phonetic soundsmm
TRANSCRIPT
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Soundsystem
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Phonetics
The Study of the wayHumans make,
Transmit, andReceive Sounds
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Phonology -
the study of sound systems of languages
Phoneme
A phonological segment that can e
phonetically predicted y a rule !! inbit and !p! inpit.
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The "rgans of
Speech andArticulation
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#anguages are made up of
vowels and consonantssounds
$antonese consists of %& sounds '()
initials and *( finals+
nglish consists of sounds '.&vowels and . consonants+
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/owelsMost vowel sounds are modified by
the shape of the lips.
(rounded / spread / neutral)
Sounds are made by vibrating the
vocal cords (voicing).
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Vowels can besingle sounds monophthongs
or pure vowelsDouble sounds Diphthongs
!riple sounds !riphthongs
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!his is found in the
word tea.!he lipsare spreadand the
sound is long
Pure vowels usually come in pairs consisting
of long and short sounds
!his is found in the
word hip. !he lipsare slightly spread
and the sound isshort
:
!he tongue tip is raised slightly at the front towards the
alveolar. "n the longer sound the tongue is raised higher.
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The most common sound in nglish the Schwa
!his sound is made by rela#ing the mouth and
$eeping your lips in a neutralposition andma$ing a short sound. "t is found in words li$e
paper, over, about% and common in wea$ verbs
in spo$en &nglish.
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!his sound is the longform of the
schwa sound. "t is found in words li$e
thirteen and bird. !he mouth is rela#ed
and lips are neutral0
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!his is the short
sound up% cut '
butter
!his is the long
sound car, fast
' dar$
!he centre of the tongue is raised towards the soft
plate% the lips are neutral0
&
a:
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u:!he long sound
you, too ' blue
!he short sound
ood, would ' wool
!he lips are roundedand the centre and bac$ of the
tongue is raised towards the soft plate. or the longer
sound the tongue is raised higher and the lips are more
rounded0
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!he longsound door, four 'more
!he short sound hot% cloc$ and what.
Made with roundedlips and tongue
slightly raised at the bac$
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!wo of the vowels do not have long sounds
!his sound is made with the mouth spread wideopen. "t is found in cat% man% apple ' ran
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!he sound of *e+ is found in wet% left% when
' tell. ,i$e the sound for *a+ it is a short sound
that has no long version.
!he vowel sounds we have -ust reviewed
ma$e up the rest of the diphthongs etc. that
come ne#t.
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Diphthongs%
!riphthongs 'lides
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1iphthongsare combinations of two sounds
nglish has 2 diphthongs
Triphthongsare combinations of three
soundsnglish has (triphthong 'a diphthong 3 a
schwa sound+
4lidesare sounds made when the tongue
moves from one position to another.
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ere we have three sounds
!he sounds from 0) for 1) tour
2) go
1
2
3
!wo of these sounds are diphthongs% combinations
of vowels.
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!his diphthong is found in hay, date%
scrape ' vein.
Diphthongs are made by sliding the
tongue for one position to another this is
$now as a glide.
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ere two more pure vowels are combined
to ma$e a sound. !his sound is li$e saying
the letter *3+. "t begins with a er (schwa)and moves towards the *oo+ sound found in
good.
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4ords li$e cow, down, ground and townall
contain this sound.
(!he a:is also used to ma$e this diphthong)
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Diphthongs are combinations of pure vowels.
a56I7 *aI - tie% buy, height ' night
e 6 I 7 *eI - way, paid ' gate
o56 I 7 *oI boy, coin ' coye 6 7 e where, hair ' care
I 6 7 I here, hear ' beer
e e
ee
8eview all 9 sounds and try the e#ercises on the wor$sheets
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$onsonants
The Articulation of sound ased
on received pronunciation
'R0 P0+
'These sounds for reference only)
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(+ Plosives:losives are made by ma$ing acomplete closure between some
point and the vocal tract.
:ressure builds up behind the
closure which is released to
create sound.
!his group includes the sounds
of , p, k, d, t 'd0
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b &p
!hese two sounds are
plosives% they differ in
the way the voice isused during the sound.
(+ Pis aspirated '
voiceless air leaving the
mouth. "t is a gentlesound.
.+ 5 is a voiced sound and
the air is restricted
through the glottis
;oth sounds are $nown as
5ilaial Plosives
Closed
mouth
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!he sounds k ' g are
made by raisingthe tongue at the
bac$ of the mouth
to ma$e a
complete closure.
(+ k is a voiceless
sound
.+ g is a voiced sound
!hese are $nown as
/elar Plosives
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!he sounds of *t ' d+ are
made by raising the tongue to
touch the front of the alveolarridge -ust behind the teeth.
0) *t+ is voiceless
1) *d+ is voiced
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1) ricativesricatives are made by moving two
vocal organs together to restrict therelease of sound.
!his group includes the sounds of f,
v, s, z,and both sh 'thsounds
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F & V
0) !he *f+ is voiceless first%phone ' flat
1) !he *v+ is voiced video% love ' have
!he top front teeth are placed on the top of the bottom
lip. !he sound is s>uee?ed through the small gaps
!hese sounds are $nown as
#aio-dental 6ricatives
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!he voiced sound%found in the% there '
feather
!he voiceless soundfound in thin$% thin
& thought
!he tongue touches the teeth% usually -ust behind the front
teeth. =bove is shown the way it can be practised byputting the tongue between the front teeth and touching
the inde# finger. !hese are $nown as a
1ental fricatives
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!he sound *sh+ is made by
raising the blade of the tongue
to ma$e light contact with thesoft palate. !he sound is
s>uee?ed through the gap
ma$ing a *sh+ sound.
!he voiceless sound can befound in she% wash, sure '
champagne
!he voiced sound is found in television ' revision
!hese sounds are $now as
Palato-alveolar 6ricatives
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zs
!he tip of the tongue is
moved towards the
edge of the soft plateand the alveolar ridge.
!he sound is made by
s>uee?ing the sound
through the gap.*s+ see% voice ' most
words that begin with *s+
*z+ zoo% has, freeze% cars and owns.!hese sounds are $nown as
Alveolar 6ricatives
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!his sound is
created by
raising the bac$
of the tongue tolightly touch the
soft plate% air
from the lungs is
pushed up pastthe glottis and
through the
small gap.
!he sound is found in hotel% his% behind ' hive
"t is $nown as a
4lottal 6ricative
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=ffricativesAffricatives are made y making a
complete closure at some point in the
mouth, similar to plosives0 However,
affricatives differ as the air is released
slower than a plosive0The sounds 7ch8 and its voiced version
make up this group0
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!hese sound are made by
combining the twosounds shown here.
!he plosive sound made by
the t/d is changed by the
fricative that follows therelease of pressure.
1) church, crunch ' lunch
2) Jeans% generator '
bridge
d
d
1)
2)
!hese sounds are $nown as
Palato-alveolar Affricatives
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!hese sounds are made
by bloc$ing off part of
the mouth by using the
tongue. !he air
moving through the
nasal passages
creates the sound.
1) no% been, nine '
know. "t is $nown as a
1)
2)
Alveolar 9asal
1) Song, &nglish ' than$. "t is $nown as a /elar 9asal
(!his sound is common in words that have *ng ' *n$+
spellings.)
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!he *m+ sound is made
by closing both lips and
allowing the sound to
travel through the nasal
passages
My/ dream/ smile/
remember
!his sound is $nown as a 5ilaial 9asal
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3ral @ontinuantsSome consonants are in some ways li$evowels as they are frictionless. (!he
previous group *
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!he sound *r+ is
made when the tip
of the tongue is
held close to the
alveolar ridge (but
not touching). !he
side of the tongue
should touch thelower bac$ teeth.
!he sound is usually >uite difficult for =sian students
and can be confused with *l+.
(red% describe% bread% free% drain% trouble)
!his is $nown as a
:ostalveolar =ppro#imant
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!he sound of *l+ is divided into two
distinct sounds% which occur
according to the following rules. "f the
sound occurs at the beginning or
middle of the word then *clear l+ is
made if the sound occurs at the end
of the word then the sound is a *dar$
l+.
@lear the tip touches the centre or
the alveolar ridge allowing the air to
escape around the sides
Dar$ the same as the clear *l+ but the
centre of the tongue is raised to the
soft plate.Anow as #aterals
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= *w+ sound is similar to the you sound but the lips are
rounded to give more tension. !he tongue too is similarly
positioned only it is raised slightly more.
(wedding% window% where% was% what% wear% rewind ' wish)
Anown as a #aio-velar semi-vowel
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!he sound is made by raising the centre of the tongue
towards the soft plate and lips are neutral
'yesterday% year% your% yeah% and to devoice a strong(fortis) consonant as in p(y)ure% a glide)
Anown as a Palatal semi-vowel
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References
$rystal, 1 '())*+The Cambridge Encyclopaedia ofThe English Language5 @ambridge% @ambridge
Bniversity :ress
$rystal, 1 '())%+A ictionary of Linguistics and
!honetics5 ,ondon% ;lac$well6romkin, /: Rodman, R '()%+An "ntroduction to
Language5 3rlando% arcourt ;race.
#ass, R '()2+!honology An "ntroduction to #asic
Concepts5 @ambridge% @ambridge Bniversity :ress.
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Thank you