# in #0e on$idera#ion o+ "e#i#ioner$ memorand)m 0erein o+ %e"#ember 7D, 194D.

I# 2ill no# be nee$$ar +or #0e ")r"o$e$ o+ #0i$ re$ol)#ion #o on$ider and deide all #0e le*al

:)e$#ion$ #0)$ rai$ed b #0e$e on+li#in* on#en#ion$ o+ #0e "ar#ie$.

I$$)e/ >0e#0er or no# #0e $e#ion 14 o+ #0e Peo"le$ Co)r# A# HCommon2eal#0 A# No. 687 i$

)non$#i#)#ional@

eld/ e$.

%)0 :)e$#ion o+ )non$#i#)#ionali# or re")*nan #o #0e on$#i#)#ion, 0o2ever, ari$e$ in rela#ion

#o #0e di$:)ali+ia#ion o+ er#ain member$ o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# "rovided +or in $e#ion 14 o+ #0e

Peo"le$ Co)r# A# 20i0 $a$/

%C. 14. An ()$#ie o+ #0e %)"reme Co)r# 20o 0eld an o++ie or "o$i#ion )nder #0e

P0ili""ine e)#ive Commi$$ion or )nder #0e *overnmen# alled P0ili""ine Re")bli

ma no# $i# and vo#e in an a$e bro)*0# #o #0a# Co)r# )nder $e#ion #0ir#een 0ereo+ in

20i0 #0e a)$ed i$ a "er$on 20o 0eld an o++ie or "o$i#ion )nder ei#0er or bo#0 #0e



P0ili""ine e)#ive Commi$$ion and #0e P0ili""ine Re")bli or an bran0,

in$#r)men#ali# andor a*en #0ereo+.

I+, on ao)n# o+ $)0 di$:)ali+ia#ion, or bea)$e o+ an o+ #0e *ro)nd$ or

di$:)ali+ia#ion o+ )d*e$, in R)le 176, $e#ion 1 o+ #0e R)le$ o+ Co)r#, or on ao)n# o+

illne$$, ab$ene o+ #em"orar di$abili# #0e re:)i$i#e n)mber o+ ()$#ie$ nee$$ar #o

on$#i#)#e a :)or)m or #o render )d*men# in an a$e i$ no# "re$en#, #0e Pre$iden# ma

de$i*na#e $)0 n)mber o+ ()d*e$ o+ ir$# In$#ane, ()d*e$-a#-lar*e o+ ir$# In$#ane, or

Cada$#ral ()d*e$, 0avin* none o+ #0e di$:)ali+ia#ion$ $e# +or#0 in $aid $e#ion one 0ereo+,

a$ ma be nee$$ar #o $i# #em"oraril a$ ()$#ie o+ $aid Co)r#, in order #o +orm

a /uorum or )n#il a )d*men# in $aid a$e i$ rea0ed.

or #0e +ore*oin* on$idera#ion, i# i$ delared and ordered/ Ha #0a# $e#ion 14 o+ #0e Peo"le$

Co)r# A# i$ )non$#i#)#ional in #0e re$"e#$ $"ei+ied in #0e bod o+ #0i$ re$ol)#ionJ and Hb #0a#

#0i$ a$e be deal# 2i#0 0ene+or2ard in ")r$)ane o+ and in 0armon 2i#0 #0i$ re$ol)#ion. %o

ordered.


'0o)*0#$ and idea$ be:)ea#0ed #o )$ b *rea# #0in<er$ 20i0 remain +re$0 and o)n* #0ro)*0 #0e

a*e$ and en#)rie$. '0e i*noran#$ and re#ro*ade$ 2ill never )nder$#and i#, b)# i# i$ a +a# #0a# in

#0e $)mmi# o+ 0i$ *lorio)$ areer, ()$#ie olme$, #0e *rea#e$# ()d*e o+ modern #ime$, on#in)ed

readin* Ari$#o#le. 'o +ree #0em$elve$ +rom #0e $orro2$ #0e +eel 2i#0 #0e $)rro)ndin* mar<e# o+

v)l*ari#, 20ere "*m$ and ri++ra++$ domina#e, *rea# mind$ $ee< enomen# in #0e om"an o+

#0eir <ind. a*le$ 2ill no# be 0a"" in #0e $oie# o+ +lie$ and mo$:)i#oe$. '0a# e"lain$ #0ealibre o+ #0e +riend$ Rizal 0ad in )ro"e. '0e rela#ion o+ #0i$ "0ilo$o"0ial re+erene in #0e

"re$en# a$e i$ #0e +ramer$ and la2ma<er$ o+ #0e on$#i#)#ion/ <no2n #o be #0e "rod)#$ o+ #0e

in$#i#)#ion o+ <no2led*e 20i0 2e an deno#e$ *rea# #0in<er$. '0e +ramer$ 0ave rea#ed #0e

$)"reme la2 o+ #0e land and re$"on$ible +or #0e limi#a#ion$ i# brin*. >0ile, #0e )diiar

in#er"re#$ #0e la2 and deide$ 20e#0er or no# a la2 i$ )non$#i#)#ional doe$ no# $olel de"end on

#0e on$#i#)#ion. '0e dei$ion$ do no# al2a$ ad0ere #o #0e la2, $ome o)r# dei$ion$ re+er #o

"0ilo$o"0ial "rini"le$.

G.R. No. L-49 November 17, 1945

>ILLIA3 . PRAL'A, "e#i#ioner,

v$.

' IRC'OR O PRI%ON%, re$"onden#.

0illiam . Peralta in his own behalf.

%ffice of the Solicitor &eneral #a1ada for respondent.

Cit2 iscal Mabanag as amicus curiae.

a#$/ >illiam Peral#a 2a$ "ro$e)#ed +or #0e rime o+ robber and 2a$ $en#ened #o li+eim"ri$onmen# a$ de+ined and "enalized b A# No. 65 o+ #0e Na#ional A$$embl o+ #0e Re")bli

o+ #0e P0ili""ine$. '0e "e#i#ion +or 0abea$ or")$ i$ ba$ed on #0e on#en#ion #0a# #0e Co)r# o+



%"eial and l)$ive Criminal ()ri$di#ion rea#ed b Ordinane No. D 2a$ a "oli#ial

in$#r)men#ali# o+ #0e mili#ar +ore$ o+ (a"an and 20i0 i$ re")*nan# #o #0e aim$ o+ #0e

Common2eal#0 o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ +or i# doe$ no# a++ord +air #rial and im"air$ #0e on$#i#)#ionalri*0#$ o+ #0e a)$ed.

I$$)e/1. >0e#0er or no# #0e rea#ion o+ o)r# b Ordinane No. D valid@

7. >0e#0er or no# #0e $en#ene o+ li+e im"ri$onmen# valid@

. >0e#0er or no# b "rini"le o+ "o$#limin, did #0e ")ni#ive $en#ene ea$e #o be valid +rom#0e #ime o+ #0e re$#ora#ion o+ #0e Common2eal#0@

eld/

'0ere i$ no room +or do)b# #o #0e validi# o+ Ordinane No. D $ine #0e riminal )ri$di#ione$#abli$0ed b #0e invader i$ dra2n en#irel +rom #0e la2 mar#ial a$ de+ined in #0e )$a*e$ o+

na#ion$. I# i$ merel a *overnmen#al a*en. '0e $en#ene rendered, li<e2i$e, i$ *ood and valid

$ine i# 2a$ 2i#0in #0e "o2er and om"e#ene o+ #0e belli*eren# o)"an# #o "rom)l*a#e A# No.

65. All )d*men#$ o+ "oli#ial om"leion o+ #0e o)r#$ d)rin* (a"ane$e re*ime ea$ed #o bevalid )"on reo)"a#ion o+ #0e I$land$, a$ $)0, #0e $en#ene 20i0 onvi#ed #0e "e#i#ioner o+ a

rime o+ a "oli#ial om"leion m)$# be on$idered a$ 0avin* ea$ed #o be valid.


A+#er #0e dei$ion 2a$ rendered #o 0im be+ore #0e o)r#, and onvi#ion #o $)++er #0e "enal# o+

li+e im"ri$onmen#, 0e 2a$ indeed, en#i#led a$ a ma##er o+ ab$ol)#e ri*0#, #o be immedia#el

relea$ed, $o #0a# 0e an $ee 0o2 0i$ li+e 2en# in #0e mo$# innoen# 2a, 20i0 i$ #0e +or #0e la2-

abidin* i#izen$ o+ o)r o)n#r, and o+ 20i0 0e 2a$ )n)$#l de"rived #0ro)*0 mean$ mo$#ab0orren# #o 0)man on$iene. '0e "e#i#ioner 2a$ )nder*oin* an )n)$# im"ri$onmen#, 20en 0e

2a$ no# $)""o$ed #o be. '0i$ )$# $0o2$ 0o2 )$#ie $$#em an be vie2ed #o be )n+air and

)n)$#. And #0e onl 2a 2e an "ro#e# o)r$elve$ +rom #0i$ #rea#men# i$ #o 2i"e o)# #0eir

"oi$ono)$ e++e#$ in o)r "oli#ial, $oial and )l#)ral "a#rimon. '0i$ mean$ 0an*in* #0e $$#em

in $)0 a 2a #0a# i# $0o)ld no# be a++e# b o)r "oli#ial, $oial and )l#)ral "a#rimon.

>e m)$# era$e #0o$e ve$#i*e$ i+ 2e 2an# #o <ee" imm)ne +rom all *erm$ o+ dea, #0i$ o)ld

mean reboo# in o)r demora#i in$#i#)#ion 20i0 are "ride o+ o)r "eo"le and o)n#r, )nder

20i0 2e are enoin* #0e ble$$in*$ o+ +reedom, 20i0 2e 0o"e #o a$$)re #0e 2ell-bein* and

0a""ine$$ o+ #0e )nendin* *enera#ion$ 20o 2ill abide #0e la2 and never 0ave #o )nder*one #0e

$#orm o+ #0e ve$#i*e$, 20o 2ill $)eed )$ in #0e enomen# o+ #0e #rea$)re$ a)m)la#ed b a

bo)n#i+)l na#)re in #0i$ Pearl o+ #0e Orien#.

A.3. No. P-7-1651 ()ne 77, 76

Hormerl OCA I.P.I. No. -171-P

AL(ANRO %'RAA, Com"lainan#,

v$.

%OLA %. %CRI'OR, Re$"onden#.

a#$/ %oledad %. $ri#or, a o)r# in#er"re#er, admi##edl 20ile $#ill married #o ano#0er, o0abi#ed

#o L)iano M)ila"io, (r. $ine 198, 20o 2a$ 0im$el+ married #o ano#0er. $ri#or and M)ila"io0ad a nine#een-ear old $on. Aleandro $#rada, #0e "riva#e om"lainan# 0erein, 2a$ no#



"er$onall rela#ed #o $ri#or nor did 0e "er$onall <no2 0er. o2ever, 0e 2an#ed #0e Co)r# #o

delare #0e rela#ion$0i" o+ $ri#or 2i#0 M)ila"io a$ immoral in on$onane 2i#0 #0e "er#inen#

"rovi$ion o+ #0e Admini$#ra#ive Code. In 0er de+en$e, $ri#or on#ended #0a# )nder #0e r)le$ o+ #0e (e0ova0$ >i#ne$$e$, a reli*io)$ $e# o+ 20om $0e i$ a member, #0e a# o+ $i*nin* a

elara#ion Pled*in* ai#0+)lne$$, i$ $)++iien# #o le*i#imize a )nion 20i0 2o)ld o#0er2i$e be

la$$i+ied a$ ad)l#ero)$ and bi*amo)$. $ri#or and M)ila"io$ delara#ion$ are reorded in #0e>a#0 'o2er Cen#ral o++ie. '0e 2ere ee)#ed in #0e )$)al and a""roved +orm "re$ribed b

#0e >a#0 'o2er Bible and 'ra# %oie# 20i0 2a$ li+#ed +rom #0e ar#ile, 3ain#ainin*

3arria*e in onor Be+ore God and 3en, in #0e 3ar0 15, 19DD i$$)e o+ #0e >a#0 'o2er ma*azine, en#i#led '0e >a#0#o2er. $ri#or alle*ed #0a# in om"liane 2i#0 #0e +ore*oin* r)le$,

$0e and 0er "ar#ner $i*ned #0e elara#ion Pled*in* ai#0+)lne$$ in 1991, and b vir#)e o+ $)0

a#, #0e are +or all ")r"o$e$, re*arded a$ 0)$band and 2i+e b #0e reli*io)$ denomina#ion o+

20i0 #0e are devo)# ad0eren#$. Al#0o)*0 in 1998 $ri#or 2a$ 2ido2ed, #0ereb li+#in* #0ele*al im"edimen# #o marr on 0er "ar#, 0er ma#e i$ $#ill no# a"ai#a#ed #o remarr. '0)$, #0eir

delara#ion$ remain valid. One all le*al im"edimen#$ +or bo#0 are li+#ed, #0e o)"le an alread

re*i$#er #0eir marria*e 2i#0 #0e ivil a)#0ori#ie$ and #0e validi# o+ #0e delara#ion$ ea$e$. '0e

elder$ in #0e on*re*a#ion$ an #0en $olemnize #0eir marria*e a$ a)#0orized b P0ili""ine la2. In$)m, #0ere+ore, in$o+ar a$ #0e on*re*a#ion i$ onerned, #0ere i$ no#0in* immoral abo)# #0e

on)*al arran*emen# be#2een $ri#or and M)ila"io and #0e remain member$ in *ood $#andin*in #0e on*re*a#ion.

I$$)e/

>0e#0er or no# re$"onden#$ ri*0# #o reli*io)$ +reedom $0o)ld arve o)# an ee"#ion +rom #0e

"revailin* )ri$"r)dene on illii# rela#ion$ +or 20i0 *overnmen# em"loee$ are 0eld

admini$#ra#ivel liable.

eld/

>0ile $ri#or$ o0abi#a#ion 2i#0 M)ila"io on+orm$ #o #0e reli*io)$ belie+$ o+ #0e (e0ova0$

>i#ne$$e$, #0e o0abi#a#ion viola#e$ Ar#ile 4 o+ #0e Revi$ed Penal Code. '0e %#a#e anno#in#er+ere 2i#0 #0e reli*io)$ belie+$ o+ #0e (e0ova0$ >i#ne$$e$, in #0e $ame 2a #0a# #0e (e0ova0$

>i#ne$$e$ anno# in#er+ere 2i#0 #0e %#a#e$ "ro0ibi#ion on on)bina*e. '0e +ree eeri$e o+ reli*ion "ro#e#$ "ra#ie$ ba$ed on reli*io)$ *ro)nd$ "rovided $)0 "ra#ie$ do no# viola#eei$#in* la2$ ena#ed in #0e rea$onable eeri$e o+ #0e %#a#e$ "olie "o2er. !nder #0e Revi$ed

Admini$#ra#ive Code o+ 198D, one o+ #0e *ro)nd$ +or di$i"linar a#ion i$ ond)# "re)diial

#o #0e be$# in#ere$# o+ #0e $ervie. '0e "enal# +or a +ir$# o++en$e i$ $)$"en$ion o+ $i mon#0$ andone da #o one ear. A $eond o++en$e i$ ")ni$0able 2i#0 di$mi$$al +rom #0e $ervie. $ri#or,

0o2ever, de$erve$ #0e $ame om"a$$iona#e #rea#men# aorded #o a $imilarl $i#)a#ed o)r#

em"loee in e io$ v. Aleo i+ $ri#or $0o)ld end 0er )nla2+)l rela#ion$0i" 2i#0 M)ila"io. In

e io$, #0e Co)r#, in deidin* no# #o di$mi$$ an em"loee bea)$e 0e +inall #ermina#ed 0i$o0abi#a#ion 2i#0 ano#0er 2oman Given #0e ir)m$#ane$, i# 2o)ld deem )nd)l 0ar$0 #o

"enalize $ri#or +or o0abi#in* +or #0e la$# 7 ear$ 2i#0 a man $0e believe$ i$ 0er 0)$band and

$0e <no2$ i$ #0e +a#0er o+ 0er $on. No #0ird "ar# 0a$ laimed or $)++ered in)r bea)$e o+ #0eir o0abi#a#ion. On #0e on#rar, $)$"endin* or even di$mi$$in* 0er +or 0er on#in)ed o0abi#a#ion

2o)ld onl 2or< 0ard$0i" on 0er +amil. Aordin*l, re$"onden# %oledad %. $ri#or i$

$)$"ended +or $i mon#0$ and one da 2i#0o)# "a +or ond)# "re)diial #o #0e be$# in#ere$# o+ #0e $ervie. o2ever, #0e $)$"en$ion $0all be li+#ed immedia#el )"on $ri#or$ mani+e$#a#ion #o

#0i$ Co)r# #0a# $0e 0a$ ea$ed o0abi#in* 2i#0 L)iano . M)ila"io, (r. 3oreover, re$"onden#

$ri#or i$ 2arned #0a# 0er on#in)ed o0abi#a#ion 2i#0 M)ila"io, d)rin* or a+#er 0er $)$"en$ionand 20ile M)ila"io$ marria*e 2i#0 0i$ le*al 2i+e $#ill $)b$i$#$, $0all meri# #0e "enal# o+

di$mi$$al +rom #0e $ervie.




'0e la2 and moral$ are lo$el in#er#2ined a$ a #radi#ionall 0eld belie+. B)# one m)$#

)nder$#and #0a# a la2 2i#0o)# morali# a$ no# la2 a# all b)# na<ed "o2er and #0a# 0)man bein*$

no# onl 0ave a le*al b)# al$o #0e moral obli*a#ion #o obe #0e la2. I# $)**e$#$ #0a# 20ere la2la$0e$ 2i#0 morali#, i# an im"o$e no obli*a#ion, moral or o#0er2i$e, )"on anone #o obe i#,

one ma a#)all be morall bo)nd #o di$obe #0e la2. La2 and morali# man 0a$ ome #o <no2

o+ 0i$ la2 and moral$ #0ro)*0 0)man $o)l, 0)man on$iene and #0e 0)man mind. '0e $ele#ion0a$ learl $#a#ed #0e im"lia#ion$ o+ la2 and moral$ #o ea0 o#0er, even #0ro)*0 ab$ene o+ one

o+ i#. >0ile no# all la2$ are morall ri*0# or o+ moral$, a$ $#a#ed above, im"o$e no obli*a#ion or

moral #o anone 20o obe i#, i# i$ $a+e #o $a #0a# one ma a#)all be morall bo)nd #o di$obe#0e la2. '0i$ la$0 ome$ 20en #0e la2 $)0 a$ dea#0 "enal# ari$e$, morall $"ea<in*, i# i$

2ron* #o <ill $omeone, b)# #0e on+li# *ro2$ even more i+ #0e o++en$e ommi##ed involve$ ra"e

and m)rder, $o i$ #0e )d*men# rendered #o end $omeone?$ li+e on #0e $#a#ed o++en$e$ valid@ I+

no#, 2ill #0e vi#im *e#$ )$#ie i+ #0e o++ender $)++er$ li+e im"ri$onmen#@ %)0 a *ood0allen*in* :)e$#ion #0a# 0a$ $#ron* moral vie2$ in li+e. B)# I believe even i+ i# i$ morall or

le*all 2ron* #0ere 2ill be an ee"#ion. 'a<e #0e a$e o+ Ri0ard Par<er #0e abin bo, 20o 2a$

ea#en b 0i$ +ello2 in order #o $)rvive #0e 0)n*er in #0e middle o+ #0e oean. '0e ar*)men# ri$e$

on #0i$ a$e i$, #0e on$en# *iven b #0e vi#im 2ill a:)i# #0e o++ender$ in #0i$ a$e@ '0i$ anreall be 0ard #o an$2er a$ 2e an?# +ind an moral "rini"le$ #0a# 2ill *ermane #o #0e i$$)e. In

order #o +)ll deide on #0e morali# o+ ever a#ion, #0in< o+ i# a$ i+ #0e $im"le #0in*$ meanan#0in* #o o), in a 2a #0a# o) 2ei*0 20i0 o+ one o+ #0e$e 0a$ man ri*0# or 2ron*@

KG.R. No. 1651. ()l 78, 1999

(OL G. 3IRANA, petitioner, vs. AN'ONIO 3. ABAA and #0e CO33I%%ION ON

LC'ION%, respondents.

a#$/On 3ar0 74, 1998, (o$e Pem"e 3iranda, #0en in)mben# maor o+ %an#ia*o Ci#, I$abela,

+iled 0i$ er#i+ia#e o+ andida +or #0e $ame maoral# "o$# +or #0e $n0ronized 3a 11, 1998

ele#ion$.

On 3ar0 7D, 1998, "riva#e re$"onden# An#onio 3. Abaa +iled a Pe#i#ion #o en )e Co)r$e#o andor Canel Cer#i+ia#e o+ Candida H"". 76-, Rollo, 20i0 2a$ do<e#ed a$ %PA No.

98-19. '0e "e#i#ion 2a$ GRAN' b #0e Comele in i#$ re$ol)#ion da#ed 3a 5, 1998 H"".

6-4, Rollo. '0e Comele +)r#0er r)led #o I%M!ALI (o$e Pem"e 3iranda.

On 3a 6, 1998, 2a beond #0e deadline +or +ilin* a er#i+ia#e o+ andida, "e#i#ioner (oel G.

3iranda +iled 0i$ er#i+ia#e o+ andida +or #0e maoral# "o$#, $)""o$edl a$ a $)b$#i#)#e +or 0i$ +a#0er, (o$e Pem"e 3iranda.

)rin* #0e 3a 11, 1998 ele#ion$, "e#i#ioner and "riva#e re$"onden# vied +or #0e maoral# $ea#,2i#0 "e#i#ioner *arnerin* 77,7 vo#e$, 1,666 more vo#e$ #0an "riva#e re$"onden# 20o *o# onl

7, 6 vo#e$.

On 3a 1, 1998, "riva#e re$"onden# +iled a Pe#i#ion #o elare N)ll and &oid %)b$#i#)#ion 2i#0

Praer +or I$$)ane o+ >ri# o+ Preliminar In)n#ion andor 'em"orar Re$#rainin* Order, 20i02a$ do<e#ed a$ %PA No. 98-788. e "raed +or #0e n)lli+ia#ion o+ "e#i#ioner$ er#i+ia#e o+

andida +or bein* void ab ini#io bea)$e #0e er#i+ia#e o+ andida o+ (o$e Pem"e 3iranda,

20om "e#i#ioner 2a$ $)""o$ed #o $)b$#i#)#e, 0ad alread been anelled and denied d)e o)r$e.

On 3a 16, 1998, Comele$ ir$# ivi$ion di$mi$$ed %PA No. 98-788 mo#) "ro"rio H"". 5D-61,Rollo. Priva#e re$"onden# moved +or reon$idera#ion H"". 67-D7, Rollo. On eember 8, 1998,

#0e Comele n Ban rendered #0e a$$ailed dei$ion a+ore:)o#ed, re$olvin* #o GRAN' #0e

mo#ion +or reon$idera#ion, #0)$ n)lli+in* #0e $)b$#i#)#ion b "e#i#ioner (oel G. 3iranda o+ 0i$+a#0er a$ andida#e +or #0e maoral# "o$# o+ %an#ia*o Ci#.

On eember 9, 1998, "e#i#ioner $o)*0# #0i$ Co)r#$ in#ere$$ion via a "e#i#ion +or er#iorari, 2i#0

"raer +or #0e i$$)ane o+ a #em"orar re$#rainin* order andor 2ri# o+ "reliminar in)n#ion. On

eember 11, 1998, #0e Co)r# re$olved #o i$$)e a #em"orar re$#rainin* order and #o re:)ire

re$"onden#$ #o ommen# on #0e "e#i#ion. On eember 14, 1998, "riva#e re$"onden# +iled 0i$Commen# H"". 14-18D and 188-74, Rollo and on ebr)ar 16, 1999, #0e Comele, #0ro)*0 i#$



o)n$el, #0e %olii#or General, +iled i#$ Commen# H"". 754-765, Rollo. '0e Co)r# re:)ired

"e#i#ioner #o +ile a on$olida#ed re"l 2i#0in 1 da$ +rom no#ie, b)# "e#i#ioner #2ie a$<ed +or

an e#en$ion o+ #0e "eriod. >i#0o)# *ran#in* #0e mo#ion$ +or e#en$ion o+ #ime #o +ileon$olida#ed re"l, #0e Co)r# deided #o re$olve #0e on#rover$ in +avor o+ "e#i#ioner.

I$$)e/>0e#0er #0e ann)lmen# o+ "e#i#ioner$ $)b$#i#)#ion and "rolama#ion 2a$ i$$)ed 2i#0o)# )ri$di#ion andor 2i#0 *rave ab)$e o+ di$re#ion amo)n#in* #o la< o+ )ri$di#ionJ

eld/'0e Co)r# +ind$ nei#0er la< o+ )ri$di#ion nor *rave ab)$e o+ di$re#ion a##ended #0eann)lmen# o+ #0e $)b$#i#)#ion and "rolama#ion o+ "e#i#ioner.

On #0e ma##er o+ )ri$di#ion, #0ere i$ no :)e$#ion #0a# #0e a$e a# 0and i$ 2i#0in #0e el)$ive

ori*inal )ri$di#ion o+ #0e Comele.

On #0e i$$)e o+ $o)ndne$$ o+ #0e di$"o$i#ion in %PA No. 98-788, #0e Co)r# +ind$ #0a# #0e

Comele$ a#ion n)lli+in* #0e $)b$#i#)#ion b and "rolama#ion o+ "e#i#ioner +or #0e maoral#

"o$# o+ %an#ia*o Ci#, I$abela i$ "ro"er and le*all $o)nd.

Comele ommi##ed no *rave ab)$e o+ di$re#ion in re$olvin* %PA No. 98-788 in +avor o+ "riva#e

re$"onden#. A$ earlier "oin#ed o)#, #0e re$)l# in #0e di$"o$i#ive "or#ion o+ #0e eember 8, 1998re$ol)#ion "er#ainin* #o #0e i$$)e$ involved in %PA No. 98-788 i$ orre# in$o+ar a$ i# ann)lled #0e

ele#ion and "rolama#ion o+ (oel G. 3iranda. B)# even a$$)min* +or #0e $a<e o+ ar*)men# #0a# i#

i$ no#, $#ill, #0i$ $)""o$ed error doe$ no# on$#i#)#e *rave ab)$e o+ di$re#ion 20i0 ma be

ann)lled and rever$ed in #0e "re$en# "e#i#ion +or er#iorari.


()$#ie Oliver >endell olme$ (r. 0a$ a"#l $aid, '0e li+e o+ #0e la2 0a$ no# been lo*iJ i# 0a$

been e"eriene, 0e "oin#ed o)# #0e "roblem 2i#0 maori#$ "o$i#ion i$ #0a# i# #o#all #ermina#e$

#0e re$)l# o+ #0e ele#ion +or #0e "o$i#ion o+ maor and in$#ead )neremonio)$l in$#all$ #0eele#ed vie maor #o #0e $aid "o$i#ion. '0ere i$ no do)b# #0a# #0e "e#i#ioner 2a$ #0e "eo"le$

0oie +or maor. e *arnered #0e 0i*0e$# n)mber o+ vo#e$ in #0e ele#ion +or maor in #0e Ci#

o+ %an#ia*o. >0 $0o)ld #0i$ Co)r#, in #0e name o+ 0air-$"li##in* lo*i, obli#era#e #0e "o")lar 2illand im"o$e )"on #0e ele#ora#e "er$on 20om nobod vo#ed +or #0e "o$i#ion o+ maor@

"eriene and ommon $en$e rebel a*ain$# #0i$ "ro"o$i#ion. %ome#ime$ 2e +ind #0e r)lin* or

)d*emen# rendered on #0e a$e o""o$ed #o 20a# 2e believe 2a$ ri*0#. >e on#em"la#e #0a# #0ere

an?# be anone 20o 2ill in+li#$ dama*e or in)r in +avorin* #0e ;ri*0#= #0in* #0a# 2e believe.B)# )nder ir)m$#ane$, o)r# dei$ion i$n?# li<e #0a#. %o on 20a# #0e o)r# 0a$ e"eriene $ine

i# ei$#eneJ #0e dei$ion 0a$ been made even be+ore #0e #rial 0a$ $#ar#ed@ '0e #0in* i$, ()$#ie

olme$ (r. 2a$ ri*0# and I o)ldn?# a*ree more #o 0i$ $#a#emen#. I# an be di$0ear#enin*$ome#ime$ b)# 20a# 2e m)$# learn i$ #0a# #0e #0in<in* li<e a )d*e, #a<in* no $ide$ )nle$$ #0e

on#rar i$ "roven $)++iien#l and #0a# onvi#ion #o $)++er "enal# i$ "ro"er a$ #o #0e 2ei*0# o+

o++en$e.

Co im C0an v$. &aldez 'an e0

a#$/ Co im C0an 0ad a "endin* ivil a$e, ini#ia#ed d)rin* #0e (a"ane$e o)"a#ion, 2i#0 #0e

Co)r# o+ ir$# In$#ane o+ 3anila. A+#er #0e Libera#ion o+ #0e 3anila and #0e Ameriano)"a#ion, ()d*e Ar$enio izon re+)$ed #o on#in)e 0earin*$ on #0e a$e, $ain* #0a# a

"rolama#ion i$$)ed b General o)*la$ 3aAr#0)r 0ad invalida#ed and n)lli+ied all )diial

"roeedin*$ and )d*men#$ o+ #0e o)r#$ o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ and, 2i#0o)# an enablin* la2, lo2er

o)r#$ 0ave no )ri$di#ion #o #a<e o*nizane o+ and on#in)e )diial "roeedin*$ "endin* in#0e o)r#$ o+ #0e de+)n# Re")bli o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ H#0e P0ili""ine *overnmen# )nder #0e

(a"ane$e.



I$$)e$/

1. >0e#0er or no# )diial "roeedin*$ and dei$ion$ made d)rin* #0e (a"ane$e o)"a#ion 2ere

valid and remained valid even a+#er #0e Amerian o)"a#ionJ7. >0e#0er or no# #0e O#ober 7, 1944 "rolama#ion 3aAr#0)r i$$)ed in 20i0 0e delared #0a#

;all la2$, re*)la#ion$ and "roe$$e$ o+ an o#0er *overnmen# in #0e P0ili""ine$ #0an #0a# o+ #0e

$aid Common2eal#0 are n)ll and void and 2i#0o)# le*al e++e# in area$ o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ +ree o+enem o)"a#ion and on#rol= invalida#ed all )d*men#$ and )diial a#$ and "roeedin*$ o+ #0e

o)r#$J

. And 20e#0er or no# i+ #0e 2ere no# invalida#ed b 3aAr#0)r?$ "rolama#ion, #0o$e o)r#$o)ld on#in)e 0earin* #0e a$e$ "endin* be+ore #0em.

eld/ Poli#ial and in#erna#ional la2 reo*nize$ #0a# all a#$ and "roeedin*$ o+ a de +a#o

*overnmen# are *ood and valid. '0e P0ili""ine e)#ive Commi$$ion and #0e Re")bli o+ #0e

P0ili""ine$ )nder #0e (a"ane$e o)"a#ion ma be on$idered de +a#o *overnmen#$, $)""or#ed

b #0e mili#ar +ore and derivin* #0eir a)#0ori# +rom #0e la2$ o+ 2ar.3)nii"al la2$ and "riva#e la2$, 0o2ever, )$)all remain in +ore )nle$$ $)$"ended or 0an*ed

b #0e on:)eror. Civil obediene i$ e"e#ed even d)rin* 2ar, +or ;#0e ei$#ene o+ a $#a#e o+in$)rre#ion and 2ar did no# loo$en #0e bond$ o+ $oie#, or do a2a 2i#0 ivil *overnmen# or #0e

re*)lar admini$#ra#ion o+ #0e la2$. And i+ #0e 2ere no# valid, #0en i# 2o)ld no# 0ave been

nee$$ar +or 3aAr#0)r #o ome o)# 2i#0 a "rolama#ion abro*a#in* #0em.'0e $eond :)e$#ion, #0e o)r# $aid, 0in*e$ on #0e in#er"re#a#ion o+ #0e "0ra$e ;"roe$$e$ o+ an

o#0er *overnmen#= and 20e#0er or no# 0e in#ended i# #o ann)l all o#0er )d*men#$ and )diial

"roeedin*$ o+ o)r#$ d)rin* #0e (a"ane$e mili#ar o)"a#ion.

I, aordin* #o in#erna#ional la2, non-"oli#ial )d*men#$ and )diial "roeedin*$ o+ de +a#o*overnmen#$ are valid and remain valid even a+#er #0e o)"ied #erri#or 0a$ been libera#ed, #0en

i# o)ld no# 0ave been 3aAr#0)r?$ in#en#ion #o re+er #o )diial "roe$$e$, 20i0 2o)ld be inviola#ion o+ in#erna#ional la2.A 2ell-<no2n r)le o+ $#a#)#or on$#r)#ion i$/ ;A $#a#)#e o)*0# never #o be on$#r)ed #o viola#e

#0e la2 o+ na#ion$ i+ an o#0er "o$$ible on$#r)#ion remain$.=

Ano#0er i$ #0a# ;20ere *rea# inonveniene 2ill re$)l# +rom a "ar#i)lar on$#r)#ion, or *rea#mi$0ie+ done, $)0 on$#r)#ion i$ #o be avoided, or #0e o)r# o)*0# #o "re$)me #0a# $)0

on$#r)#ion 2a$ no# in#ended b #0e ma<er$ o+ #0e la2, )nle$$ re:)ired b lear and )ne:)ivoal

2ord$.=Ann)llin* )d*men#$ o+ o)r#$ made d)rin* #0e (a"ane$e o)"a#ion 2o)ld lo* #0e do<e#$ and

viola#e in#erna#ional la2, #0ere+ore 20a# 3aAr#0)r $aid $0o)ld no# be on$#r)ed #o mean #0a#

)diial "roeedin*$ are inl)ded in #0e "0ra$e ;"roe$$e$ o+ an o#0er *overnmen#$.=

In #0e a$e o+ !% v$ Rei#er, #0e o)r# $aid #0a# i+ $)0 la2$ and in$#i#)#ion$ are on#in)ed in )$e b #0e o)"an#, #0e beome 0i$ and derive #0eir +ore +rom 0im. '0e la2$ and o)r#$ o+ #0e

P0ili""ine$ did no# beome, b bein* on#in)ed a$ re:)ired b #0e la2 o+ na#ion$, la2$ and

o)r#$ o+ (a"an.I# i$ a le*al maim #0a#, ee"#in* o+ a "oli#ial na#)re, ;la2 one e$#abli$0ed on#in)e$ )n#il

0an*ed b $ome om"e#en# le*i$la#ive "o2er. I' I% NO' CANG 3RL B CANG

O %O&RIGN'.= !n#il, o+ o)r$e, #0e ne2 $overei*n b le*i$la#ive a# rea#e$ a 0an*e.'0ere+ore, even a$$)min* #0a# (a"an le*all a:)ired $overei*n# over #0e P0ili""ine$, and #0e

la2$ and o)r#$ o+ #0e P0ili""ine$ 0ad beome o)r#$ o+ (a"an, a$ #0e $aid o)r#$ and la2$

rea#in* and on+errin* )ri$di#ion )"on #0em 0ave on#in)ed in +ore )n#il no2, i# +ollo2$ #0a#

#0e $ame o)r#$ ma on#in)e eeri$in* #0e $ame )ri$di#ion over a$e$ "endin* #0erein be+ore#0e re$#ora#ion o+ #0e Common2eal#0 Governmen#, )n#il aboli$0ed or #0e la2$ rea#in* and

on+errin* )ri$di#ion )"on #0em are re"ealed b #0e $aid *overnmen#.

CI%ION/ >ri# o+ mandam)$ i$$)ed #o #0e )d*e o+ #0e Co)r# o+ ir$# In$#ane o+ 3anila,orderin* 0im #o #a<e o*nizane o+ and on#in)e #o +inal )d*men# #0e "roeedin*$ in ivil a$e

no. 17.

%)mmar o+ ra#io/

1. In#erna#ional la2 $a$ #0e a#$ o+ a de +a#o *overnmen# are valid and ivil la2$ on#in)e evend)rin* o)"a#ion )nle$$ re"ealed.

7. 3aAr#0)r ann)lled "roeedin*$ o+ o#0er *overnmen#$, b)# #0i$ anno# be a""lied on )diial

"roeedin*$ bea)$e $)0 a on$#r)#ion 2o)ld viola#e #0e la2 o+ na#ion$.. %ine #0e la2$ remain valid, #0e o)r# m)$# on#in)e 0earin* #0e a$e "endin* be+ore i#.

QQQ <ind$ o+ de +a#o *overnmen#/ one e$#abli$0ed #0ro)*0 rebellion H*ov# *e#$ "o$$e$$ion and



on#rol #0ro)*0 +ore or #0e voie o+ #0e maori# and main#ain$ i#$el+ a*ain$# #0e 2ill o+ #0e

ri*0#+)l *overnmen#

#0ro)*0 o)"a#ion He$#abli$0ed and main#ained b mili#ar +ore$ 20o invade and o)" a#erri#or o+ #0e enem in #0e o)r$e o+ 2arJ deno#ed a$ a *overnmen# o+ "aramo)n# +ore

#0ro)*0 in$)rre#ion He$#abli$0ed a$ an inde"enden# *overnmen# b #0e in0abi#an#$ o+ a o)n#r

20o ri$e in in$)rre#ion a*ain$# #0e "aren# $#a#e


()$#ie Oliver >endell olme$, "er0a"$ #0e 2i$e$# man 20o 0ad ever $a# in #0e %)"reme Co)r#o+ #0e !ni#ed %#a#e$, #0e +ollo2in*/ >0en #0e 2ord$ in #0eir li#eral $en$e 0ave a "lain meanin*,

o)r#$ m)$# be ver a)#io)$ in allo2in* #0eir ima*ina#ion #o *ive #0em a di++eren# one. !"on

:)e$#ion$ o+ on$#r)#ion 20en arbi#rar r)le i$ involved, i# i$ al2a$ more im"or#an# #o on$ider

#0e 2ord$ and #0e ir)m$#ane$ #0an even $#ron* analo*ie$ dei$ion$. '0e $)e$$ive ne*le# o+

a $erie$ o+ $mall di$#in#ion$, in #0e e++or# #o +ollo2 "reeden#, i$ ver liable #o end in "erver#in*in$#r)men#$ +rom #0eir "lain meanin*. In no o#0er bran0 o+ #0e la2 H#r)$#$ i$ $o m)0 di$re#ion

re:)ired in dealin* 2i#0 a)#0ori#... '0ere i$ a $#ron* "re$)m"#ion in +avor o+ *ivin* #0em 2ord$#0eir na#)ral meanin*, and a*ain$# readin* #0em a$ i+ #0e $aid $ome#0in* el$e, 20i0 #0e are no#

+i##ed #o e"re$$. '0e ()$#ie olme$, 0a$ e"lained i# +)r#0er o+ 0o2 #0e o)r#$ m)$# be alarmed

in allo2in* #0eir ima*ina#ion #o *ive a di++eren# meanin* a$ o""o$ed #0e e$#abli$0ed $en$e o+ #0e2ord$ )$ed. '0e :)e$#ion #o on$#r)#ion abo)# #0e involvemen# o+ arbi#rar r)le, in 20i0 i$ #0e

ne*a#ive vie2 o+ #0e )d*e 20o ba$ed 0i$ r)lin*$ on 20im in$#ead o+ )$#ieJ #0e im"or#ane o+

2ord$ and #0e ir)m$#ane$ #0an even $#ron* analo*ie$ dei$ion$, mean$ #0a# 2ord$ andir)m$#ane$ om"are$ #o #0e onne#ion o+ $#ron* dei$ion$ i$ im"or#an#. '0e +ollo2in*

ne*le#$ in $mall di$#in#ion in e++or# #o +ollo2 #0e "reeden# are ver liable #o end in "erver#in*

in$#r)men#$ +rom #0eir "lain meanin*. '0e line 2a$ e"lained in )nambi*)o)$ #erm$ #0a# #0emeanin* na#)rall ari$e$ )"on readin*. ven #0e la$# line #0a# #0e in no o#0er bran0 o+ #0e la2, i$$o m)0 di$re#ion re:)ired in dealin* 2i#0 a)#0ori# '0ere i$ a $#ron* "re$)m"#ion in +avor o+

*ivin* #0em 2ord$ #0eir na#)ral meanin*, and a*ain$# readin* #0em a$ i+ #0e $aid $ome#0in*

el$e, 20i0 #0e are no# +i##ed #o e"re$$. And 2i#0 #0a# ver m)0 $aid, #0e ()$#ie olme$ 0a$e"lained i# in a 2a #0a# #0e na#)ral meanin* ari$e$.

RGALA ' AL. &%. %ANIGANBAAN

GR NO. 1598, %P'3BR 7, 1996

a#$/ Clien#$ on$)l#ed #0e "e#i#ioner$, in #0eir a"ai# a$ la2er$ regarding the fnancial

and or"ora#e $#r)#)re, +rame2or< and $e#-)" o+ #0e or"ora#ion$ in :)e$#ion. In #)rn,

"e#i#ioner$ *ave #0eir "ro+e$$ional advie in #0e +orm o+, amon* o#0er$, #0e deed$ o+ a$$i*nmen#

overin* #0eir lien#$ $0are0oldin*$. Pe#i#ioner$ +ear #0a# iden#i+in* #0eir lien#$ 2o)ld

im"lia#e #0em in #0e ver a#ivi# +or 20i0 le*al advie 0ad been $o)*0#, i.e., #0e alle*ed

a)m)la#ion o+ ill-*o##en 2eal#0 in #0e a+oremen#ioned or"ora#ion$.

1. ()l 1, 198D S om"lain# be+ore #0e %andi*anbaan o+ PCGG v$. d)ardo 3. Co)an*o, (r.,

H"rini"al de+endan# e# al. +or reover o+ alle*ed ill-*o##en 2eal#0, i. e., $0are$ o+ $#o<$ in

named or"ora#ion$ in PCGG Ca$e No. HCivil Ca$e No. , en#i#led R. P. v. Co)an*o, e#al.

7. e+endan#$ named in #0e a$e are 0erein "e#i#ioner$ H"l)$ "riva#e re$"onden# Ra)l %. Roo -

#0en "ar#ner$ o+ #0e la2 +irm An*ara, Abello, Cone"ion, Re*ala and Cr)z La2 O++ie$

HACCRA La2 irm.

. ACCRA La2 irm S ac/uired info on assets of clients, personal and business circumstances3

a$$i$#ed in or*aniza#ion and a:)i$i#ion o+ b)$ine$$ a$$oia#ion$ andor or*aniza#ion$ Hom"anie$

li$#ed in Civil Ca$e , 20ere i#$ member$ a#ed a$ inor"ora#or$, or $im"l, a$ $#o<0older$

e#J delivered do)men#$ 20i0 $)b$#an#ia#e #0e lien#$ e:)i# 0oldin*$, i.e., H1 $#o<

er#i+ia#e$ endor$ed in blan< re"re$en#in* #0e $0are$ re*i$#ered in #0e lien#$ name, and H7 a



blan< deed o+ #r)$# or a$$i*nmen# overin* $aid $0are$J a#ed a$ nominee$-$#o<0older$ o+ #0e

$aid or"ora#ion$ involved in $e:)e$#ra#ion "roeedin*$ Ha$ o++ie "ra#ie

4. A)*)$# 7, 1991 - re$"onden# PCGG?$ 3o#ion #o Admi# '0ird Amended Com"lain# and

'0ird Amended Com"lain# el)ded "riva#e re$"onden# Ra)l Roo +rom om"lain# in PCGG

Ca$e No. bea)$e o+ 0i$ )nder#a<in* #0a# 0e 2ill reveal #0e iden#i# o+ #0e "rini"al$ +or 20om 0e a#ed a$ nominee$#o<0older in #0e om"anie$ involved in PCGG Ca$e No. .

5. '0ird Amended Com"lain# S $aid de+endan#$ on$"ired in 0el"in* $e# )", #0ro)*0 #0e )$e o+

#0e oon)# lev +)nd$, !CPB, !NICO3, COCOLI, COCO3AR, CIC, and more #0an 7

o#0er oon)# lev +)nded or"ora#ion$, inl)din* #0e a:)i$i#ion o+ %an 3i*)el Cor"ora#ion

$0are$

6. ACCRA Inve$#men#$ Cor"ora#ion - beame #0e 0older o+ a""roima#el 15 million $0are$

Hro)*0l .T o+ #o#al o)#$#andin* a"i#al $#o< o+ !CPB a$ o+ 1 3ar0 198DJ 44 amon* #0e

#o" 1 bi**e$# $#o<0older$ o+ !CPB Habo)# 1,4, $0are0older$J a 20oll-o2nedinve$#men# arm

D. d*ardo (. An*ara - 0oldin* a""roima#el 4,566 $0are$ a$ o+ ebr)ar, 1984 o+ !CPB

8. "anded Amended Com"lain# o+ ACCRA S $aid #0a# i$ onl in le*i#ima#e la2erin*J beame

0older$ o+ $0are$ o+ $#o< in #0e or"ora#ion$ li$#ed b)# do no# laim an "ro"rie#ar in#ere$# in

#0e $aid $0are$ o+ $#o<J $aid Avelino &. Cr)z an inor"ora#or in 19D6 o+ 3ermaid 3ar<e#in*

Cor"ora#ion b)# +or le*i#ima#e b)$ine$$ ")r"o$e$ and alread #ran$+erred $0are$

9. Pe#i#ioner Paraa a)dini - denied bein* onvolved in #0e alle*ed ill*o##en 2eal#0

1. CO33N' ANOR OPPO%I'ION da#ed O#ober 8, 1991 2i#0 Co)n#er-3o#ion o+

ACCRA S movin* #0a# re$"onden# PCGG $imilarl *ran# #0e $ame #rea#men# #o #0em Hel)$ion

a$ "ar#ie$-de+endan#$ a$ aorded Roo.

11. Condi#ion$ "reeden# +or #0e el)$ion o+ "e#i#ioner$, namel HPCGG?$ Commen#/ Ha #0e

di$lo$)re o+ #0e iden#i# o+ i#$ lien#$J Hb do)men#$ $)b$#an#ia#in* #0e la2er-lien#

rela#ion$0i"J and H deed$ o+ a$$i*nmen#$ "e#i#ioner$ ee)#ed +or lien#$ overin* $0are$

17. PCGG?$ $)""o$ed "roo+ #o $)b$#an#ia#e om"liane b Roo/ Ha Le##er #o re$"onden# PCGG

o+ 0i$ #0e o)n$el rei#era#in* "revio)$ re:)e$# +or reinve$#i*a#ionJ Hb A++idavi# a$ A##a0men#J H

Le##er o+ #0e Roo, B)na*, and a")nan La2 O++ie$ ori*inall re:)e$#in* #0e reinve$#i*a#ionandor re-eamina#ion o+ evidene o+ PCGG a*ain$# Roo

1. Roo did no# re+)#e "e#i#ioner$ on#en#ion #0a# 0e did a#)all no# reveal iden#i# o+ #0e

lien#, nor )nder#oo< #o reveal #0e iden#i# o+ #0e lien# +or 20om 0e a#ed a$ nominee-

$#o<0older.

14. 3ar0 18, 1997 - re$"onden# %andi*anbaan "rom)l*a#ed Re$ol)#ion 0erein :)e$#ioned,

denin* #0e el)$ion o+ "e#i#ioner$ +or #0eir re+)$al #o om"l 2i#0 #0e ondi#ion$ b PCGG

15. ene, "e#i#ion +or er#iorari, *ro)nd$/ $#ri# a""lia#ion o+ #0e la2 o+ a*enJ ab$ol)#el no

evidene #0a# 3r. Roo 0ad revealed, or 0ad )nder#a<en #o reveal, di$lo$)re no# on$#i#)#e a

$)b$#an#ial di$#in#ion +or e:)al "ro#e#ion la)$e, +avori#i$m and )nd)e "re+ereneJ no# 0oldin*

#0a#, )nder #0e +a#$ o+ #0i$ a$e, #0e a##orne-lien# "rivile*e "ro0ibi#$ "e#i#ioner$ ACCRA

la2er$ +rom revealin* #0e iden#i# o+ #0eir lien#H$ and #0e o#0er in+orma#ion re:)e$#ed b #0e

PCGGJ )nrea$onable or )n)$#

I$$)e/ Privile*ed In+orma#ion

>0e#0er or no# #0e la2er?$ +id)iar d)# Huberrimei fidei7 ma be a$$er#ed in re+)$in* #o

di$lo$e #0e iden#i# o+ lien#$ Kname o+ "e#i#ioner$ lien#H$ )nder #0e +a#$ and ir)m$#ane$

ob#ainin* in #0e in$#an# a$e



eld/

'0e i*0 Co)r# )"0eld #0a# "e#i#ioner$ ri*0# no# #o reveal #0e iden#i# o+ #0eir lien#$ )nder "ain

o+ #0e brea0 o+ +id)iar d)# o2in* #o #0eir lien#$, bea)$e #0e +a#$ o+ #0e in$#an# a$e learl

+all 2i#0in reo*nized ee"#ion$ #o #0e r)le #0a# #0e lien#$ name i$ no# "rivile*ed in+orma#ion.

%andi*anbaan re$ol)#ion ann)lled and $e# a$ide. Pe#i#ioner$ el)ded +rom om"lain#. 1. Ala2er ma no# invo<e #0e "rivile*e and re+)$e #o div)l*e #0e name or iden#i# o+ #0i$ lien#.

Rea$on$/ 1. Co)r# 0a$ a ri*0# #o <no2 #0a# #0e lien# 20o$e "rivile*ed in+orma#ion i$ $o)*0# #o be

"ro#e#ed i$ +le$0 and blood. 7. Privile*e be*in$ #o ei$# onl a+#er #0e a##orne lien# rela#ion$0i"

0a$ been e$#abli$0ed. '0e a##orne-lien# "rivile*e doe$ no# a##a0 )n#il #0ere i$ a lien#. .

Privile*e *enerall "er#ain$ #o #0e subect matter o+ #0e rela#ion$0i". 4. )e "roe$$

on$idera#ion$ re:)ire #0a# #0e o""o$in* "ar# $0o)ld, a$ a *eneral r)le, <no2 0i$ adver$ar.

7. B!' He"#ion$Raio eidendi/ >0en #0e lien#$ name i#$el+ 0a$ an inde"enden#

$i*ni+iane, $)0 #0a# di$lo$)re 2o)ld #0en reveal lien# on+idene$ 1. A $#ron* "robabili#

ei$#$ #0a# revealin* #0e lien#$ name 2o)ld im"lia#e #0a# lien# in #0e ver a#ivi# +or 20i0 0e$o)*0# #0e la2er$ advie. HBaird ee"#ion +or +reedom o+ on$)l#a#ion 7. i$lo$)re 2o)ld

o"en #0e lien# #o ivil liabili#. Ha$e a# bar . Governmen#$ la2er$ 0ave no a$e a*ain$# an

a##orne$ lien# )nle$$, b revealin* #0e lien#$ name, #0e $aid name 2o)ld +)rni$0 #0e onl lin<

#0a# 2o)ld +orm #0e 0ain o+ #e$#imon nee$$ar #o onvi# an individ)al o+ a rime. Ha$e a# bar

S BAIR ECP'ION

4. Relevan# #o #0e $)be# ma##er o+ #0e le*al "roblem on 20i0 #0e lien# $ee<$ le*al a$$i$#ane

Ha$e a# bar

5. -ature o+ #0e a##orne-lien# rela#ion$0i" 0a$ been "revio)$l di$lo$ed and it is the identit2which is intended to be confidential

. Pe#i#ioner$ 2ere im"leaded b PCGG a$ o-de+endan#$ #o +ore #0em #o di$lo$e #0e iden#i# o+

#0eir lien#$, a+#er #0e bi**er +i$0 a$ #0e $a in $#ree# "arlane #0e name$ o+ #0eir lien#$ in

e0an*e +or el)$ion +rom #0e om"lain#. HPrimavera arm$, In., e# al. v$. PCGG 3ario

On*<i<o - $o alled lien# i$ 3r. d)ardo Co)an*o Hlevera*e #o nail lien#$

4. No valid a)$e o+ a#ion. I# 2o)ld $eem #0a# "e#i#ioner$ are merel $#andin* in +or #0eir lien#$

a$ de+endan#$ in #0e om"lain#. Pe#i#ioner$ are bein* "ro$e)#ed $olel on #0e ba$i$ o+ a#ivi#ie$

and $ervie$ "er+ormed in #0e o)r$e o+ #0eir d)#ie$ a$ la2er$.

5. '0e na#)re o+ la2er-lien# rela#ion$0i" i$ "remi$ed on #0e Roman La2 one"#$ o+

locatioconductio operarum Hon#ra# o+ lea$e o+ $ervie$ 20ere one "er$on le#$ 0i$ $ervie$ and

ano#0er 0ire$ #0em 2i#0o)# re+erene #o #0e obe# o+ 20i0 #0e $ervie$ are #o be "er+ormed.

'0eir $ervie$ ma be om"en$a#ed b honorarium or +or 0ire, and mandato Hon#ra# o+ a*en

20erein a +riend on 20om reliane o)ld be "laed ma<e$ a on#ra# in 0i$ name, b)# *ive$ )" all

#0a# 0e *ained b #0e on#ra# #o #0e "er$on 20o re:)e$#ed 0im.

6. O'R%/ Privile*ed Comm)nia#ion La2$ A""liable a. Old Code o+ Civil Proed)re

ena#ed b #0e P0ili""ine Commi$$ion on A)*)$# D, 191. %e#ion 8 +orbid$ o)n$el, 2i#0o)#

a)#0ori# o+ 0i$ lien# #o reveal an omm)nia#ion made b #0e lien# #o 0im or 0i$ advie *iven#0ereon in #0e o)r$e o+ "ro+e$$ional em"lomen#.

b. R)le$ o+ Co)r# %e. 74/ ;i$:)ali+ia#ion b rea$on o+ "rivile*ed omm)nia#ion. '0e

+ollo2in* "er$on$ anno# #e$#i+ a$ #o ma##er$ learned in on+idene in #0e +ollo2in* a$e$/ ;An

a##orne anno#, 2i#0o)# #0e on$en# o+ 0i$ lien#, be eamined a$ #o an omm)nia#ion made

b #0e lien# #o 0im, or 0i$ advie *iven #0ereon in #0e o)r$e o+=

. R)le 18 o+ #0e R)le$ o+ Co)r# $#a#e$, %e. 7/ ;d)# o+ an a##orne/ He #o main#ain inviola#e

#0e on+idene, and a# ever "eril #o 0im$el+, #o "re$erve #0e $ere#$ o+ 0i$ lien#, and #o ae"# no

om"en$a#ion in onne#ion 2i#0 0i$ lien#$ b)$ine$$ ee"# +rom 0im or 2i#0 0i$ <no2led*e

and a""roval.=



d. Canon 1D o+ #0e Code o+ Pro+e$$ional Re$"on$ibili#/ ;A la2er o2e$ +ideli# #o #0e a)$e o+

0i$ lien# and 0e $0all be mind+)l o+ #0e #r)$# and on+idene re"o$ed in 0im.=

e. Canon 15 o+ #0e Canon$ o+ Pro+e$$ional #0i$/ '0e la2er$ o2e$ en#ire devo#ion #o #0e

in#ere$# o+ #0e lien#, 2arm zeal in #0e main#enane and de+en$e o+ 0i$ ri*0#$ and #0e eer#ion o+

0i$ )#mo$# learnin* and abili#,

D. :)al "ro#e#ion la)$e - a *)aran#ee 20i0 "rovide$ a 2all o+ "ro#e#ion a*ain$# )neven

a""lia#ion o+ $#a#)$ and re*)la#ion$. In #0e broader $en$e, #0e *)aran#ee o"era#e$ a*ain$# )neven

application o+ le*al norm$ $o #0a# all "er$on$ )nder $imilar ir)m$#ane$ 2o)ld be aorded #0e

$ame #rea#men#.

8. &iola#e$ #0e e:)al "ro#e#ion *)aran#ee and #0e ri*0# a*ain$# $el+inrimina#ion and $)bver#$ #0e

la2er-lien# on+iden#iali# "rivile*e.


%)0 are #0e )nrelen#in* d)#ie$ re:)ired b la2er$ vi$-a-vi$ #0eir lien#$ bea)$e #0e la2, 20i0#0e la2er$ are $2orn #o )"0old, in #0e 2ord$ o+ ()$#ie Oliver >endell olme$, a$ an ea#in*

*odde$$, demandin* o+ 0er vo#arie$ in in#elle#)al and moral di$i"line. #0e Co)r#, no le$$ i$ no#

"re"ared #o ae"# re$"onden#$ "o$i#ion #0a# i$ la2erin*, $o e#olled b ()$#ie olme$ in #0i$2i$e/

ver allin* i$ *rea# 20en *rea#l ")r$)ed. B)# 20a# o#0er *ive$ $)0 $o"e #o realize #0a#

$"on#aneo)$ ener* o+ one$ $o)l@ In 20a# o#0er doe$ one "l)n*e $o dee" in #0e $#ream o+ li+e $o

$0are i#$ "a$$ion i#$ ba##le$, i#$ de$"air, i#$ #ri)m"0$, bo#0 a$ 2i#ne$$ and a#or@ B)# #0a# i$ no# all.>0a# a $)be# i$ #0i$ in 20i0 2e are )ni#ed #0i$ ab$#ra#ion alled #0e La2, 20erein a$ in a

ma*i mirrorJ 2e $ee re+le#ed, no# onl in o)r live$, b)# #0e live$ o+ all men #0a# 0ave been.

>0en I #0in< on #0i$ mae$#i #0eme m ee$ dazzle. I+ 2e are #o $"ea< o+ #0e la2 a$ o)r mi$#re$$, 2e 20o are 0ere #o <no2 #0a# $0e i$ a mi$#re$$ onl #o be 2on 2i#0 $)$#ained and lonel

"a$$ion onl #o be 2on b $#rainin* all #0e +a)l#ie$ b 20i0 man i$ li<ened #o God. ()$#ie

olme$ brie+l e"lain$ #0e #erm allin* a$ #o ")r$)in* la2. '0a# an allin* i$ *rea# 20en

*rea#l ")r$)ed, 20a#ever allin* i# i$, 2e an +ind i# 2or#020ile i+ i# i$ *rea#l ")r$)ed. Realize#0e $"on#aneo)$ ener* o+ one?$ $o)l@ ner* in 20i0 ome$ +rom $o)re$, and 0ere, #0e $o)re

re+er$ 2a$ God, 0e 2a$ )l#ima#e $o)re o+ $"on#aneo)$ ener* o+ one?$ $o)l. >0a# o#0er doe$

one "l)n*e $o dee" in #0e $#ream o+ li+e $o $0are i#$ "a$$ion, i#$ ba##le$, i#$ de$"air$, i#$ #ri)m"0$,

bo#0 a$ 2i#ne$$ and a#or@ '0i$ i$ an advie #o do +or 0avin* $"on#aneo)$ ener* o+ $o)l. >e are)ni#ed in #0i$ ab$#ra#ion alled #0e la2, 20erein a$ in a ma*i mirrorJ 2e $ee re+le#ed no# onl

in o)r live$, b)# #0e live$ o+ all men #0a# 0ave been, and #0i$ "ar# i$ 20a# I believe $o #r)e. or ever a$e #0ere are 2inner$ and lo$er$, 20i0 bo#0 re+le#ed in #0e ma*i mirror, 2e deemed

0o2 a #rial an 0an*e one?$ live$ +orever, 20e#0er 0e 2a$ onvi#ed or no#. La2 i$ a ealo)$

mi$#re$$ #o be 2on 2i#0 $)$#ained and lonel "a$$ion.

Primiia$ v$. )*o$o KL-18. (an 7D, 1948

octrine8 Clear and Pre$en# an*er 'e$#, reedom o+ A$$embl and "re$$ion

a#$/ '0i$ a$e i$ an a#ion o+ mandam)$ in$#i#)#ed b "e#i#ioner Ci"riano Primiia$, mana*er o+

#0e Coale$ed 3inori# Par#ie$, a*ain$# re$"onden# 3anila Ci# 3aor, &aleriano )*o$o, #o

om"el #0e la##er #o i$$)e a "ermi# +or #0e 0oldin* o+ a ")bli mee#in* a# #0e Plaza 3iranda on Nov 16, 194D. '0e "e#i#ioner re:)e$#ed +or a "ermi# #o 0old a ;"eae+)l ")bli mee#in*=.

o2ever, #0e re$"onden# re+)$ed #o i$$)e $)0 "ermi# bea)$e 0e +o)nd ;#0a# #0ere i$ a



rea$onable *ro)nd #o believe, ba$in* )"on "revio)$ )##erane$ and )"on #0e +a# #0a# "a$$ion$,

$"eiall on #0e "ar# o+ #0e lo$in* *ro)"$, remain$ bi##er and 0i*0, #0a# $imilar $"ee0e$ 2ill be

delivered #endin* #o )ndermine #0e +ai#0 and on+idene o+ #0e "eo"le in #0eir *overnmen#, and in#0e d)l "eae and a di$r)"#ion o+ ")bli order.= Re$"onden# ba$ed 0i$ re+)$al #o #0e Revi$ed

Ordinane$ o+ 197D "ro0ibi#in* a$ an o++en$e a*ain$# ")bli "eae, and "enalize$ a$ a

mi$demeanor, an a#, in an ")bli "lae, mee#in*, or "roe$$ion, #endin* #o di$#)rb #0e "eaeor ei#e a rio#J or olle# 2i#0 o#0er "er$on$ in a bod or ro2d +or an )nla2+)l ")r"o$eJ or

di$#)rb or di$:)ie# an on*re*a#ion en*a*ed in an la2+)l a$$embl. Inl)ded 0erein i$ %e.

1119, ree )$e o+ P)bli Plae.

I$$)e/ >0e#0er or no# #0e 3aor 0a$ #0e ri*0# #o re+)$e #o i$$)e "ermi# 0ene viola#in* +reedom

o+ a$$embl.

eld/ '0e an$2er i$ ne*a#ive. %)"reme Co)r# $#a#e$ #0a# #0e +reedom o+ $"ee0, and #o "eae+)ll

a$$emble and "e#i#ion #0e *overnmen# +or redre$$ o+ *rievane$, are +)ndamen#al "er$onal ri*0#$

o+ #0e "eo"le reo*nized and *)aran#eed b #0e on$#i#)#ion. o2ever, #0e$e ri*0#$ are no#

ab$ol)#e. '0e an be re*)la#ed )nder #0e $#a#e?$ "olie "o2er S #0a# #0e $0o)ld no# be in)rio)$#o #0e e:)al enomen# o+ o#0er$ 0avin* e:)al ri*0#$, nor #o #0e ri*0#$ o+ #0e omm)ni# or

$oie#.'0e Co)r# 0old$ #0a# #0ere an be 7 in#er"re#a#ion$ o+ %e. 1119/ 1 #0e 3aor o+ #0e Ci# o+

3anila i$ ve$#ed 2i#0 )nre*)la#ed di$re#ion #o *ran# or re+)$e, #o *ran# "ermi# +or #0e 0oldin* o+

a la2+)l a$$embl or mee#in*, "arade, or "roe$$ion in #0e $#ree#$ and o#0er ")bli "lae$ o+ #0eCi# o+ 3anilaJ and 7 '0e ri*0# o+ #0e 3aor i$ $)be# #o rea$onable di$re#ion #o de#ermine or

$"ei+ #0e $#ree#$ or ")bli "lae$ #o be )$ed 2i#0 #0e vie2 #o "reven# on+)$ion b overla""in*,

#o $e)re onvenien# )$e o+ #0e $#ree#$ and ")bli "lae$ b o#0er$, and #o "rovide ade:)a#e and

"ro"er "oliin* #o minimize #0e ri$< o+ di$order.'0e o)r# +avored #0e $eond on$#r)#ion $ine #0e +ir$# on$#r)#ion i$ #an#amo)n# #o

a)#0orizin* #0e 3aor #o "ro0ibi# #0e )$e o+ #0e $#ree#$. !nder o)r demora#i $$#em o+

*overnmen# no $)0 )nlimi#ed "o2er ma be validl *ran#ed #o an o++ier o+ #0e *overnmen#,ee"# "er0a"$ in a$e$ o+ na#ional emer*en. I# i$ #o be no#ed #0a# #0e "ermi# #o be i$$)ed i$ +or

#0e )$e o+ ")bli "lae$ and no# +or #0e a$$embl i#$el+.

'0e Co)r# 0old$ #0a# #0e a$$embl i$ la2+)l and #0)$ anno# be $#r)< do2n. ear o+ $erio)$in)r anno# alone )$#i+ $)""re$$ion o+ +ree $"ee0 and a$$embl. I# i$ #0e +)n#ion o+ $"ee0

#o +ree men +rom #0e bonda*e o+ irra#ional +ear$. 'o )$#i+ $)""re$$ion o+ +ree $"ee0 #0ere m)$#

be rea$onable *ro)nd #o +ear #0a# $erio)$ evil 2ill re$)l# i+ +ree $"ee0 i$ "ra#ied. '0ere m)$# be

rea$onable *ro)nd #o believe #0a# #0e dan*er a""re0ended i$ imminen#. '0ere m)$# be rea$onable*ro)nd #o believe #0a# #0e evil #o be "reven#ed i$ a $erio)$ one . '0e +a# #0a# $"ee0 i$ li<el #o

re$)l# in $ome violene or in de$#r)#ion o+ "ro"er# i$ no# eno)*0 #o )$#i+ i#$ $)""re$$ion.

'0ere m)$# be #0e "robabili# o+ $erio)$ in)r #o #0e $#a#e.P'I'ION I% GRAN'.


()$#ie olme$/

A$ re"re$en#a#ive$ o+ #0e ")bli i# Hle*i$la#)re ma and doe$ eeri$e on#rol over #0e )$e 20i0

#0e ")bli ma ma<e o+ $)0 "lae$ H")bli "ar<$ and $#ree#$and i# ma and doe$ dele*a#e moreor le$$ o+ $)0 on#rol #o #0e i# or #o2n immedia#el onerned. or #0e le*i$la#)re ab$ol)#el

or ondi#ionall #o +orbid ")bli $"ea<in* in a 0i*02a or ")bli "ar< i$ no more an in+rin*emen#

o+ #0e ri*0#$ o+ #0e member o+ #0e ")bli #0an +or #0e o2ner o+ a "riva#e 0o)$e #o +orbid i# in 0i$0o)$e. >0en no "ro"rie#ar ri*0# in#er+ere$ #0e le*i$la#)re ma end #0e ri*0# o+ #0e ")bli #o

en#er )"on #0e ")bli "lae b ")##in* an end #o #0e dedia#ion #o ")bli )$e$. %o i# ma #a<e #0e

le$$er $#e" #o limi#in* #0e ")bli )$e #o er#ain ")r"o$e$. A$ e"lained b ()$#ie olme$,le*i$la#)re b #0e vir#)e o+ on$#i#)#ion ma and doe$ eeri$e on#rol over 20i0 #0e ")bli ma

ma<e $)0 "lae$ li<e ")bli "ar<$ and $#ree#$ and i# ma and doe$ dele*a#e $)0 on#rol #o #0e

i# or #o2n immedia#el onerned. or #0e le*i$la#)re #o ab$ol)#el +orbid ")bli $"ea<in* in a

0i*02a or ")bli "ar< i$ on$idered no more viola#ion o+ #0e ri*0#$ o+ #0e member #0an #0eo2ner o+ a "riva#e 0o)$e. Le*i$la#)re ma end #0e ri*0# o+ #0e ")bli in ae$$ #o ")bli "lae b

endin* i#. '0a# i# 2ill #a<e a le$$er $#e" #o limi#in* #0e ")bli )$e #o er#ain ")r"o$e$. ()$#ie

olme$ 0a$ )nom"romi$in* "0ilo$o"0ial vie2$ +or ma##er$ onernin* la2$, morali#, ri*0#$o+ #0e "eo"le and even limi#in* #0e $aid ri*0#$ o+ #0e "eo"le e$"eiall in ")bli ae$$ and

")bli $"ea<in* in a "riva#e "ro"er# or even in ")bli "lae. I# i$ im"or#an# #0a# #0e le*i$la#)re



e"re$$ed #0e le*i$la#ive in#en# in ma<in* #0i$ $#a#)#e #0a# 2ill end #0e ri*0# o+ #0e ")bli #o en#er

)"on #0e ")bli "lae.

(o$e"0 eri#o $#rada

v$.

%andi*anbaan H'0ird ivi$ion and Peo"le o+ #0e P0ili""ine$

Ponen#e/ (. Bello$illo

a#$/

%e#ion 7 o+ R.A. No. D8 HAn A# e+inin* and Penalizin* #0e Crime o+ Pl)nder a$ amended

b R.A. No. D659 $)b$#an#iall "rovide$ #0a# an ")bli o++ier 20o ama$$e$, a)m)la#e$ or a:)ire$ ill-*o##en 2eal#0 #0ro)*0 a ombina#ion or $erie$ o+ over# or riminal a#$ in #0e

a**re*a#e amo)n# or #o#al val)e o+ a# lea$# +i+# million "e$o$ HP5,,. $0all be *)il# o+

#0e rime o+ "l)nder. Pe#i#ioner (o$e"0 eri#o $#rada, bein* "ro$e)#ed )nder #0e $aid A#,a$$ailed i#$ on$#i#)#ionali#, ar*)in* in#er alia, #0a# i# aboli$0e$ #0e elemen# o+ men$ rea in rime$

alread ")ni$0able )nder '0e Revi$ed Penal CodeJ and a$ $)0, a viola#ion o+ #0e +)ndamen#al

ri*0#$ o+ #0e a)$ed #o d)e "roe$$ and #o be in+ormed o+ #0e na#)re and a)$e o+ #0e a)$a#iona*ain$# 0im.

I$$)e/

>0e#0er or no# #0e rime o+ "l)nder a$ de+ined in R.A. No. D8 i$ a mal)m "ro0ibi#)m.

eld/

No. '0e %)"reme Co)r# 0eld #0a# "l)nder i$ mal)m in $e 20i0 re:)ire$ "roo+ o+ riminal in#en#.

3oreover, #0e le*i$la#ive delara#ion in R.A. No. D659 #0a# "l)nder i$ a 0eino)$ o++en$e im"lie$#0a# i# i$ a mal)m in $e. '0e "redia#e rime$ in #0e a$e o+ "l)nder involve a#$ 20i0 are

in0eren#l immoral or in0eren#l 2ron*, and are ommi##ed ;2ill+)ll, )nla2+)ll and

riminall= b #0e o++ender, alle*in* 0i$ *)il# <no2led*e. '0)$, #0e rime o+ "l)nder i$ a mal)m

in $e.


olme$$ #e$# 2a$ #0a# o+ #0e vie2"oin# o+ #0e bad man. In '0e Pa#0 o+ #0e La2, olme$ $aid/

I+ o) 2an# #o <no2 #0e la2 and no#0in* el$e, o) m)$# loo< a# i# a$ a bad man, 20o are$ onl+or #0e ma#erial on$e:)ene$ 20i0 $)0 <no2led*e enable$ 0im #o "redi#, no# a$ a *ood one,

20o +ind$ 0i$ rea$on$ +or ond)#, 20e#0er in$ide #0e la2 or o)#$ide o+ i# in #0e va*)er $an#ion$

o+ on$iene. I do a*ree 2i#0 0i$ $#a#emen#$. I al$o #0in< la2 i$ 0ar$0, 20o onl #0in<$ o+ ")ni$0men#$, "enal#ie$, om"en$a#or dama*e$, im"ri$onmen#$, n)lli#ie$, on#em"#, limi#a#ion$,and doe$ no# $ee< #o be inviolable. La2 ma be a $#ern in$#r)men# o+ )$#ie #o $e)re #0e ri*0#$

o+ #0e "eo"le #o en$)re 0a""ine$$ in livin* a rimele$$ 2orld. B)# 20e#0er or no# #0e la2$

"rovide va*)er $an#ion$ o+ on$iene, #0e la2 $0all be remained inviolable.

Pa)lino and L)ena Pad)a v. Gre*orio Roble$, GR No. L-4486, A)*. 79, 19D5

a#$/



'0e "lain#i++$ in #0i$ a$e are #0e "aren#$ o+ a o)n* bo 20o 2a$ $#r)< b #0e #ai

driven b Romeo N. P)nzalan d)rin* #0e Ne2 ear?$ a o+ 1969. Gre*orio N. Roble$,

de+endan#, i$ #0e o2ner o+ #0e Ba 'ai Cab. %"$ Pa)lino and L)ena Bebin Pad)a +iled )" #0e

Co)r# o+ ir$# In$#ane o+ Fambale$ and $o)*0# dama*e$ +rom P)nzalan and #0e Ba 'ai CabJ

li<e2i$e, #0e i# i$al o+ Olon*a"o +iled )" #0e $ame o)r#, 0ar*ed P)nzalan o+ 0omiide

#0ro)*0 re<le$$ im"r)dene. '0ere 2ere #2o $e"ara#e liabili#ie$/ #0e ivil liabili# ari$in* +rom

rime or )l"a riminal and #0e liabili# ari$in* +rom ivil ne*li*ene or $o alled )l"a

a:)iliana.

I$$)e/

>0e#0er or no# #0e ne*li*en# a# o+ Romeo N. P)nzalan *ive$ ri$e #o #0e #2o $e"ara#e and

inde"enden# liabili#ie$.

eld/

I# i$ b no2 $e##led beond all avil a$ #0e di$"en$e 2i#0 #0e i#a#ion o+ )ri$"r)dene,

#0a# a ne*li*en# a# $)0 a$ #0a# ommi##ed b P)nzalan *ive$ ri$e #o a# lea$# #2o $e"ara#e and

inde"enden# 0ind$ )" liabili#ie$, 1 #0e ivil liabili# ari$in* +rom rime or )l"a riminal and 7

#0e liabili# ari$in* +rom ivil ne*li*ene or #0e $o alled )l"a a:)iliana. %0o)ld #0ere be

varin* amo)n#$ avoided in #2o $e"ara#e a$e$, #0e "lain#i++ ma reover, in e++e#, onl #0e

bi**er amo)n#. '0)$, in #0e a$e a# bar, in a$ m)0 a$ P)nzalan 0ad alread been $en#ened #o

"a #0erein "e#i#ioner$ #0e amo)n#$ $#a#ed, in #0e $)b$e:)en# riminal a$e, 0e o)ld no# bead)d*ed #o "a a 0i*0er amo)n#.


'0e more a)ra#e 2a o+ vie2in* #0e ma##er i$ #0a# 20enever #0ere i$ an a""aren# *a" in #0e la2and $e##led "rini"le$ o+ ad)dia#ion ma no# learl india#e #0e an$2er, #0en a )d*e ma rel

ei#0er on an ar*)men# o+ "oli or an ar*)men# o+ "rini"le, #0e +ormer 0avin* <in$0i" 2i#0 #0e$oiolo*ial $0ool o+ )ri$"r)dene and #0e la##er 2i#0 #0e anal#ial. A$ I 0o"e I ma be able #o

india#e in #0i$ brie+ on)rrene, #0e dei$ion rea0ed b )$ i$ in on$onane 2i#0 ei#0er a""roa0. >i#0 #0e na#)ral la2 #0in<in* mani+e$# in #0e o"inion o+ #0e Co)r#, 2i#ne$$ i#$ $#re$$ on

moral )$#ie, I am om+or#ed b #0e re+le#ion #0a# #0e "roed)ral barrier i$ no# in$)rmo)n#ableJ

#0e dei$ion rea0ed derivin* $)""or# +rom #0e vie2"oin# o+ la2 a$ lo*i, )$#ie or $oialon#rol. I am moved b #0e 2a Pro+. Ronald 2or<in e"lain$ #0i$ "ar#. e made $ee 0o2 #0e

)d*e an render 0i$ dei$ion and on 20i0 2a 0e $0all re$olve #0e i$$)e rai$ed in #0e a$e. And

#0a# dei$ion rea0ed derivin* $)""or# +rom #0e vie2"oin# o+ la2 a$ lo*i, )$#ie or $oialon#rol, in 20i0 I o)ld no# a*ree more. And I "re$)med #0a# #0e "0ilo$o"0ial "rini"le$

be0ind ever o)r# dei$ion are deemed lo*iall and "ra#iall orre#. And

Re")bli v. %andi*anbaan, 3a. General (o$e"0)$ Rama$ e# al, GR No. 14D68, ()l 71, 7

a#$ /

Priva#e re$"onden#, andin* Co)an*o, +iled a a$e #o om"el #0e PCGG #o allo2 0im #o

in$"e# or"ora#e boo<$ o+ %3C and !CPB.



I$$)e /

I$ #0i$ a $)i# a*ain$# #0e $#a#e re:)irin* #0e PCGG #o allo2 3r. Co)an*o #o in$"e# #0e

boo<$ o+ or"ora#ion$ in 20i0 0e 0a$ $0are$ o+ bein* a $#o<0older.

eld /

'0i$ i$ no# a $)i# a*ain$# #0e $#a#e. '0i$ i$ onl an eeri$e o+ 0i$ ri*0# a$ a $#o<0older.

'0e $#o<$ or 0i$ $0are$ o+ $#i<$ 20i0 0ave been $e:)e$#ered 0ave no# a)#oma#iall beome

$#o<$ o+ #0e *overnmen#. '0e #e$# o+ $)i# a*ain$# #0e $#a#e/ I+ i# re:)ire$ an a++irma#ive a# on #0e

"ar# o+ #0e $#a#e #o di$b)r$e ")bli +)nd$ or lo$$ o+ *overnmen# "ro"er#. In #0i$ "e#i#ion, #0e$e are

no# a##endan#. Be$ide$, in #0e or"ora#e boo<$, #0e $#o<$ are $#ill in #0e name o+ Co)an*o.


Lon )ller al$o ado"#ed a na#)ral la2 anal$i$ o+ la2 and 2ro#e #0a# #0ere i$ a #e$# #0a# a la2 m)$# "a$$ be+ore $ome#0in* o)ld be "ro"erl alled la2. !nli<e #radi#ional na#)ral la2 #0eorie$,

0o2ever, #0e #e$# be a""lie$ "er#ain$ #o +)n#ion ra#0er #0an moral on#en#. e iden#i+ie$ ei*0#

re:)iremen#$ +or a la2 #o be alled la2, 1. la2$ $0o)ld be *eneralJ 7.#0e $0o)ld be "rom)l*a#ed,

#0a# i#izen$ mi*0# no# <no2 #0e $#andard$ #o 20i0 #0e are bein* 0eldJ . re#roa#ive r)lema<in* and a""lia#ion $0o)ld be minimized 4 la2$ $0o)ld be )nder$#andableJ 5. #0e $0o)ld no#

be on#radi#orJ 6. la2$ $0o)ld no# re:)ire ond)# beond #0e abili#ie$ o+ #0o$e a++e#edJ D.

#0e $0o)ld remain rela#ivel on$#an# #0ro)*0 #imeJ 8. #0ere $0o)ld be a on*r)ene be#2een #0ela2$ a$ anno)ned and #0eir a#)al admini$#ra#ion. e re+erred #o 0i$ #0eor a$ a "roed)ral a$

di$#in*)i$0ed +rom a $)b$#an#ive na#)ral la2. Above all #0e 8 re:)iremen#$ o+ la2 in order #o be

alled la2, n)mber 6. La2$ $0o)ld no# re:)ire ond)# beond #0e abili#ie$ o+ #0o$e a++e#ed$eemed #o be no#able #o me. I ab$ol)#el a*ree 2i#0 0im, #0a# #0e$e elemen#$ m)$# be "re$en# in

$)b$i$#in* +orm )"on bein* 2ri##en b #0e le*i$la#)re. $"eiall #0e n)mber 4 re:)iremen# #0a#

$a$, la2$ $0o)ld be )nder$#andable, in 20i0 I believe, #0e )d*e 2ill #a<e in "ar# +or

)nder$#andin* #0e )rren# $i#)a#ion and #0in< o+ 20i0 "rini"le 0e $0all a""l in #0e a$e.Re*ardle$$ o+ 20a#ever "rini"le #0e )d*e ma 0ave )$ed, #0e la2 2ill remain$ in i#$ +orm,

)nle$$ amended.

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