philosophy of man (humanities)

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Philosophy of Man: Wester n Tradit

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Page 1: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Philosophyof Man:

Western

Tradition

Page 2: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

THALES OF MILETUS (624-546 B.C.) he’s the founder of

Ionian School of Philosophy

he associated w/ specific discoveries in physics,

metaphysics, astronomy, geometry and engineering he asserted that the world

originated in water and was sustained by water and that the

earth floated on water

he asserted that “all things are full of gods”

Page 3: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Thales:

Haly’s

River

passable

for King

Croesus

Page 4: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Haly’s River passable for King Croesus

Page 5: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Thales:

Haly’s

River

passable

for King

Croesus

Solstices and their

cycles

Page 6: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Solstices and their cycles

Page 7: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Thales:

Haly’s

River

passable

for King

Croesus

Solstices and their

cycles

five celestial zones inclination of the zodiac sources of the moon’s light

Page 8: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Five Celestial Zones

Page 9: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Inclination of Zodiac

Page 10: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Sources of Moon’s Light

Page 11: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Thales:

Haly’s

River

passable

for King

Croesus

Solstices and their

cycles

five celestial zones inclination of the zodiac sources of the moon’s light

Explicate

d the

rise of

Nile

Page 12: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Explicated the rise of Nile

Page 13: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Thales:

Haly’s

River

passable

for King

Croesus

Solstices and their

cycles

five celestial zones inclination of the zodiac sources of the moon’s light

Explicate

d the

rise of

Nile

Five Theorems of Thales

in Geometry

Page 14: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Five Theorems of Thales in Geometry

Page 15: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Thales:

Haly’s

River

passable

for King

Croesus

Solstices and their

cycles

five celestial zones inclination of the zodiac sources of the moon’s light

Explicate

d the

rise of

Nile

Five Theorems of Thales

in Geometry

height of

the

pyramids distance

of ships at

sea

Page 16: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Distance of ships at sea

Height of the pyramids

Page 17: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ANAXIMANDER (610-546 B.C.)

he belongs to the Milesian School of Greek philosophy

with Thales and Anaximenes

– comes from the Greek words “a” that means ‘not’ and “peirar” or ”peiras” that means ‘limit’; hence, “apeiron” means ‘unlimited’

APEIRON

Page 18: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Anaximander:

– the production of the opposites and their separating off are important in his

cosmogony “penalty and retribution of the opposites in accord to

the assessment of time”

COSMOLO

GY

Page 19: Philosophy of Man (humanities)
Page 20: Philosophy of Man (humanities)
Page 21: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Contributions of Anaximander:

– the production of the opposites and their separating off are important in his

cosmogony “penalty and retribution of the opposites in accord to

the assessment of time”

COSMOLO

GY– the 1st living creature were born in moisture and enclosed in thorny

barks. As their age grow, they came forth into the drier part and

the bark was broken off

ZOOGONY

– Man was born from animals of another species (man came into being inside

fishes)

ANTHROPOGO

NY

Page 22: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ANAXIMENES (585-528 B.C.)

“Our soul, being air, holds us together, so do breath and air encompass the whole world"

Hot and cold are the common attributes of matter that come from the result of its changes.

Matter comes first. Matter is air. Sun and moon are fiery celestial

bodies carried by air in their flatness. The origin of stars is called moisture

exhalation. Air is god. Air has the same function to man and the universe.

Page 23: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans (Samos: 570-500)

Mathematics is

the best purifier

of the soul.1.

All things are

numbers.2.

square of the hypotenuse as equal to the squares of the other two sides of a

right-angled triangle. correlation between numbers and

magnitude provided immense consolation to those who were seeking evidence of a principle of structure and

order in the universe.3.

Page 24: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

XENOPHANES OF COLOPHON (570 B.C.)

he declined the immorality of the gods and believed on a single anthropomorphic Deitydiscipl

e

Elea

polytheistic belief

he taught on the unity of all things, eternity of the totality

being, and the nature as imbued with the divine

he taught on the unity of all things, eternity of the totality

being, and the nature as imbued with the divine

Page 25: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

he started with the principle that “nothing comes from nothing: all is one and

one is all”

XENOPHANES OF COLOPHON (570 B.C.)

he advocated empirical knowledge

The truth has to be discovered by degrees. The primitive substance was earth; others would say water and earth. Xenophanes believed

that the one is eternal; the world in its present form is not eternal

Page 26: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

– structural coherence

HERACLITUS (504-501 B.C.)

he held that the world was not created but had

always existed he believed that the dry soul is the

wisest and the best in

comparison to wet soul

The

logo

War is the father of all and the king of all, and some he presents as gods, others as man, some as slavers others

as free (Collinson, 10-12)

Page 27: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

PARMENIDES (501-492 B.C.)

monisti

c

materia

listic

rather

than an

idealist

Father of

Idealism

he begins with what he takes to a self-

evident truth: “It is”. It is the truth of

reason. It cannot be denied if you say, “it

is not”, then you have proved that “it is”;

for if nothing exists, it’s not nothing,

rather it is something

Page 28: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Being/Reality

Parmenides believed that:

Being is rational.

1. – uncreated and imperishable, eternal,

indivisible and homogenous, motionless,

finite and equally real in all directions. It is a timeless plenum. He negated the notion of time, the void

and plurality.

The air is

separated off

from the earth.

2.

“The moon is compounded of both air and fire. Aither is outermost,

surrounding all, next is the fiery sky, and lastly, the earth (Kirk and Raven,

283-285)

Page 29: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

MELISSUS OF SAMOS (500 B.C.)

he was a disciple of Parmenides whose notion of

being was in contrast with him“Being/Reality is one, eternal, infinite and

unchangeable”The One is incorporeal. If this incorporeal being were to exist, it must be one, but if it were one it

cannot have body, for if it had body, it would have parts, and no longer be

one (Monists and Pantheists Perspective)

Page 30: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ZENO OF ELEA (490-B.C.)

he did not develop his own philosophy but he defend his master that there is only one

reality he proved the

impossibility of motion using a method known as reduction ad absurdum

his master was Parmenides

Page 31: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ZENO OF ELEA (490-B.C.)

FOUR ARGUMENTS:

- if things are many, they

must be both like and unlike

Against Plurality - the race

course - the tortoise and Achilles - the flying arrow - the stadium

Against Motion

- if everything that exists has a place, that

place will have a place, and so

on without limit

Against Space - It proves that

one of the senses is

unreliable. It is connected w/ the query how much force it takes to

shift a heavy weight

R.S.E.

Page 32: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Parmenides

ZENO OF ELEA (490-B.C.)

“Being is one, seamless and

unchanging whole”

“Motion and Change is impossible”

Page 33: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

he believed that bodies are

composed of the hot for they have no share

in the cold

PHILOLAUS AND EURYSTUS OF CROTON

Philolaus

he suggest an analogy between macrocosm and

microcosm

The unlimited (womb = implanted)

represents darkness, while limit stand for

light (Kirk and Raven, 312-313)

he believed that numbers are the causes of

substances and of being whether as limits (as points are of spatial magnitudes)

Eurystus

Page 34: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

EMPEDOCLES OF ACRAGAS

his philosophy is eclectic, all knowing

Principles of Empedocles:

Matter has no absolute beginning or end. Matter is eternal.

Matter is uncreated and indestructible.

1.There is no absolute

beginning, becoming. An object as a whole begins and ceases to be. These matters

are capable of change. It remains as it is.

2.

Page 35: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

EMPEDOCLES OF ACRAGAS

Four Elements:

1. Zeus (fire) 2. Hera (air)3. Aidoneus (earth)

4. Nestis (water)

– dead; lifeless; it

cannot supply the principle of

motion

– transmigration of soul;

reincarnation

MATTERMETEMPSYCHO

SIS

Page 36: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ANAXAGORAS OF CLAZOMENAE (500-428 B.C.)

The Two PropositionsThe things

with like parts or

Homoeomereity: a natural substance.

1.

There is a portion of

everything in everything.

2. For him, all things were

together, infinite in respect of both number and smallness, for

the small too was infinite.

Air being corporeal, is distinguished from the non-

existent void. He negated the existence of the void and gave no

explication of differences of weight (Kirk and Raven, 368 ff.)

He reacted to Zeno: Neither is there a smallest part of what is

small, but there is always something larger than what is large. It is equal in numbers to

what is small, everything is relation to itself, being both large and small. All things are always

equal.

Page 37: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ARCHELAUS OF ATHENS

he was a pupil of Anaxagoras and a teacher of

Socrates.

he was a physicist who transferred physical

philosophy from Ionia to Athens.

For him, the 1st principle was infinite air, with its

condensation and rarefraction, the former of which was water, the latter

fire. He maintained that right and wrong exist only by convention and not by

nature.

Page 38: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

THE ATOMISTS: LEUCIPPUS OF MILETUS AND DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA (460-371 B.C.)

LEUCIPPUS

Him with Parmenides and Xenophanes

regarded that the whole as one, motionless,

uncreated and limited, not being was impossible

and forbade even the search for what is not, he posited innumerable elements in perpetual motion, namely, the

atoms and void.

ATOMOS

– it is unsplittable; it

cannot be affected; it is so small and have

no parts.

DEMOCRITUS

he refined the system of the atomic theory. he was the most travelled man of his time because he wanted to study. For him, atoms and void are the material causes of reality.

For him, the visual image does not arise directly in the pupil, but the air between the eye and the object of sight is contracted and stamped by the object seen

Atom is eternal, passive, solid

and immutable.

Characteris

tics of

Atom:

Page 39: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

DIOGENES OF APOLLONIA

his philosophy was monism (all things are

modifications of a single basic substance: air)

he believed on accurate anatomy of human veins and

that semen aerated, since semen produces new life

Air is:-

intelligent- divine

Page 40: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Anaximenes

Anaxagoras Heraclitus

Medical

Principle

“air” (takes other forms when condensed and rarified)

“mind” [nous] (unmixed with but it rules all things) material only exist in animate things

“logos”/fire steers all

things

Diogenes [Air]

“air” (other attributes) hot and cold dry and wet stability and mobility flavour and color

[noesis] intelligence (mixed with and ruling all things) spiritual exists in animate and inanimate things

every natural

event was due

directly to this

intelligence

Page 41: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

Anaxagoras

Leucippus

Cosmogony and

Cosmology

noeticsubstancestarting a

vortex

infinite void and infinite cosmos all things are in motion

Page 42: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

PROTAGORAS OF ABDERA (490-420 B.C.)

he was the first intellectual leader of the

Sophist

– are persons skilled in a particular craft, or the

knowledgeable and the wise or a specialist in wisdom.

SOPHISTS

he was tried at Athens and condemned to death and

banished for his agnosticism concerning to gods

he held this Protagorean relativism: “a human being is the measure of all things”—

this is known as the emblem of the entire sophistic movement

he talks about the myth of human progress

Aidos – a sense of shame and respect for others. Dike – a sense of right and justice.

Two gifts of Zeus:

Page 43: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

SOCRATES (469-399 B.C.) = ETHICS AND RELIGION

he abandoned art and advocated education,

conceiving that he had a divine commission, witnessed by oracles, dreams and signs, not to teach doctrine, but to

convict men of ignorance mistaking itself for

knowledge, and by so doing to promote their intellectual

and moral improvement

he sought to discover the truth and the good life

he visualizes the value of the soul, the importance of

knowledge and wisdom if the soul is properly tended. Thus knowledge leads to ethical

action. Knowledge and virtue are one. Thus a wise man

knows what is right and will also do what is right

The charges lodged against Socrates:

1.Impiety towards the gods.

2.Corruption of the minds of the young people.

Piety, justice, courage and temperance are the names

which wisdom bars in different spheres of action: to be pious is

to know what is due to the gods; to be just is to know what is due to men; to be courageous is to know what is to be feared

and what is not; to be temperate is to know how to

use what is good and avoid evil

Page 44: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

PLATO (427-347 B.C.) = RING OF GYGES

he believed that philosophers have a duty to society, to help their fellow citizens in their search for wisdom, he established a

school in Athens, the Academy

– one of the most influential

books in the history of Western Civilization. It talks about “the ring of gyges”, in

which the issues whether humans are naturally just or

unjust is raised.

THE

REPUBLIC

Page 45: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

PLATO (427-347 B.C.) = RING OF GYGES

Plato believes that:

Man is present earthly

existence.

1.Virtue is

knowledge, and the source of knowledge is

virtue. It is not abstract but

concrete knowledge, not theoretical but

practical knowledge.

2.

Wisdom Courage Temperance Justice

Four Cardinal Virtues:

Man is a knower and a

possessor of an

immortality of the

soul.

3. The Theory of Forms

– the real nature of any individual thing depends on the form in which it “participates”.

4.The Theory

of Knowledge

– knowledge

is attainable.

5.

Allegory of the Cave

– the myth of the cave describes

individuals chained deep

within the recesses of a

cave.

Page 46: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

born in

384

B.C.

Plato’s Academ

y

tutor and founder

interested in differe

nt branches of

science

scientist

philosopher

researcher

writer

and

teacher

– one of the two major Aristotelian

treatises on ethical theory.

Nichomachean Ethics

Page 47: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

VIRTUE

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle believes that:

1. Man is a rational animal.

– a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean.

2. The very goal of human life is happiness. As he put it: Virtue is a habit (moral virtue) or trained faculty of choice (intellectual virtue).Two Types of

Virtues:- Intellectual

Virtues- Moral Virtues

Page 48: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

MATTER

– a continuing process of developing or becoming.

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle believes that:

3. Moderation comes in the middle or mean between two vices, one on the side of excess, the other on the side of defect.

4. For him, reality consists matter and form.

THE FOUR CAUSES:

a. Material Cause

– what an object is made from, its matter.

b. Formal Cause

– how matter is organized or structured.

c. Efficient Cause

– how something came to be what it is.

d. Final Cause

– the purpose or characteristic activity of the object.

Page 49: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

God is the unmoved mover.

– purpose

, function

, or end.

TELEOLOGY

The body is alive if it has a soul.

Nutrition Sensation Thinking

Three Fundamental Activities of Life for Aristotle:

he synthesized Aristotle’s science by interpreting it is an evidence of a divine plan operating in nature

Thomas Aquinas

Exitus et reditus Principle: All things come from God and

return to God.

Natural Law

- human way of knowing the ultimate norm of

morality.

Eternal Law

- enables us to develop our unique qualities.

Page 50: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

ATOMIC MATERIALIS

M

EPICURUS (341-270 B.C.)

he founded a school of philosophy

he regarded pleasure as the

beginning and end of the blessed life

- the universe is

composed of matter (in the form of atoms) in motion in

empty space.

he believed that not only that we

ought to act in such a way as to produce the greatest amount of pleasure (ethical hedonism), but also

that we are so constituted

psychologically that we inevitably take pleasure in all our acts (psychological

hedonism)

it advocates hedonism (from the Greek word “pleasure”)

Pleasure is the only good in life.

EPICUREANISM

he gave us the analogy of health and

disease

Page 51: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

EPICTETUS (C. 50 – C. 130) = STOICISM

– a manual edited from his lecture notes taken by one of his students.

ENCHEIRIDION

1. Epictetus Stoic view of man

2. Dualism of mind (soul) and body

3. Virtue does not consist in external performance, but in inner attitude.

4. The private is better than the public; the inner self is better than the outer self.

5. The inner self can be free; the outer self is determined by events.

6. A man can be peaceful and self-composed even while being tortured or in great illness.

Ethical Teachings of Epictetus:

7. Man’s duty is to make the mind master over desires and needs.

STOICISM’S PHILOSOPHY OF RIGID AUSTERITY AND SELF

DENIALa. It contrasts Epicureanism’s philosophy of pleasure.

b. Men must find happiness in himself. He must fear the God within him.

Page 52: Philosophy of Man (humanities)

PLOTINUS (205-270 A.D.) he was a pantheist. He

envisaged God as an impersonal Unity – infinite,

eternal, with no spatial location and without thought,

knowledge or movement

he believed in the source of all creation

called by Him, the One

The One

Mind (nous)

Soul

totally self-sufficient, has

no need of acting in a creative capacity

"intelligence", "thought", "the divine

mind”

the dynamic, creative temporal

powerMatter

absolute evil or non-

being

EMANATIONISM a cosmological

theory which asserts that all

things "flow" from an underlying

principle or reality, usually called the

Godhead.

Page 53: Philosophy of Man (humanities)