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Phonetic Transcription for

Speech Language Pathologists

A Practice Manual

by

Arpita Ray

Prepared for a workshop organized by

UPE Centre for Professional Advancement

and Continuing Education (C-PACE)

Osmania University, Hyderabad

Nov. 20-22, 2014

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Preface

Phonetic transcription is an essential tool in speech-language pathology since clinicians must evaluate

patient’s speech production ability using a number of different speech tasks, and plan individualized

therapy based on their performance. Identification of sound-systems operating in clients’ speech requires

knowledge about the sounds and the manner in which they pattern themselves in a given language. The

first step in phonetic transcription training is offering intensive practice in listening to language-specific

sounds and identifying phonemic and allophonic differences by using appropriate symbols in accordance

with those prescribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and its extension for representing

disordered speech (extIPA). Most textbooks used in speech-pathology training programmes in India

provide information in relation to English used outside India. There are little, if any practice manuals

offering exercises in phonetic transcription involving Indian English or any of the major Indian

languages. Unless clinicians can identify some of the allophones of phonemes of languages of their

clients, they cannot do narrow phonetic transcription that is essential for capturing finer deviations in

disordered speech, which in turn has a negative impact on intelligibility. Important research findings

based on communication disorders in relation to Indian languages cannot be shared with other researchers

unless the data is represented using IPA notation. Training in phonetic transcription for clinical purposes

therefore assumes importance and it requires interaction between linguistic-phoneticians on the one hand,

and speech language pathologists on the other.

It is against this background, a three-day workshop on “Phonetic Transcription for Speech Language

Pathologists (PTSLP) was organized in Osmania University during November 20-22, 2014 by the Centre

for Professional Advancement and Continuing Education (C-PACE), one of the nodal centres set up as

part of the scheme, University with Potential for Excellence (UPE) granted to Osmania University in the

year 2012. This centre’s main mandate is to provide opportunities for professionals to advance their

career prospects by imparting technical and scientific skills in different disciplines.

Considerable work has gone into designing this practice manual. We are grateful to Arpita Ray, doctoral

student in Linguistics at the University of Calcutta for preparing this manual which contains model

words/sentences and exercises in transcription in relation to Indian English, Hindi, Bengali and Telugu,

and an accompanying set of answers. The practice exercises include: (1) samples of Indian English

spoken by Peri Bhaskararao, (2) samples of developing speech belonging to late C. Nirmala and late B.

Lakshmi Bai; (3) disordered speech samples collected by C. Anusha (of aphasia), C.S. Swathi (hearing

impairment), D. Vasanta (hearing impairment), and V.H. Savitha (cleft lip & palate). Some of the

exercises also involve identification of phonological processes.

We thank the Indian Speech and Hearing Association (ISHA) for providing financial assistance for

designing this manual.

Hyderabad Peri Bhaskararao November 2014 Duggirala Vasanta

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Contents

Introduction 5

1. Indian English 8

1.1 Consonant phonemes 8

1.2 Vowel phonemes 8

1.3 Allophones 8

1.3.1 Vowels 8

1.3.2 Consonants 9

1.4 Model List 9

1.4.1 Vowels 9

1.4.2 Consonants 10

1.4.3 Sentences 11

1.5 Practice List 12

1.5.1 Word list 12

1.5.2 Sentence list 13

2. Hindi 14



2.3 Allophones 14

2.4 Model List 15

2.4.1 Vowels 15

2.4.2 Consonants 15

2.4.3 Sentences 17


2.5.1 Word list 18


3. Bengali 20


3.2 Vowel Phonemes 20

3.3 Allophones 20

3.4 Model List 21

3.4.1 Vowels 21

3.4.2 Consonants 21

3.4.3 Sentences 23


3.5.1 Word list 24


4. Telugu 26

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4.3 Allophones 26

4.3.1 Vowels 26

4.3.2 Consonants 27

4.4 Model List 28

4.4.1 Vowels 28

4.4.2 Consonants 29

4.4.3 Sentences 30


4.5.1 Word list 31

4.5.2 Sentences 32

5. Disordered Speech: Transcription exercises 34

5.1 Cleft-Palate speech 34

5.2 Aphasic speech 34

5.3 Speech of hearing impaired children 35

6. Exercises on identification of phonological processes 36

6.1 Developing speech 36

6.1.1 Hindi 36

6.1.2 Telugu 36

6.2 Speech of hearing impaired children 37

7. Reading passages (Hindi, Bengali and Telugu) 39

Bibliography 40

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Introduction

The aim of this manual is to assist Speech Language Pathologists (SLPs) to refine their transcription skills and enrich their phonetic analysis of disordered as well as developmental speech. The manual is prepared with special reference to the Indian languages including Indian English. The languages covered are Hindi, Bengali, Telugu and the Telugu variety of Indian English.

A language is primarily expressed in its spoken form. In addition, several languages that have writing of their own are also expressed through the written medium. The four languages dealt with in this manual have their own writing systems. The writing system and speech system of a language are two parallel facets of its expression.

The units of writing system are graphemes and those of the speech system are phonemes. Both graphemes and phonemes are abstract units. Instantiations of these abstract units are allographs and allophones respectively. Since this manual deals with the spoken aspect of language, we will delve more into understanding the units of speech.

Both the abstract units of phonemes and the more concrete allophones can be written down symbolically. This writing is called transcription - transcription of phonemes is done under phonemic transcription and those of allophones under phonetic transcription1.

Phonemes in a language are established by means of contrast between phonetically similar segments. For instance, the following set of words is used for setting /ʧ/, /ʧʰ/, /ʤ/, /ʤʱ/ as phonemes in Bengali language:

ʧɑl ‘rice’ ʤɑl ‘fish net’ ʧʰɑl ‘skin’ ʤʱɑl ‘pungent’

By such procedure, we arrive at a phonemic inventory for a language. Thus, one can establish 30 consonantal phonemes in Bengali (Sec. 3.1). Phonemes are specific to a language. One can pronounce a sound symbolized in the IPA chart, say, [q] but cannot pronounce a phoneme. There are no general phonemes whereas there are sounds in general. The only way to elicit the ‘pronunciation’ of a phoneme is by asking for the phonetic realization of a phoneme of a language in a particular context. A comparison of the phonetic values of the phonemes /n/ and /ŋ/ of Hindi and Bengali illustrate this difference. While [n], [ŋ] are allophones of the phoneme /n/ in Hindi (Sec. 2.3); the Bengali phoneme /n/ has only one allophone [n] because [ŋ] is an allophone of the phoneme /ŋ/ (see Nasals under Sec.3.4.2). In Telugu, although aspirated phonemes such as /pʰ, bʱ, tʰ, dʱ, ʈʰ, ɖʱ, kʰ, ɡʱ/ are set up as 1 Transcriptions are also demarcated as broad and narrow transcription. The ‘broadest’ transcription is the phonemic transcription. The degree of ‘narrowness’ of a narrow transcription depends on the granularity of its phonetic detail.

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phonemes contrasting with their unaspirated counterparts, in informal speech there is a free variation between these two sets.

Allophones are context-sensitive instantiations of phonemes. The minimum number of allophones that a phoneme should have is one. Depending upon the language a phoneme may have more than one allophone. Context-dependency of an allophone is illustrated in the example of phoneme /n/ of Hindi under Sec. 2.3. It shows that /n/ has three allophones occurring in three different contexts in a word.

Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondence:

All the four languages discussed in this manual have their own writing systems. Language names and script names of Bengali and Telugu are same. Hindi is written in Devanagari script and Indian-English in Roman. Phoneme inventories of languages undergo constant change resulting in their truncation or expansion. Such changes become apparent over a couple of centuries. On the other hand changes in grapheme inventories are a slower process. This creates a mismatch between what could have been a one-to-one correspondence between the graphemes and phonemes of a language. For instance though short and long vowels are shown by distinct graphemes in Bengali, contrast between short and long vowel phonemes has almost faded away. Similarly, at graphemic level, there are three sibilant graphemes {শ ষ স} whereas at phonemic level we do not find them contrasting. Although contemporary Telugu has two opener front vowel phonemes: close-mid/eː/ and open /æː/, we have only one grapheme to represent them viz., {ఏ}. In the case of English, its spelling system adds some more complexity to this correspondence. In the case of Indian-English, we have indicated the phonemic transcription of standard British English within the column RP (Received Pronunciation).

Language Data:

For each of the four languages illustrated in this manual, the speech of a speaker from ‘standard’ variety of the language is used. Instead of describing the standard variety of English (RP of British English or ‘General American’ or any other ‘English-English’), we provided an illustration of ‘Indian English’ as it is a well-observed fact that a typical speaker of English in India mostly participates in conversation with a fellow Indian who speaks a variety of Indian English. It is also well-known that the Englishes spoken in different parts of India are highly influenced by the vernaculars, as such there is a typical Bengali-English, Punjabi-English, Telugu-English and so on. We picked Telugu-English for the manual owing to its widespread difference with RP as illustrated in Sec.1.4.

Format of the Manual

Each language module (Chapter 1-4) contains a brief phonemic sketch enumerating the consonant and vowel phonemes as well as some prominent allophones2; a model list and a practice list. The model list

2 Note that if a phoneme has only one allophone, it is not listed separately.

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gives the consonant and vowel phonemes along with illustrative words3 and sentences which are also given in the concerned orthography. The practice list contains exercises on transcription of both words and sentences. The users are required to listen to the corresponding sound file on the CD provided with the manual and follow the instructions of each exercise. Chapter 5 and 6 contains transcription exercises on disordered speech and developing speech respectively. The users are required to follow the same procedure as for the transcription exercises for the practice lists. Chapter 7 contains reading passages in Hindi, Bengali and Telugu which are translated versions of the story ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ and are in phonemic transcription.

The CD contains the sound files for all the transcription exercises. It contains five main folders named: 1Indian English, 2Hindi, 3Bengali, 4Telugu, and 5Disordered Speech. The first four folders contain one sub-folder each named Practice List, (prefixed with a particular section number). The Practice List folder in turn contains two sub-folders named: Word List and Sentence List (also prefixed with the appropriate section number). Each of these folders contains a series of sound files having the same name as the serial number of the respective words and sentences in the Practice List of the manual. Sample illustration of the organization of Folders 1-4 follows:

1Indian English o 1.5Practice List

1.5.1Word List iew01 iew02 …

1.5.2Sentence List ies01 ies02 …

Folder 5 contains three sub-folders, which further contain a series of sound files with names same as the serial number of the items in the respective exercises given in the manual. The users are required to refer to the respective sound files as well as the IPA and extIPA charts, given at the end of this manual, to solve the transcription exercises. Further instructions are given with the exercises.

3 Some of the phonemes do not occur at certain word positions For instance, both in Hindi and Bengali, /ɽ/ does not occur at word-intial position, and so it is not illustrated.

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1. Indian English 1.1 Consonant Phonemes

Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Alveo-palatal Velar Glottal

Plosive p b d ʈ ɖ k ɡ tʰ

Nasal m n Trill r Fricative f s ʂ h

Affricate ʧ ʤ

Approximant ʋ j Lateral Approximant l

1.2 Vowel phonemes

Front Central Back Close i iː u uː Close-mid e eː o oː Open ӕː ɑ ɑː

1.3 Allophones

1.3.1 Vowels

Phonemes Allophones Occurrence Example

/e/ [e]

In open syllables [e-ni] ‘any’, [e-ko] ‘echo’, [e-li-fɛnʈ] ‘elephant’

[ɛ] In closed syllables [ɛɡ] ‘egg’

/o/ [ɔ] When V=[ɑ, ɑː] in the next syllable [pɔʈɑːʂ] ‘potash’ [o] Elsewhere

/oː/ [ɔː]

When V=[ɑ, ɑː] in the next syllable [ʈɔːʈɑl] ‘total’ In monosyllabic words when followed by [j] [kɔːjn] ‘coin’

[oː] Elsewhere

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1.3.2 Consonants

Phonemes Allophones Occurrence Example

/n/ [ŋ] Before /k, ɡ/ [piŋk] ‘pink’; [riŋɡ] ‘ring’

[ɲ] Before /ʧ, ʤ/ [piɲʧ] ‘pinch’; [ɑːreɲʤ] ‘orange’

/ʤ/

[z] V___V [meːzɑr] ‘major’

[ʣ] When not preceded by a vowel but followed by a non-front vowel

[ʣuː] ‘zoo’; [ʣoːk] ‘joke’; [ʣɑːb] ‘job’

[ʤ] When not preceded by a vowel but followed by front vowel

[ʤip] ‘zip’; [ʤeʈ] ‘jet’; [ʤæːm] ‘jam’

/tʰ/

[tʰ]~[t] Word initial and word final position [tʰiːsis] ~ [tiːsis] ‘thesis’; [botʰ] ~ [bot] ‘both’

[tʰ]~[dʱ] Word medial position [ɑːtʰɑr] ~ [ɑːdʱɑr] ‘author’

[dʱ] In some lexical items [dʱɑrmɑl] ‘thermal’; [dʱijeːʈɑr] ‘theater’

1.4 Model List

1.4.1 Vowels

TE RP Initial Medial Final

/i/ /ɪ/ /iʈ/ it /siʈ/ sit /iː/ /siʈiː/ city

/iː/ /iː/ /iːʈ/ eat /siːʈ/ seat /fiː/ fee /ɪə/ /biːr/ beer

/e/ /e/ /ekoː/ echo /pen/ pen /ə/ /ebɑuʈ/ about

/eː/ /ɛə/ /feːr/ fare /eɪ/ /eːk/ ache /meːk/ make /pleː/ play

/ӕː/ /ӕː/ /ӕːnʈ/ ant /mӕːn/ man /eɪ/ /æːprɑn/ apron /pæːpɑr/ paper

/u/ /ʊ/ /ɡuɖ/ good

/uː/ /uː/ /ruːl/ rule /fluː/ flu /ʊə/ /ʈuːr/ tour

/o/ /ɔ/ /oriʤinɑl/ original /poʈɑːʂ/ potash /əʊ/ /foʈoː/ photo

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/oː/ /ɔː/ /ɖoːr/ door /əʊ/ /oːk/ oak /koːʈ/ coat /noː/ no

/ɑ/ /ə/ /ɑmerikɑː/ America /ʈiːʧɑr/ teacher /ɜː/ /ɡɑrl/ girl /ʌ/ /ɑp/ up /kɑp/ cup

/ɑː/ /ɔ/ /ɔː/ /ɑːrbiʈ/ orbit /hɑːʈ/ hot /pɑː/ paw /aː/ /ɑːrʈ/ art /hɑːrʈ/ heart

1.4.2 Consonants

Stops

TE RP Initial Medial Final /p/ /p/ /piʈ/ pit /ӕːpil/ apple /ʈeːp/ tape /b/ /b/ /biʈ/ bit /ʈeːbul/ table /ʈӕːb/ tab /tʰ/ /θ/ /tʰin/ thin /iːtʰɑr/ ether /mitʰ/ myth /d/ /ð/ /den/ then /mɑdɑr/ mother /beːd/ bathe /ʈ/ /t/ /ʈin/ tin /miːʈinɡ/ meeting /miːʈ/ meet /ɖ/ /d/ /ɖɑːɡ/ dog /miɖil/ middle /bӕːɖ/ bad /k/ /k/ /kuːl/ cool /bӕːkɑr/ baker /beːk/ bake /ɡ/ /ɡ/ /ɡɑːɖ/ god /eɡoː/ ago /bӕːɡ/ bag

Nasals

TE RP Initial Medial Final /m/ /m/ /mӕːp/ map /imeːʤ/ image /ɖӕːm/ dam /n/ /n/ /noːs/ nose /eniː/ any /pin/ pin

Fricatives

TE RP Initial Medial Final /f/ /f/ /fӕːn/ fan /kɑːfiː/ coffee /liːf/ leaf /s/ /s/ /sik/ sick /ӕːsiɖ/ acid /reːs/ race

/ʂ/ /ʃ/ /ʂiːp/ ship /meʂin/ machine /buʂ/ bush /ʒ/ /meʂɑr/ measure

/h/ /h/ /hiː/ he /eheɖ/ ahead

Affricates

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TE RP Initial Medial Final /ʧ/ /ʧ/ /ʧip/ chip /ʋɑːʧɑr/ watcher /iːʧ/ each

/ʤ/ /ʤ/ /ʤiːp/ jeep /mæːʤik/ magic /keːʤ/ cage /z/ /ʤuː/ zoo /iːʤi/ easy /hiːʤ/ his

Liquids

TE RP Initial Medial Final /r/ /r/ /rӕːʈ/ rat /erɑjʤ/ arise /kɑːr/ car /l/ /l/ /luk/ look /kɑlɑr/ colour /bel/ bell

Approximants

TE RP Initial Medial Final

/ʋ/ /v/ /ʋɑjn/ vine /riʋɑr/ river /lɑʋ/ love /w/ /ʋɑjn/ wine /eʋeː/ away

/jV/

/j/ /jɛs/ yes /ɑːnijɑn/ onion /ai/ /flɑjɑr/ flyer /mɑj/ my /ɔi/ /soːjil/ soil /boːj/ boy /uːi/ /ruːjin/ ruin /iə/ /hijɑr/ here

1.4.3 Sentences

1. My father is a teacher of English. /mɑj fɑːdɑr iːʤ e ʈiːʧɑr ɑːf inɡliːʂ/

2. Walking is good for health. /ʋɑːkinɡ iːʤ ɡuɖ fɑr heltʰ/

3. Meera is about to leave for school. /miːrɑː iːʤ ebɑuʈ ʈu liːʋ fɑr skuːl/

4. I am thinking of taking a vacation this month. /ɑj ӕːm tʰinkinɡ ɑːf ʈeːkinɡ e ʋekeːʂɑn dis mɑntʰ/

5. We are planning to go to the zoo this weekend. /ʋuj ɑːr plӕːninɡ ʈu ɡoː ʈu di ʤuː dis ʋiːkenɖ/

6. The shops are closed today. /di ʂɑːps ɑːr kloːʤud ʈuɖeː/

7. I met Amit on the way to the theater.

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/ɑj meʈ ɑmiːt ɑːn dɑ ʋeː ʈu di tʰijeːʈɑr/

8. My brother owes me thirty rupees. /mɑj brɑdɑr oːʤ miː tʰɑrʈiː rupiːʤ/

9. He is very fond of ice-cream. /hiː iːʤ ʋeriː fɑːnɖ ɑːf ɑjis-kriːm/

10. My cousin has lived in London for a long time. /mɑj kɑʤin hӕːʤ liʋɖ in lɑnɖɑn fɑr e lɑːnɡ ʈɑjm/

1.5 Practice List

1.5.1 Word List: Listen to the words and select the correct transcription (A or B). Write your answer in the column named ‘Answer’.

A B Answer A B Answer iew01 /fiʈ/ /fiːʈ/ iew17 /pɑːrk/ /bɑːrk/ iew02 /ʧir/ /ʧiːr/ iew18 /bæːɡ/ /pæːɡ/ iew03 /peʈ/ /peːʈ/ iew19 /metʰɑɖ/ /medɑɖ/ iew04 /kek/ /keːk/ iew20 /ɑːtʰɑr/ /ɑdɑr/ iew05 /pæːnʈs/ /peːnʈs/ iew21 /ejʈ/ /eːt/ iew06 /puːʈ/ /puʈ/ iew22 /sæːɖ/ /sæːʈ/ iew07 /puːr/ /pur/ iew23 /sæːɡ/ /sæːk/ iew08 /koliːɡ/ /koːliɡ/ iew24 /ɡɑjɖ/ /kɑjʈ/ iew09 /foːr/ /for/ iew25 /rɑn/ /rɑm/ iew10 /bɑːrn/ /bɑrn/ iew26 /ɡriːp/ /ɡriːf/ iew11 /pɑːm/ /pɑm/ iew27 /seːʋ/ /ʂeːʋ/ iew12 /peɡ/ /pek/ iew28 /fæːsɑn/ /fæːʂɑn/ iew13 /ɖrɑn/ /ɖrɑm/ iew29 /heɖ/ /feɖ/ iew14 /ʧip/ /ʤip/ iew30 /ʤem/ /ʧem/ iew15 /leːʈ/ /reːʈ/ iew31 /leːk/ /reːk/ iew16 /ʋinɖoː/ /finɖoː/ iew32 /jiːr/ /ijɑr/

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1.5.2 Sentence List: Listen to the sentences and transcribe them phonemically:

ies01 We should protect nature.

Transcription

ies02 She patted the dog.

Transcription

ies03 She slipped and fell on the wet floor.

Transcription

ies04 The police are working hard to catch the criminals.

Transcription

ies05 He collected wood to make fire.

Transcription

ies06 My brother will be entering college next year.

Transcription

ies07 We heard a faint noise.

Transcription

ies08 The drought caused crop failure.

Transcription

ies09 Even though they didn’t win, the team made a good effort.

Transcription

ies10 We had a fruitful discussion.

Transcription

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2. Hindi

2.1 Consonant Phonemes

Bilabial Labio-dental

Alveolar Retroflex Alveo-palatal

Velar Glottal

Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ k ɡ pʰ bʱ tʰ dʱ ʈʰ ɖʱ kʰ ɡʱ

Nasal m n ɳ Trill r

Flap ɽ ɽʱ

Fricative f s z ʃ h

Affricate ʧ ʤ ʧʰ ʤʱ

Approximant ʋ j Lateral Approximant

l

2.2 Vowel Phonemes (All the vowel phonemes have distinctive nasalized counterparts)

Front Central Back Close iː i uː u

Close-mid e o Mid ɑ

Open-mid ɛ ɔ Open ɑː

2.3 Allophones

Phonemes Allophones Occurrences Example

/n/ [ɲ] Before a palatal consonant [ɑɲjɑ] ‘another’ [ŋ] Before a velar consonant [kɑŋɡɑn] ‘bangle’ [n] Elsewhere

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2.4 Model List

2.4.1 Vowels

Oral Vowels

Initial Medial Final /i/ इमली /imliː/ tamarind तिल /til/ sesame गति /ɡɑti/ pace /iː/ ईश्वर /iːʃʋɑr/ almighty कील /kiːl/ nail गली /ɡɑliː/ lane /e/ एक /ek/ one खेल /kʰel/ game धीरे /dʱiːre/ slowly /ɛ/ ऐनक /ɛnɑk/ spectacles मैल /mɛl/ dirt है /hɛ/ is /ɑ/ अब /ɑb/ now कल /kɑl/ tomorrow न /nɑ/ no /ɑː/ आम /ɑːm/ mango काम /kɑːm/ work सोना /sonɑː/ gold /ɔ/ औरि /ɔrɑt/ woman कौडी /kɔɽiː/ cowrie सौ /sɔ/ hundred /o/ ओस /os/ dew गोल /ɡol/ round लो /lo/ take (imp.) /u/ उडान /uɽɑːn/ flight खुला /kʰulɑː/ open साधु /sɑːdʱu/ saint /uː/ ऊन /uːn/ wool रूप /ruːp/ shape आलू /ɑːluː/ potato

Nasalized vowels

Initial Medial Final / / ससिंचाई /s ʧɑːiː/ irrigation /iː / ईंट /iː ʈ/ brick छ िंक /ʧʰ ːk/ sneeze वहीिं /ʋɑh ː/ same place / / फें कना /pʰ knɑː/ to throw आशाएँ /ɑːʃɑː / expectations /ɛ / ऐिंटना /ɛ ʈnɑː/ to twine िैंिीस /tɛ tiːs/ twentyithree मैं /mɛ / I /ɑ / सिंवारना /sɑ ʋɑːrnɑː/ toidecorate /ɑ ː / आँख /ɑ ː kʰ/ eye काँच /kɑ ː ʧ/ glass मा ँ /mɑ ː / mother /ɔ / औिंधा /ɔ dʱɑː/ upturned चौंिीस /ʧɔ tiːs/ thirtyifour भौं /bʱɔ / eyebrow / / ओिंठ / ʈʰ/ lips घोंसला /ɡʱ slɑː/ nest सडकों /sɑɽk / roads / / उँडलेना / ɖelnɑ/ toidecant कँुवारा /k ʋɑːrɑː/ bachelor करँ /kɑr / shall I do? /uː / ऊँट / ːʈ/ camel पूँछ /p ːʧʰ/ tail जूँ /ʤ ː/ louse

2.4.2 Consonants

Stops

Initial Medial Final /p/ पल /pɑl/ moment टोपी /ʈopiː/ cap कूप /kuːp/ well /pʰ/ फल /pʰɑl/ fruit सफल /sɑpʰɑl/ successful कफ /kɑpʰ/ phlegm /b/ बल /bɑl/ strength सुबह /subɑh/ morning कब /kɑb/ when /bʱ/ भाल ू /bʱɑːluː/ bear अभी /ɑbʱiː/ now लाभ /lɑːbʱ/ profit /t/ िट /tɑʈ/ shore पिा /pɑtɑː/ address साि /sɑːt/ seven

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/tʰ/ थोडा /tʰoɽɑː/ little हाथी /hɑːtʰiː/ elephant रथ /rɑtʰ/ chariot /d/ देर /der/ delay शादी /ʃɑːdiː/ marriage हद /hɑd/ limit /dʱ/ धूल /dʱuːl/ dust पौधा /pɔdʱɑː/ sapling वध /ʋɑdʱ/ killing /ʈ/ टाँग /ʈɑːŋ/ leg आटा /ɑːʈɑː/ flour पाट /pɑːʈ/ jute /ʈʰ/ ठ क /ʈʰiːk/ correct कठोर /kɑʈʰor/ strict आठ /ɑːʈʰ/ eight /ɖ/ डाक /ɖɑːk/ mail तनडर /niɖɑr/ fearless रोड /roɖ/ road /ɖʱ/ ढोल /ɖʱol/ drum बुड्ढा /buɖɖʰɑː/ old man /k/ कल /kɑl/ tomorrow आकार /ɑːkɑːr/ shape नाक /nɑːk/ nose /kʰ/ खाना /kʰɑːnɑː/ food सखी /sɑkʰiː/ girlfriend राख /rɑːkʰ/ ashes /ɡ/ गोल /ɡol/ round सगा /sɑɡɑː/ kin रोग /roɡ/ disease /ɡʱ/ घी /ɡʱiː/ ghee बेघर /beɡʱɑr/ homeless माघ /mɑːɡʱ/ name of a month

Nasals

Affricates

Initial Medial Final /ʧ/ चमक /ʧɑmɑk/ shine कीचड /kiːʧɑɽ/ mud सच /sɑʧ/ truth /ʧʰ/ छल /ʧʰɑl/ pretension बछडा /bɑʧʰɽɑː/ calf पूछ /puːʧʰ/ ask (imp.) /ʤ/ जल /ʤɑl/ water खुजली /kʰuʤliː/ itch मौज /mɔʤ/ entertainment /ʤʰ/ झालर /ʤʱɑːlɑr/ frill सुझाव /suʤʱɑːʋ/ advice बोझ /boʤʱ/ burden

Fricatives

Initial Medial Final /f/ फ़रार /fɑrɑːr/ fugitive िौफ़ा /tɔfɑː/ gift ससफ़़ /sirf/ only /s/ सागर /sɑːɡɑr/ ocean असली /ɑsliː/ actual पास /pɑːs/ near /z/ जासलम /zɑːlim/ cruel आजाद /ɑːzɑːd/ free राज /rɑːz/ secret /ʃ/ शि ़ /ʃɑrt/ bet आशा /ɑːʃɑː/ hope होश /hoʃ/ sense /h/ हम /hɑm/ we महान /mɑhɑːn/ great मोह /moh/ attraction

Liquids

Initial Medial Final /r/ राि /rɑːt/ night िारा /tɑːrɑː/ star सर /sɑr/ head

Initial Medial Final /m/ मीठा /miːʈʰɑː/ sweet कमर /kɑmɑr/ waist दम /dɑm/ breath

/n/ नदी /nɑdiː/ river रौनक /rɔnɑk/ shine िन /tɑn/ body /ɳ/ गणिि /ɡɑɳit/ mathematics रि /rɑɳ/ warfare

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/ɽ/ कडक /kɑɽɑk/ severe भीड /bʱiːɽ/ crowd /ɽʰ/ कढाई /kɑɽʱɑːiː/ cooking pot बाढ /bɑːɽʱ/ flood /l/ लाख /lɑːkʰ/ lakh पलक /pɑlɑk/ eyelash कल /kɑl/ tomorrow

Approximants

Initial Medial Final /ʋ/ वार /ʋɑːr/ attack दवा /dɑʋɑː/ medicine नाव /nɑːʋ/ boat /j/ योग /joɡ/ yoga नया /nɑjɑː/ new जय /ʤɛj/ victory

2.4.3 Sentences

1. Radha is my younger sister. राधा मेरी छोटी बहन है। /rɑːdʱɑː meriː ʧʰoʈiː bɛhɛn hɛ/

2. Ganesh tied the calf to a tree. गिेश ने बछड ेको पेड से बाँध ददया। /ɡɑɳeʃ ne bɑʧʰɽe ko peɽ se bɑ ː dʱ dijɑː/

3. My brother likes wearing caps. मेरा भाई टोपी पहनना पसन्द करिा है। /merɑː bʱɑːiː ʈopiː pɛhɛnnɑː pɑsɑnd kɑrtɑː hɛ/

4. Cleanliness is necessary to stay healthy. स्वस्थ रहने के सलए स्वच्छिा जररी है। /sʋɑst rɛhɛne ke lije sʋɑʧʧʰɑtɑː zɑruriː hɛ/

5. These days, the level of pollution has increased too much. इन ददनों प्रदषूि की मात्रा बहुि बढ गई है। /in din prɑduːʃɑɳ kiː mɑːtrɑː bɑhut bɑɽʱ ɡɑiː hɛ/

6. Father is reading the newspaper for the last two hours. पपिाजी पपछले दो घिंटे से अख़बार पढ रहें हैं। /pitɑːʤiː piʧʰle do ɡʱɑɳʈe se ɑkʰbɑːr pɑɽʱ rɑh hɛ /

7. Tomorrow is my maternal uncle’s marriage. कल मेरी मामा की शादी है। /kɑl meriː mɑːmɑː kiː ʃɑːdiː hɛ/

8. The rain is not sufficient this year. इस वष ़पया़प्ि बाररश नहीिं हुई है। /is ʋɑrʃ pɑrjɑːpt bɑːriʃ nɑhi ː huiː hɛ/

9. Raju has gone to his village. राज ूअपने गाँव गया है।

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/rɑːʤuː ɑpne ɡɑ ː ʋ ɡɑjɑː hɛ/

10. This food is bad. यह खाना ख़राब है। /jeh kʰɑːnɑː kʰɑrɑːb hɛ/

2.5 Practice List


A B Answer A B Answer

hw01 /ɑːɽɑːm/ /ɑːrɑːm/ hw25 /hɑ siː/ /kʰɑ si/ hw02 /bɑːstɑːʋ/ /ʋɑːstɑʋ/ hw26 /mɑːrɡ/ /nɑːrɡ/ hw03 /bɑɽɑːʋɑː/ /bɑɽʱɑːʋɑː/ hw27 /ɡɑːtʰɑː/ /kɑtʰɑː/ hw04 /dɑːɡɑː/ /dʱɑːɡɑː/ hw28 /ʤor/ /zor/ hw05 /ʤɑɡɽɑː/ /ʤʱɑɡɽɑː/ hw29 /soʧ/ /ʃoʧ/ hw06 /tɑkɑːn/ /tʰɑkɑːn/ hw30 /dɔfɑː/ /tɔfɑː/ hw07 /ʤʱor/ /ʤoɽ/ hw31 /ɡʱɑnʈɑː/ /ɡɑndɑː/ hw08 /ɖɑːl/ /ɖʱɑːl/ hw32 /kʰɑːtɑː/ /ɡʱɑːtɑː/ hw09 /ɛnek/ /ɑnek/ hw33 /bʱɑːlɑː/ /bɑːlɑː/ hw10 /ɡʱoslɑ/ /ɡʱ slɑː/ hw34 /rɔnɑk/ /ronɑk/ hw11 /kɑmɑɭ/ /kɑmɑl/ hw35 /pʰuːl/ /ful/ hw12 /bɑrtɑn/ /pɑrtɑn/ hw36 /dɑːm/ /dɑm/ hw13 /kiʈ/ /kiːʈ/ hw37 /dimɑːɡ/ /dʱimɑːɡ/ hw14 /mɑːf/ /mɑːpʰ/ hw38 /sɑːnti/ /ʃɑːnti/ hw15 /pɛsɑː/ /pesɑː/ hw39 /lɔriː/ /loriː/ hw16 /p tɑliːs/ /pɛ tɑːliːs/ hw40 /pɑttɑː/ /pʰɑttɑː/ hw17 /ʈokriː/ /ʈʰokriː/ hw41 /ʈʰɑɡ/ /ʈɑɡ/ hw18 /seknɑː/ /s knɑː/ hw42 /kʰ ːʈɑː/ /kʰuːʈɑː/ hw19 /ʧʰɑːʋ/ /ʧʰɑ ː ʋ/ hw43 /ʧʰɑl/ /ʧɑl/ hw20 /ʧʰokʰɑː/ /ʧokʰɑː/ hw44 /ʧ ːʈiː/ /ʧ ʈi/ hw21 /ɖɑbbɑː/ /ɖʱɑbbɑ/ hw45 /ʧɑɡɑt/ /ʤɑɡɑt/ hw22 /nɑːjɑk/ /ɳɑːjɑk/ hw46 /jɑːt/ /jɑːd/ hw23 /iːkɑːiː/ /ikɑːiː/ hw47 /upkɑːr/ /uːpkɑːr/ hw24 /kelɑː/ /kɛlɑː/ hw48 / ʧɑːiː/ / ːʧɑːiː/

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2.5.2 Sentence List: Listen to the sentences and transcribe them phonemically.

hs01 This evening, guests will be coming to our house.

Transcription

hs02 Of all fruits I like oranges the most.

Transcription john

hs03 Every year my cousin brother spends his winter vacation with us.

Transcription

hs04 It is raining very heavily.

Transcription

hs05 One should not spend much on luxuries.

Transcription john

hs06 Bablu got a toy aeroplane on his birthday.

Transcription J m

hs07 Parrots, usually like chilies.

Transcription

hs08 My mother is a good cook.

Transcription

hs09 We went to the market to get vegetables.

Transcription j n

hs10 I have read this book two times.

Transcription h n

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3. Bengali


Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Alveo-palatal Velar Glottal


Nasal m n ŋ Tap ɾ Flap ɽ Fricative ʃ h

Affricate ʧ ʤ ʧʰ ʤʱ

Approximant w j Lateral Approximant l

3.2 Vowel Phonemes (All the vowel phonemes have distinctive nasalized counterparts)

3.3 Allophones:

Phonemes Allophones Occurrences Examples

/ʃ/ [s]

1. Word initial position in combination with [p], [pʰ], [t], [tʰ], [k], [kʰ], [m], [n], [ɾ], [l]

[spɔɾʃo] ‘touch’; [spʰoʈik] ‘crystal’; [stɔb] ‘hymn’; [stʰɑn] ‘place’; [skɔndʱo] ‘shoulder’; [skʰɔlon] ‘falling’; [smito] ‘sweet smile’; [sneɦo] ‘affection’; [sɾiʃʈi] ‘creation’; [slok] ‘a couplet’

2. Word medial position in combination with [t], [tʰ], [n], [ɾ], [l]

[dɔstɑnɑ] ‘gloves’; [ɑstʰɑ] ‘faith’; [ɔssnɑto] ‘unbathed’; [osɾu] ‘tear’; [ɔslil] ‘obscene’

[ʃ] Elsewhere

/h/ [ɦ] V___V [loɦɑ] ‘iron’ [h] Elsewhere

Front Central Back Close i u Close-mid e o Open-mid æ ɔ Open ɑ

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/ɾ/ [r] Word initial position [rɑt] ‘night’ [ɾ] Elsewhere

3.4 Model List

3.4.1 Vowels

Oral Vowels

Initial Medial Final /i/ ইতিহাস /itihɑʃ/ history কীট /kiʈ/ insect চাতি /ʧɑbi/ key /e/ এলাকা /elɑkɑ/ area বিগ /beɡ/ velocity তিলল /ɖʱile/ loose /ӕ/ এক /ӕk/ one কযািলা /kӕblɑ/ idiot জ্যা /ʤӕ/ bowstring /ɑ/ আজ্ /ɑʤ/ today কাক /kɑk/ crow কলা /kɔlɑ/ banana /ɔ/ অংশ /ɔŋʃo/ part ঘণ /ɡʱɔno/ dense চ’ /ʧɔ/ go (hort.) /o/ ওজ্ন /oʤon/ weight বচাট /ʧoʈ/ wound খালটা /kʰɑʈo/ short /u/ উট /uʈ/ camel কূট /kuʈ/ shrewd আলু /ɑlu/ potato

Nasalized vowels

Initial Medial Final / / ইঁদরু / duɾ/ mouse তগটঁ /ɡ ʈ/ knot ত ঁত ঁ /ʤʱ ʤʱ / cricket (insect) / / এঁলটল / ʈel/ sticky বগলঁ া /ɡ o/ rustic /ӕ / পযাঁচা /pӕ ʧɑ/ owl /ɑ / আঁকা /ɑ kɑ/ to draw ফাঁকা /pʰɑ kɑ/ empty /ɔ / গদঁ /ɡɔ d/ gum / / ওঁচা / ʧɑ/ worthless বকাঁচ /k ʧ/ wrinkle বগা ঁ /ɡ / obstinacy / / উঁচু / ʧu/ high ছঁুলচা /ʧʰ ʧo/ mole

3.4.2 Consonants

Stops

Initial Medial Final /p/ পথ /pɔtʰ/ path কপাল /kɔpɑl/ forehead খাপ /kʰɑp/ case /pʰ/ ফল /pʰɔl/ fruit িফাি /tɔpʰɑt/ difference কফ /kɔpʰ/ phlegm /b/ িক /bɔk/ crane আিার /ɑbɑɾ/ again ডুি /ɖub/ dive /bʱ/ ভাগ /bʱɑɡ/ part গভীর /ɡobʱiɾ/ deep লাভ /lɑbʱ/ profit /t/ তিন /tin/ three গতি /ɡoti/ motion ভাি /bʱɑt/ rice /tʰ/ থাক /tʰɑk/ stack মাথা /mɑtʰɑ/ head রথ /ɾɔtʰ/ chariot

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/d/ দশ /dɔʃ/ ten কাদা /kɑdɑ/ mud ছাদ /ʧʰɑd/ roof /dʱ/ ধান /dʱɑn/ paddy গাধা /ɡɑdʱɑ/ donkey দধু /dudʱ/ milk /ʈ/ টক /ʈɔk/ sour আটা /ɑʈɑ/ flour খাট /kʰɑʈ/ cot /ʈʰ/ ঠিক /ʈʰik/ correct কাঠি /kɑʈʰi/ stick মাঠ /mɑʈʰ/ field /ɖ/ ডগা /ɖɔɡɑ/ tip বসাডা /soɖɑ/ soda রড /ɾɔɖ/ rod /ɖʱ/ িাক /ɖʱɑk/ drum অলিল /ɔɖʱel/ plenty /k/ বকশ /keʃ/ hair আকাশ /ɑkɑʃ/ sky টাক /ʈɑk/ bald /kʰ/ তখল /kʰil/ bolt তশখা /ʃikʰɑ/ flame বচাখ /ʧokʰ/ eye /ɡ/ গাছ /ɡɑʧʰ/ tree পাগল /pɑɡol/ mad দাগ /dɑɡ/ stain /ɡʱ/ বঘাল /ɡʱol/ whey দীতঘ /diɡʱi/ lake বমঘ /meɡʱ/ cloud

Nasals

Initial Medial Final /m/ মুখ /mukʰ/ face বকামল /komol/ delicate আম /ɑm/ mango /n/ নাক /nɑk/ nose দানি /dɑnob/ giant মন /mon/ heart /ŋ/ আঙুর /ɑŋuɾ/ grapes জ্ং /ʤɔŋ/ rust

Affricates

Initial Medial Final /ʧ/ চা /ʧɑ/ tea আচার /ɑʧɑɾ/ pickle নাচ /nɑʧ/ dance /ʧʰ/ ছতি /ʧʰobi/ picture তপছন /piʧʰon/ behind মাছ /mɑʧʰ/ fish /ʤ/ জ্ল /ʤɔl/ water িাজ্ার /bɑʤɑɾ/ market সিুজ্ /ʃobuʤ/ green /ʤʱ/ ব াপ /ʤʱop/ bush মাত /mɑʤʱi/ boatman মা /mɑʤʱ/ middle

Fricatives

Initial Medial Final /ʃ/ সম /ʃomɔj/ time বপাশাক /poʃɑk/ dress বকাষ /koʃ/ cell /h/ হাি /hɑt/ hand আহার /ɑhɑɾ/ food িাাঃ /bɑh/ exclamation in praise Liquids

Initial Medial Final /ɾ/ রতি /ɾobi/ sun চরম /ʧɔɾom/ utmost মার /mɑɾ/ beating /ɽ/ বভডা /bʱæɽɑ/ ram গুড /ɡuɽ/ jaggery /l/ তলচু /liʧu/ litchi কলম /kɔlom/ pen কল /kɔl/ tap

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Approximants

Initial Medial Final /w/ ও াতরশ /wɑɾiʃ/ heir হাও া /hɑwɑ/ air /j/ দ া /dɔjɑ/ mercy জ্ /ʤɔj/ victory

3.4.3 Sentences

1. Radha’s house is in Bardhaman. রাধার িাতড িধধমালন। /ɾɑdʱɑɾ bɑɽi bɔɾdʱomɑne/

2. Uncle has gone to the market. কাকা িাজ্ালর বগলছন। /kɑkɑ bɑʤɑɾe ɡӕʧʰen/

3. Shishir did not go to school today. তশতশর আজ্ সু্কল যা তন। /ʃiʃiɾ ɑʤ skul ʤɑjni/

4. I have a pet rabbit. আমার একটা বপাষা খরলগাশ আলছ। /ɑmɑɾ ӕkʈɑ poʃɑ kʰɔɾɡoʃ ɑʧʰe/

5. Bengalis like eating sweets. িাঙাতলরা তমতি বখলি ভাললািালস। /bɑŋɑliɾɑ miʃʈi kʰete bʱɑlobɑʃe/

6. There is a big fair in the village. গ্রালম িড বমলা িলসলছ। /ɡɾɑme bɔɽo mӕlɑ boʃeʧʰe/

7. I have never been to the forest. আতম কখলনাই জ্ঙ্গলল যাইতন। /ɑmi kɔkʰonoi ʤɔŋɡole ʤɑini/

8. Change is life. পতরিিধ লনর নামই জ্ীিন। /poɾibɔɾtoneɾ nɑmi ʤibɔn/

9. There are many tall buildings in the city. শহলর অলনক উঁচু উঁচু িাতড আলছ।

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/ʃɔhoɾe ɔnek ʧu ʧu bɑɽi ɑʧʰe/

10. The mango is sour. আমটা টক। /ɑmʈɑ ʈɔk/

3.5 Practice List

3.5.1 Word list: Listen to the words and select the correct transcription (A or B). Write your answer in the column named ‘Answer’.

A B Answer A B Answer bw01 /bɑ kɑ/ /bӕ kɑ/ bw23 /ʧ ɾe/ /ʧ ɽe/ bw02 /beʈe/ /b ʈe/ bw24 /ӕkɑ/ /ekɑ/ bw03 /bʱɑʤ/ /bʱɑ ʤ/ bw25 /dɔɾʤɑ/ /tɔrʤɑ/ bw04 /ɔbʱɑb/ /ɔbɑbʱ/ bw26 /uʃno/ /usno/ bw05 /ɡɑ tʰɑ/ /ɡɑ dʱɑ/ bw27 /ɡɑn/ /ɡʱɾɑn/ bw06 /ɡod/ /ɡɔ d/ bw28 /mɑʤʱ/ /mɑʧʰ/ bw07 /kɑt/ /ɡɑt/ bw29 /bɑhiɾ/ /bɑjiɾ/ bw08 /kʰɑwɑ/ /kʰɑjɑ/ bw30 /mɔt/ /nɔt/ bw09 /kʰewa/ /kʰejɑ/ bw31 /ɑʧɑɾ/ /ɑʧʰɑɾ/ bw10 /kʰut/ /kʰ t/ bw32 /kʰɑʈɑl/ /kɑʈɑl/ bw11 /komɔl/ /kɔmol/ bw33 /ʃɔŋbɑd/ /ʃɔmbɑd/ bw12 /k ʧ/ /koʧ/ bw34 /ɖʱɑl/ /ɖɑl/ bw13 /kul/ /kol/ bw35 /nil/ /mil/ bw14 /pɑʤi/ /bɑʤi/ bw36 /ɖɑkɑ/ /ɖʱɑkɑ/ bw15 /pɾostut/ /pɾoʃtut/ bw37 /ʤɔl/ /ʤʱɔl/ bw16 /pʰul/ /bʱul/ bw38 /ɑʈɑ/ /ɑʈʰɑ/ bw17 /piʈʰ/ /biʈʰ/ bw39 /ʧɔk/ /ʧʰɔk/ bw18 /ʈɔlɑʈ/ /tɔllɑʈ/ bw40 /ʤʱɑl/ /ʤʱɑɾ/ bw19 /pɑlok/ /bɑlok/ bw41 /ɡɑdɑ/ /ɡɑdʱɑ/ bw20 /tin/ /din/ bw42 /dɾisso/ /dɾiʃʃo/ bw21 /ɡol/ /kol/ bw43 /ʈɑkɑ/ /tɑkɑ/ bw22 /pɑɾ/ /pɑɽ/ bw44 /pæʈ/ /peʈ/

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bs01 It rained this morning.

Transcription

bs02 My uncle gifted me a beautiful pen.

Transcription

bs03 Rimi sings well.

Transcription

bs04 The market is closed today.

Transcription

bs05 I bought a green saree.

Transcription

bs06 Ram is not good in studies.

Transcription

bs07 I am sleepy.

Transcription

bs08 Do you want to go for a trip?

Transcription

bs09 Thursday is a holiday for me.

Transcription

bs10. It is very hot in Kolkata.

Transcription

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4. Telugu


4.2 Vowel Phonemes

Front Central Back Close i iː u uː Close-mid e eː o oː Open-mid ɛ Open æː ɑ ɑː

4.3 Allophones

4.3.1 Vowels

In native words of the structure (C₁)V₁C₂(Cn)V₂…, the V₁ is lowered to a certain degree when V₂ is /ɑ/. Here V₁=/i/, /iː/, /u/, /uː/, /o/, /oː/, /ɑ/, or /ɑː/ but not /e/, /eː/, /ɛ/, or /æː/. (Cn) stands for an optional consonant or consonant sequence.

Phonemes Allophones Examples

/i/ [i] [pilli] ‘cat’ [ɪ] [pɪllɐ] ‘girl’

/iː/ [iː] [ɡiːɾu] ‘to scratch’ [ɪː] [ɡɪːɾɐ] ‘arrogance’

/e/ [e] [meʈʈu] ‘step’

Bilabial Labio- dental

Denti- alveolar

Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal


Nasal m n ɳ Trill r Fricative f s ʂ ʃ h

Affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ʧʰ ʤʱ

Approximant ʋ j Lateral Approximant

l ɭ

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/eː/ [eː] [meːʈu] ‘straw heap’ /ɛ/ [ɛ] [bɛɳɖu] ‘to bend’ /ӕː/ [ӕː] [mæːʈu] ‘mat’

/u/ [u] [puʈʈu] ‘a kind of food preparation’ [ʊ] [pʊʈʈɐ] ‘ant-hill’

/uː/ [uː] [kuːɾu] ‘to stuff in’ [ʊː] [kʊːɾɐ] ‘curry’

/o/ [o] [poʈʈu] ‘husk’ [ɔ] [pɔʈʈɐ] ‘tummy’

/oː/ [oː] [koːti] ‘monkey’ [ɔː] [kɔːtɐ] ‘cut’

/ɑ/ [ɑ] [pɑʈʈiː] ‘strap’ [ɐ] [pɐʈʈɐ] ‘bark’

/ɑː/ [ɑː] [pɑːɾu] ‘to flow’ [ɐː] [pɐːɾɐ] ‘spade’

4.3.2 Consonants

Phonemes Allophones Occurrences Examples

/m/ [ʋ ]

1.Intervocalic and word final positions

[ʧɪːʋ ɐ] ‘ant’; [pɔlɐʋ ] ‘agricultural field’

2.Before the consonants /r, f, s, ʃ, h, l, ʋ/

[sɐʋ ɾɐkʂɐɳɐʋ ] ‘protection’; [pӕːʋ fleʈʈu] ‘pamphlet’; [mɐːʋ sɐʋ ] ‘meat’; [ʋɐʋ ʃɐʋ ] ‘lineage’; [sɪʋ hɐʋ ] ‘lion’; [sɐʋ lɐɡnɐ] ‘well-joined’; [sɐʋ ʋɐtsɐɾɐʋ ] ‘year’

[ ] Before /j/ [sɐ jɔːɡɐʋ ] ‘combination’ [m] Elsewhere

/n/

[ɲ] Adjacent to a palatal consonant

[sɑɲʧiː] ‘bag’, [mʊɲʤɐ] ‘tender jelly like kernel of palm fruit’; [ɐːʤɲɐ] ‘command’

[ŋ] Before a velar consonant

[bɐŋkɐ] ‘glue’, [rɑŋɡu] ‘colour’

[n] Elsewhere

/r/ [ɾ] Intervocalic position [peːɾu] ‘name’ [r] Elsewhere

/ʣ/ [z] Before a non-front [rɑːzu] ‘king’

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vowel in intervocalic position

[ʣ] Before a non-front vowel in non-intervocalic position

[ʣuːlu] ‘mane’, [ʣoːli] ‘shoulder bag’

/ʤ/

[ʒ] Before a front vowel in intervocalic position

[rɑːʒiː] ‘truce’

[ʤ] Before a front vowel in non-intervocalic position

[ʤɪːtɐʋ ] ‘salary’, [ʤeːbu] ‘pocket’

/ʋ / [ʋ ] After the allophone [ʋ ] of /m/

[sɐʋ ʋ ɐtsɐɾɐʋ ] ‘year’

[ʋ] Elsewhere

/j/ [ ] After the allophone [ ] of /m/

[sɑ ɔːɡɑʋ ] ‘combination’

[j] Elsewhere

4.4 Model List

4.4.1 Vowels

Initial Medial Final

/i/ ఇల్లు /illu/ house పిన్ను /pinnu/ pin గద ి /ɡɑdi/ room

/iː/ ఈగ /iːɡɑ/ fly పీచన /piːʦu/ fiber అద ీ /ɑdiː/ it too

/e/ ఎల్లగు /eluɡu/ bear పెన్ను /pennu/ pen అదదె /ɑdde/ rent

/ɛ/ ఎల్క /ɛlɑkɑ/ rat గెల్ /ɡɛlɑ/ bunch

/eː/ ఏన్నగు /eːnuɡu/ elephant పేన్న /peːnu/ louse అదదె /ɑddeː/ rent only

/æː/ ఏల్క /æːlɑkɑ/ cardamom పేేంటు /pæːɳʈu/ trousers అదద /ɑdæː/ is it?

/ɑ/ అల్ు ేం /ɑllɑm/ ginger పన్ను /pɑnnu/ tooth పిల్ు /pillɑ/ child

/ɑː/ ఆరు /ɑːru/ six పాల్ల /pɑːlu/ milk పిల్లు /pillɑː/ child?

/o/ ఒకట ి /okɑʈi/ one పొ ల్ేం /polɑm/ agriculturalifield

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/oː/ ఓడ /oːɖɑ/ boat కోడ ి /koːɖi/ fowl పో /poː/ go!

/u/ ఉల్లు /ulli/ onion పుల్ల /puli/ tiger వాడు /ʋɑːɖu/ he

/uː/ ఊల్ల /uːlu/ wool కూర /kuːrɑ/ curry వాడూ /ʋɑːɖuː/ he too 4.4.2 Consonants

Stops

Initial Medial /p/ పని /pɑni/ work చదప /ʧeːpɑ/ fish

/pʰ/ ఫల్ేం /pʰɑlɑm/ result కఫేం /kɑpʰɑm/ phlegm

/b/ బాతు /bɑːtu/ duck జేబు /ʤeːbu/ pocket

/bʱ/ భయేం /bʱɑjɑm/ fear ల్లభేం /lɑːbʱɑm/ profit

/t/ తల్ /tɑlɑ/ head ల్త /lɑtɑ/ creeper

/tʰ/ థదేంకలు /tʰӕːnksu/ thanks ఆస్ాా న్ేం /ɑːstʰɑːnɑm/ royal court

/d/ దికలు /dikku/ direction పద ి /pɑdi/ ten

/dʱ/ ధన్ేం /dʱɑnɑm/ wealth బాధ /bɑːdʱɑ/ pain

/ʈ/ టకలు /ʈɑkku/ trickery పాట /pɑːʈɑ/ song

/ʈʰ/ ఠాణా /ʈʰɑːɳɑː/ police station బఠాణ ీ /bɑʈʰɑːɳiː/ peas

/ɖ/ డబుు /ɖɑbbu/ money ఆడ /ɑːɖɑ/ female

/ɖʱ/ ఢోకా /ɖʱoːkɑː/ danger మూఢ /muːɖʱɑ/ foolish

/k/ కన్ను /kɑnnu/ eye మేక /mӕːkɑ/ goat

/kʰ/ ఖలలీ /kʰɑːliː/ empty ఆఖరు /ɑːkʰɑru/ last

/ɡ/ గాల్ల /ɡɑːli/ air పగ /pɑɡɑ/ enemity

/ɡʱ/ ఘోరేం /ɡʱoːrɑm/ horror నిఘల /niɡʱɑː/ surveillance

Nasals

Initial Medial Final /m/ మన్ను /mɑnnu/ clay పాము /pɑːmu/ snake బల్ేం /bɑlɑm/ strength

/n/ న్కు /nɑkkɑ/ fox అన్న /ɑnu/ to say

/ɳ/ బో ణ ీ /boːɳiː/ first sale

Affricates

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Initial Medial /ʦ/ చూడు /ʦuːɖu/ to see కాచన /kɑːʦu/ to boil

/ʣ/ జూల్ల /ʣuːlu/ mane రాజు /rɑːʣu/ king

/ʧ/ చిన్ు /ʧinnɑ/ small బూచి /buːʧi/ bogey man

/ʧʰ/ ఛేందస్ను /ʧʰɑndɑssu/ poetic meter ఇచఛ /iʧʧʰɑ/ wish

/ʤ/ జన్మ /ʤɑnmɑ/ birth పేజీ /peːʤiː/ page

/ʤʱ/ ఝలము /ʤʱɑːmu/ part of the day మజఝా న్ేం /mɑʤʤʱɑnɑm/ afternoon

Fricatives

Initial Medial /f/ ఫేన్న /fӕːnu/ fan కాఫ ీ /kɑːfiː/ coffee

/s/ స్నఖేం /sukʰɑm/ pleasure కొస్ /kosɑ/ tip

/ʃ/ శ ేంఠ ి /ʃoɳʈʰi/ dired ginger కాశీ /kɑːʃiː/ Benaras

/h/ హాయి /hɑːji/ pleasantness మహా /mɑhɑː/ great

/ʂ/ షాపు /ʂɑːpu/ shop కషాయేం /kɑʂɑːjɑm/ decoction

Liquids

Initial Medial /r/ రాయి /rɑːji/ stone మర /mɑrɑ/ screw

/l/ ల్ెకు /lekkɑ/ calculation కల్ /kɑlɑ/ dream

/ɭ/ గోళీ /ɡoːɭiː/ marbles

Semivowels

Initial Medial /ʋ/ వేంతు /ʋɑntu/ portion ఆవు /ɑːʋu/ cow

/j/ యేంతరేం /jɑntrɑm/ machine కాయ /kɑːjɑ/ berry 4.4.3 Sentences:

1.

Our hometown is Vizianagaram. మల ఊరు విజయన్గరేం. /mɑː uːru ʋiʤɑjɑnɑɡɑrɑm/

2. What do you want me to do? మీరు న్న్ను ఏమి చదయయమేంటారు ?

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/miːru nannu eːmi ʧejjɑmɑɳʈɑːru/

3.

Mrs. Lalita is at home. ల్ల్లతగారు ఇేంటిదగగర ఉన్ాురు. /lɑlitɑːɡɑːru iɳʈi dɑɡɡɑrɑ unnɑːru/

4.

I would have given you money long ago had I got it. న్ా దగగర డబుు ఉేంట ేఎపుుడో నీకల ఇచదేవాడిని. /nɑː dɑɡɡirɑ ɖɑbbu uɳʈeː eppuɖoː niːku iʧʧeː ʋɑːɖini/

5.

Did it rain recently in your village? మీ ఊళ్ళో ఈమధయ వాన్ల్ల పడాా యల ? /miː uːɭɭoː iː mɑdʱjɑ ʋɑːnɑlu pɑɖɖɑːjɑː/

6.

Having it rained, roads got spoilt. వాన్ల్ల పడి రోడుు పాడదైపో యియేి.

/ʋɑːnɑlu pɑɖi roːɖlu pɑːɖɑjpoːjeːj/

7.

We will come to know many things if we read this book. ఈ పుస్త కేం చదివితద మన్క ిఎన్ను విషయలల్ల తదల్లస్ాత యి.

/iː pustɑkɑm ʧɑdiʋiteː mɑnɑki ennoː ʋiʂɑjɑːlu telustɑːj/

8.

Since we have to catch a train at four tomorrow morning we need to get up very early. రేపు పొ దనె న్ు న్ాల్లగగేంటల్క ేరెైల్ల అేందనకోవాల్ల కాబటిి చాల్ల వేగేంగా ల్ేవాల్ల. /reːpu poddunna nɑːluɡɡɑɳʈɑlɑkeː rejlu ɑndukoːʋɑːli kɑːbɑʈʈi ʦɑːlɑː ʋeːɡɑnɡɑː leːʋɑːli/

9.

Although sweets are tasty to eat, they are not good for the body. తీప ివేంటకాల్ల తిన్డానికి రుచిగా ఉన్ాు ఒేంటకిి మేంచివి కావు. /tiːpi ʋɑɳʈɑkɑːlu tinɑɖɑːniki ruʧiɡɑː unnɑː oɳʈiki mɑnʧiʋi kɑːʋu/

10. If one wants to travel by air, one has to buy a ticket two months in advance. విమలన్ేంల్ో వళె్ళోల్ేంటే రణెణెల్ు ముేందద టకిెుటుి కొన్నకోువాల్ల. /ʋimɑːnɑmloː ʋeɭɭɑːlɑɳʈeː reɳɳellɑmundeː ʈikkeʈʈu konukkoːʋɑːli/

4.5 Practice list


A B Answer A B Answer tw01 /puːluːpu/ /pulupu/ tw24 /ʃuːnjɑm/ /sunnɑm/

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tw02 /eːruːpu/ /erupu/ tw25 /bʱɑːʂɑ/ /bʱɑːsɑ/ tw03 /pæːlɑːlu/ /pælɑːluː/ tw26 /pɑmɑsɑ/ /pɑnɑsɑ/ tw04 /idi/ /iːdiː/ tw27 /ɡʱɑnɑm/ /ɡɑnɑm/ tw05 /pɑni/ /pɑːniː/ tw28 /ʧilɑɡɑ/ /ʧilɑkɑ/ tw06 /ʧirɑ/ /ʧiːrɑ/ tw29 /ʧenɑʈɑ/ /ʧɛmɑʈɑ/ tw07 /kɑːlu/ /kɑlu/ tw30 /pɑʧi/ /pɑʧʧi/ tw08 /pɑːkoɖi/ /pɑkoːɖi/ tw31 /mɑːʈɑ/ /mɑːtɑ/ tw09 /koːlɑːtɑ/ /kolɑtɑ/ tw32 /sʈʰɑːnɑm/ /stʰɑːnɑm/ tw10 /meːlu/ /mæːlu/ tw33 /koɖuku/ /koruku/ tw11 /mulɑː/ /muːlɑ/ tw34 /ɡɑːʤʱu/ /ɡɑːʣu/ tw12 /ɑːfiːsu/ /ɑpʰiːsu/ tw35 /ɑʋɑː/ /ɑːʋɑ/ tw13 /fɑlana/ /pʰɑlɑːnɑː/ tw36 /pæːʈɑ/ /pæːɖɑ/ tw14 /pɑdʱunu/ /pɑdunu/ tw37 /ʤɑnɡɑːrɑm/ /ʤʱɑnkɑːrɑm/ tw15 /biɭɭɑ/ /piɭɭɑ/ tw38 /pɑlɑkɑ/ /pɑɭɑkɑ/ tw16 /kɑɳupu/ /kɑnupu/ tw39 /indanam/ /indʱɑnɑm/ tw17 /ɖʱɑnkɑː/ /ɖɑnkɑː/ tw40 /mɑʃi/ /mɑsi/ tw18 /ʧʰɑːndɑsɑm/ /ʧɑːndɑsɑm/ tw41 /kɑriːdu/ /kʰɑriːdu/ tw19 /mɑːjɑ/ /mɑːʤɑ/ tw42 /ɡɑʣʣe/ /ɡɑʤʤe/ tw20 /mɑɡʱɑ/ /mɑɡɑ/ tw43 /tʰɑːʋu/ /ʈʰɑːʋu/ tw21 /ʧʰukkɑ/ /ʦukkɑ/ tw44 /ɑbɑjɑm/ /ɑbʱɑjɑm/ tw22 /ɑbuː/ /ɑːpu/ tw45 /hoːru/ /hoːɖu/ tw23 /koːti/ /koːtʰi/


ts01 We got guests today at home.

Transcription

ts02 Among fruits, do you like oranges?

Transcription

ts03 One should not get off a bus until it stops completely.

Transcription

ts04 Is it good for health to take nap after eating in the afternoon?

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Transcription

ts05 One gets more phlegm if one drinks too much coffee.

Transcription

ts06 A baby crow looks very cute to its mother.

Transcription

ts07 Why one should step into mud and then clean the feet?

Transcription

ts08 One is a baby when he could sleep in the lap (of his mother), but is he still a baby when his beard starts growing?

Transcription

ts09 The whole village is good to a person who talks good.

Transcription h j

ts10 If the horse has a tail, it fans it for itself, but does it fan for the rest of the horses in the stable?

Transcription B y

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5. Disordered Speech

5.1 Cleft-palate Speech

Sample data (Tamil)

cps1 Target phrase /pɑːppɑ pɑːʈʈu pɑːɖu/ Subject’s response {[kɑːkkɑ kɑːʔʔu kɑːʔu]

cps2 Target phrase /liːlɑː pɑːl kuɖittɑːl/ Subject’s response {[liːlɑː p kɑːl uʔiʔʔɑːl]

Note: All the letters enclosed within have the feature of the e tI A symbol i.e., ‘nasal escape’.

Data for Practice (Tamil): Each sound file contains the normal target phrase followed by the subject’s response. Transcribe the subject’s response in the following table.

cps3 Target phrase /mɑːmɑn mɑɡɑl miːnɑː/

Subject’s response

cps4 Target phrase /nɑːn neːʈr nɑɖɑndeːn/


cps5 Target phrase /ʈiːnɑː ʈɑmblɑrɑj poːʈʈɑːl/


cps6 Target phrase /kɑːmini pɑːkkɨ koɖɨ/


cps7 Target phrase /sɑːmi kɑːsu sejrtɑːn/


5.2. Aphasic Speech (Telugu)

Each sound file contains the normal target phrase followed by the subject’s response. Transcribe the subject’s response in the following table.

Target word Gloss Subject’s Response as1 /kiʈiki/ window as2 /ɑrɑʈipɑnɖu/ banana

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as3 /mɑnʦɑm/ cot as4 /rɑjtu/ farmer as5 /dunnutunnɑːɖu/ is ploughing 5.3 Speech of Hearing Impaired children (Telugu)

Each sound file contains the normal target phrase followed by the subject’s response. Transcribe the subject’s response in the following table.

Target word Gloss Child’s response his01 /kɑːki/ crow his02 /kɑkku/ to vomit his03 /ɡeːʈu/ gate his04 /ʧɑːʈu/ to announce his05 /ʧoːʈɑ/ place his06 /tokkɑ/ bark (tree) his07 /toːkɑ/ tail his08 /dikku/ direction his09 /nɑːku/ to me/to leak his10 /piːku/ to pull

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6. Identification of Phonological Processes

6.1. Developing Speech

6.1.1 Hindi: Look at the target word and the child’s response and try to identify the phonological process (es) involved:

Target word Gloss Child’s response Phonological process(es) involved 1. /dɑrʋɑːzɑː/ door [dɑʋɑːdɑ] 2. /ʧiɽijɑː/ bird [ʧiːjɑː] 3. /ʧɑʃmɑː/ spectacle [temʧɑː] 4. /seːb/ apple [ʧeːp] 5. /bɑːlʈiː/ bucket [pɑːlʈiː] 6. /diːʋɑːr/ wall [diɑːl] 7. /ʧʰɑtri/ umbrella [tɑtɑdiː] 8. /kɑhɑːniː/ story [kɑːniː] 9. /muːŋɡpʰɑliː/ peanuts [mumpɑli] 10. /ʧiːz/ thing [tiːd] 11. /ʧʰipkɑliː/ lizard [ʧikkɑli] 12. /ʧʰɑːtɑː/ umbrella [tɑːtɑː] 13. /ɑŋɡuliː/ finger [uŋɡiː] 14. /ɑmruːd/ guava [ɑmbut] 15. /kʰɑrɑːb/ spoilt [kʰɑːb]

6.1.2 Telugu

Target word Gloss Child’s response Phonological process(es) involved 1. /pɑːʋurɑːlu/ pigeons [pɑːʋulɑːlu] 2. /tiːsukeɭɭi/ having taken [tiːʧelli] 3. /snɑːnɑm/ bath [sɑnɑm] 4. /pɑɖeːstɑː/ I will drop [pɑɖettɑː] 5. /ɡuɖɖu/ egg [ɡuddu] 6. /rɑːstɑː/ road [tɑːttɑ] 7. /tiːsukoːnɖi/ please take it [teːtondi] 8. /eʋɑru/ who [eʋɑlu] 9. /ʤɑːmpɑnɖu/ guava fruit [dɑmpɑndu] 10. /peʈʈu/ put [pettu]

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11. /kobbɑrikɑːji/ coconut [kobbɑkɑːj] 12. /ʋɑstɑːru/ they will come [ʋɑttɑːlu] 13. /drɑːkʃɑpɑɭɭu/ grapes [dɑːssɑpɑllu] 14. /pɑɖipoːtɑːu/ you will fall [pɑlipoːrɑːu] 15. /ekkɑɖiki/ to where [ekkɑkiː]

6.2 Speech of hearing impaired children (Telugu)

Target word Gloss Child’s response Phonological process(es) involved 1. /bɑːɳɑmu/ arrow [pɑːɖʌm] 2. /ɡɑːʣulu/ bangles [kɑːʧulu] 3. /buʈʈɑ/ basket [poːʈɑ] 4. /piʈʈɑ/ bird [peʈʈɑ] 5. /ɑbbɑːϳi/ boy [ɑppɑːϳi] 6. /ʋɑnkɑːjɑ/ brinjal [bʌkkɑːϳɑ] 7. /ɡunɖiː/ button [koʈʈi] 8. /duʋʋenɑ/ comb [tuppenɑ] 9. /mɑnʦɑmu/ cot [pʌʧʧɑmu] 10. /mosɑli/ crocadile [posʌli] 11. /eːnuɡu/ elephant [eːnuku] 12. /pinɖi/ flour [pʌʈʈi] 13. /kunɖiː/ flower pot [koʈʈi] 14. /ʤuʈʈu/ hair [ʧoʈʈu] 15. /puʈʈɑ/ hillock [poːːʈɑ] 16. /ɡurrɑmu/ horse [kutrɑm] 17. /muddu/ kiss [moːtu] 18. /niʧʧenɑ/ ladder [ɛʧʌnɑ] 19. /nimmɑ/ lemon [neːmɑ] 20. /simhɑmu/ lion [simbʱɑm] 21. /tɑːɭɑmu/ lock [tɑːɖɑm] 22. /miʂɑnu/ machine [miʃilu] 23. /mɑːmiɖi/ mango [pɑːmiɖi] 24. /nemɑli/ peacock [ɲʌmʌli] 25. /pensilu/ pencil [peʧʧillu]

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26. /bɑnɖɑ/ rock [pɔʈʈɑ] 27. /skuːʈɑru/ scooter [kuːʈʌr] 28. /dimmɑ/ small platform [tɛːmɑ] 29. /nunnɑ/ smooth [noːnnɑ] 30. /tummu/ sneeze [toppu] 31. /uϳϳɑːlɑ/ swing [uϳϳɑːϳɑ] 32. /ʧimpu/ to tear [ʧeːpu] 33. /tɑːbeːlu/ tortoise [tʌmeːlu] 34. /ɡoɖuɡu/ umbrella [koɖuku] 35. /ninnɑ/ yesterday [neːnnɑ]

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7. Reading Passages

Following are phonemic transcriptions of the translated version of the story ‘The North-Wind and the Sun’ into Hindi, Bengali and Telugu for reading.

Hindi:

/uttɑr kiː hɑʋɑː ɔr suːrɑʤ ɑːpɑs me is bɑːt ko lekɑr ʤʱɑɡɑɽ rɑhe tʰe kiː unme se zjɑːdɑː tɑːkɑtʋɑr kɔn hɛ । tɑbʱi unhon ʋɑhɑ ː ek musɑː r ko ɑːte dekʰɑː । musɑːfir ne ek koʈ pɛhɛnɑː huɑː tʰɑː । uttɑr kiː hɑʋɑː ɔr suːrɑʤ ne tɛj kijɑː kiː unme se ʤo pɛhele musɑːfir ko koʈ utɑːrne ke lije mɑʤbuːr kɑr deɡɑː, use hiː zjɑːdɑː tɑːkɑtʋɑr mɑːnɑː ʤɑːjeɡɑː । uttɑr kiː hɑʋɑː ne bɑhut tez ʧɑlnɑː ʃuru ki । ʤitni tez hɑʋɑː ʧɑli, musɑːfir ne utnɑː hiː zjɑːdɑː koʈ ko kɑs lijɑː । bɑhut koʃiʃo ke bɑːd bʱiː uttɑr kiː hɑʋɑː musɑːfir kɑː koʈ utɑːrne me nɑːkɑːm rɑhiː । tɑb suːrɑj ʧɑmɑktɑː huɑː bɑːdɑl se bɑːhɑr ɑːjɑː । kuʧʰ der bɑːd musɑːfir ne ɡɑrmiː ke kɑːrɑn ɑpnɑː koʈ utɑːr dijɑː । uttɑr kiː hɑʋɑː ne mɑːn lijɑː kiː suːrɑʤ hiː un dono me zjɑːdɑː tɑːkɑtʋɑr hɛ/ Bengali:

/utture hɑwɑ o ʃurʤo niʤeder moddʱe ke beʃi ʃoktiʃɑli, tɑ nije tɔrko korʧʰilo । itimoddʱe æk potʰik, ʧɑdor ɡɑje dije sekʰɑne upostʰit holo । utture hɑwɑ o ʃurʤo ʈʰik korlo tɑder moddʱe ʤe ɑɡe potʰikke tɑr ɡɑjer ʧɑdor kʰule pʰelte bɑddʱo korbe, tɑkei onner tulonɑje beʃi ʃoktiʃɑli bole ɡonno korɑ hɔbe । utture hɑwɑ tɑr ʃɔrbo ʃokti dije boite ʃuru korlo । ʤɔto utture hɑwɑr beɡ bɑɽe tɔto potʰik ʧɑdorʈɑ ɑro bʱɑlo kore ɡɑje ʤɔɽɑje । ɔnek ʧesʈɑ kɔrɑr poreo utture hɑwɑ potʰiker ɡɑ tʰeke ʧɑdor ʃɔrɑte nɑ pere hɑl ʧeɽe dilo । tɑrpɔr ʤɔlmɔle rod nije ʃurʤo uʈʰlo । kiʧukʰon por potʰik tɑr ɡɑjer ʧɑdor kʰule pʰello । utture hɑwɑ mene nilo ʤe tɑder duʤoner moddʱe ʃurʤoi ʃɔb tʰeke beʃi ʃoktiʃɑli/ Telugu:

/okɑ bɑːʈɑsɑːri dɑɭɑsɑri kɑmbɑɭiː kɑppukoni ʋɑstuːɳɖɑɡɑː, uttɑrɑpuɡɑːliː, suːrjuɖuː, tɑmɑloː eʋɑru bɑlɑʋɑntulu ɑni ʋɑːdinʧukoɳʈunnɑːru । eʋɑru ɑː bɑːʈɑsɑːri tɑnɑ kɑmbɑɭiːni ʋippi pɑɖeːseːlɑːɡɑ ʧeːstɑːroː, ʋɑːɭɭu bɑlɑʋɑntulu ɑni nirdʱɑːrinʧɑːli ɑni oppukunnɑːru । ɑppuɖu, uttɑrɑpuɡɑːli ʋiːlɑjnɑntɑ bɑlɑnɡɑː ʋiːʧindi । kɑːni ɑː bɑːʈɑsɑːri, ɡɑːli entɑ bɑlɑnɡɑː ʋiːʧiteː, ɑntɑ biɡuʋuɡɑː kambɑɭiːni ʧuʈʈiʋeːsikonnɑːɖu । ʧiʋɑriki uttɑrɑpuɡɑːli tɑnɑ prɑjɑtnɑːnini ɑːpiʋeːsindi । ɑppuɖu suːrjuɖu ʋeːɖiɡɑː prɑkɑːʃinʧeːɖu । ʋeɳʈɑneː ɑː bɑːʈɑsɑːri kɑmbɑɭiː ʋippiʋeːseːɖu । ɑnʧeːtɑ, tɑmɑ iddɑriloː suːrjuɖeː bɑlɑʋɑntuɖu ɑni, uttɑrɑpuɡɑːli oppukoːʋɑlɑsiʋɑʧʧindi/

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