Phobos & Deimos Update

Pascal Lee1,2,3 1 Mars Institute, 2SETI Institute, 3NASA Ames Research Center

7th SBAG Meeting 10-11 July 2012 Pasadena, CA

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Phobos and Deimos Science Merit

•  40 yrs into spacecraft exploration era, Phobos & Deimos are still Vexing Mysteries.

•  Origin/Nature Unknown: Highest priority Small Body Science Goal (1st & 2nd Phobos-Deimos Conf. consensus). - Captured Asteroids ! D-types? Gone-Types? Wow! - Remnants of Mars’s Formation? Wow! - Reaccreted Mars Ejecta? Wow! - Broken-Up & Reassembled Products Thereof? Wow Wee! - Related to Each Other? Wow!

•  At Crossroads of Central Issues in Solar System & Planetary Science (Decadal Survey) - Formation & Evolution of the Solar System - Formation and Evolution of Planetary Satellites - Formation and Evolution of Small Bodies (Themselves + Intercepted Asteroidal Drift) - Impact Cratering (Accretion, Break-Up & Reassembly, Mars Ejecta, etc.) - Formation and Evolution of Mars (Mars Satellites + Intercepted Mars Ejecta) - Origin and Evolution of Life (Organics + Intercepted Mars Ejecta, etc.)

•  Mars Ejecta in Regolith: Highest priority Mars Science Goal. Mars fraction may offer keys to Mars, incl. life (Lee et al. 2005, Melosh et al. 2012).

•  Sampling Phobos and Deimos: Need representative samples of bulk. Need Lander. ++',-.'/0+/' 3'(1'2""'

Phobos and Deimos Exploration Merit

•  Phobos & Deimos: Attractive Targets of Opportunity in Mars Orbit. •  Humans may Visit for Much Less Cost than Mars ! Mars Sooner. •  Logical Step Between NEOs and Mars. •  Phobos/Deimos could play Key Roles in Mars Architectures (TBD).

H2O Content Unknown: Could be up to 30% by Volume! •  Robotic Precursor: Science Merit + MSR Precursor + PSAG SKGs. •  Also Planetary Protection Role(s). •  “NASA’s Priority at Mars is Mars”. Agreed. This is about Mars, Only SBs Too.

•  American Discoveries! •  Targeted by Russia, Europe, & China. •  Exciting Destinations: A Trip to Phobos/Deimos is a Trip to Mars + SBs.

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E/PO Merit

Phobos-Grunt 2 + Phootprint •  Investigation Into Failure of Phobos-Grunt

Space Radiation ! Unexpected S/C Dual Flight Computer Reboot ! S/C Went Into Safe Mode ! Waited for Ground Commands in X Band ! But X Band Not Usable (Designed for Cruise Phase Only) ! Loss of S/C.

•  Phobos-Grunt 2 Roscosmos + Russian Academy of Science have decided to Re-Fly. Viewed as Highest Priority: Inherent Science Merit, High TRL, Step to MSR. Targeted Launch Window: 2020 Simpler & Lighter S/C. Fewer payload elements. No Chinese Probe. International Partners Sought. Roscosmos is approaching ESA.

•  ESA Phootprint ESA announced new Phobos SR mission option for 2022 at Mars Concepts & Approaches Meeting.

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Concepts & Approaches for Mars Exploration – 12-14 June 2012 “Using Mars’s Moons” Session

•  Lisano et al. Mars moon SRM concept.

•  Colaprete et al. PCROSS

•  Muscatello et al. Phobos & Deimos SRM – ISRU

•  Lee et al. Phobos & Deimos Lander/SRM: Science + PSAG SKGs

•  Mazanek et al. Human Mission to Phobos & Deimos: Destination Mission Concept Report

•  Sweetser Manned Base on Phobos First. Then Explore Mars.

•  Panel Discussion •  For More Info: )HIJKKLLL1.I#1-&<71"?-K$""M6N&K$7<&E%6E"I=&/0+/K'

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Human Spaceflight Architecture Team 8 HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft NASA Internal Use Only – Not for Distribution

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Human Spaceflight Architecture Team 9 HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft NASA Internal Use Only – Not for Distribution 9

Arrive Phobos (Day 4)

Depart (Day 56)

•  Deimos survey •  SEV anchoring

•  Phobos survey •  Test payload

anchoring methods •  Collect initial samples

•  Science package deployment

•  Drilling operations •  In-situ Resource

Utilization

•  Test EVA procedures & mobility

•  Test payload anchoring methods

Arrive (Day 0)

Leave Phobos (Day 28)

Explore 6 Distinct Sites

Arrive Deimos (Day 36) Leave

Deimos (Day 48)

Explore 3 Distinct Sites

Operations timeline includes 3 days of contingency and several blocks of unplanned activities

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Capture into High-Mars Orbit (1-sol) 250 x 33,813 km

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Human Spaceflight Architecture Team 10 HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft NASA Internal Use Only – Not for Distribution 10

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Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/U. of Arizona

Image Credit: NASA/AMA, Inc.

Humans to Mars Orbit: Robotic Precursor to Phobos and Deimos What Type of Robotic Precursor?

Goal

A B C

Humans to Mars Orbit

Humans to Mars Surface

Humans to Phobos and/or Deimos

PSAG Strategic Knowledge Gap

Orbital Particulate Environment in High Mars Orbit

Risk of Potential Adverse Effects of Mars Dust

Risk of Back Contamination to Earth by Potential Biohazards on Mars

H2O availability in the martian system that could change high-level architecture of future human surface missions.

Geological, Compositional, and Geophysical Properties of Phobos and Deimos to design focused human-based science and engineering exploration.

Physical conditions near and on Phobos and Deimos to reliably and safely carry out proximity and surface ops for human-based science and engineering.

Flyby or

Orbiter ! !

Lander In Situ Only ! ! !

!

Touch n Go SRM ! ! ! !

Lander In Situ

+ SRM

! ! ! ! ! !

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Phobos/Deimos: Next Steps •  Phobos/Deimos Working Group

Focus group to review, quantify, and articulate rationale for Phobos & Deimos exploration, incl. traceability to Decadal Survey and PSAG SKGs. Report to NASA SBAG. Add Phobos/Deimos SRM as New Frontiers Option?

•  Third International Conference on the Exploration of Phobos & Deimos. The Science, Robotic Reconnaissance, and Human Exploration of the Two Moons of Mars. NASA Ames Research Center (TBC) 13-15 March 2013 or 25-27 March 2013 (TBC) (44th LPSC: 18-22 March 2013) Need to confirm with NASA HQ SMD & HEOMD

•  Phobos (and Deimos) Book Publisher: Planetary & Space Science (PSS) Editors: J. Oberst, A. Zakharov, T. Duxbury, A. Ball Publication Date: July 2013.

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