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Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002

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Page 1: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Phonetics

LING 200

Spring 2002

Page 2: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

What is phonetics?

• Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs

• Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

• Articulatory phonetics: production of sounds/signs

Page 3: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Articulatory phonetics

• Description of speech sounds

– Vocal tract structures relevant for speech

• Transcription of speech sounds

• Sound inventories

Of spoken languages:

Page 4: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Vocal tract

anatomy

Page 5: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Major structures

structure (noun) adjectival descriptor

lips labial

teeth dental

alveolar ridge alveolar

hard palate palatal

soft palate = velum velar

nasal cavity nasal

larynx laryngeal

glottis glottal

Page 6: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Phonetic description

• Consonants: e.g.

– Laryngeal settingvoiceless

– Place of articulationbilabial

– Degree of occlusion/manner stop

Page 7: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Phonetic transcription

• Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptions– E.g. voiceless bilabial stop = [p]

• Different systems of phonetic transcription– ‘Americanist’– International Phonetic Association

Page 8: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Value of phonetic transcription

• A universal framework for the description of languages

– 1 symbol – 1 sound

– Many languages lack writing systems

• Superior to many writing systems

Page 9: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Preparing a transcription

• What are the sounds of the language?

• How can they be represented?

Page 10: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Phonetic transcription

1. ‘driftwood’

2. ‘cane’

3. ‘footwear’

4. ‘grease’

5. ‘straight up’

6. ‘your collarbone’

Page 11: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Phonetic transcription

1. [tz] ‘driftwood’

2. [thz] ‘cane’

3. [qh] ‘footwear’

4. [] ‘grease’

5. [ntq] ‘straight up’

6. [nt’q] ‘your collarbone’

Page 12: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Vocal tract

anatomy

•Upper articulator

•Lower articulator

Page 13: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Major lower articulators

Page 14: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Major structures of the tongue

structure descriptor

tongue lingual coronal

tip apical

blade laminal

dorsum dorsal

root radical

Page 15: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Description of speech sounds

• Place of articulation

• Degree of occlusion (‘manner’)

• Oral or nasal

• Laryngeal setting

Main parameters for consonants:

Page 16: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Degree of occlusion• How close are lower and upper articulator?

– Relatively close, constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants

– Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels• Defines classes of sounds

– Vowels vs. consonants: [a] vs. [d]– Subclasses of vowels: [a] vs. [i]– Subclasses of consonants: [d] vs. [z]

Page 17: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Place of articulation: consonants

• Different languages produce sounds at different places of articulation

• Witsuwit’en [qis] ‘king salmon’ vs. English geese [gis]

Page 18: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English consonant place of articulationlower articulator

upper articulator

example

(bi-) labial bin

labio- dental fin

interdental thin

(apico-) alveolar tin

palatal shin

velar kin

glottal him

Page 19: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Place of articulation

Page 20: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Degree of occlusion

• Consonant subclasses

– Stops: complete occlusion of airflow

– Fricatives: air pressure build-up behind occlusion; turbulent airflow

– Approximants (‘liquids’ and ‘glides’): no pressure build-up

Page 21: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Oral vs. nasal

• Velum raised– Air flows into oral cavity onlyoral sound

• Velum lowered– Air flows into oral and nasal cavitiesnasal sound

• Nasal fricatives are rare in the world’s languages. Why?

Page 22: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English oral vs. nasal stops

(oral) stop (= ‘plosive’)

nasal (stop)

bilabial pin bin Kim

alveolar tin din kin

velar kin again king

glottal uh-oh

Stop: produced with complete occlusion, lower and upper articulators seal off airflow

Page 23: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English fricatives

place example

labiodental fin, VIN

interdental thin, then

alveolar sip, zip

palatal Aleutian, illusion

laryngeal hinder

Fricative: produced with turbulent airflow, pressure build-up behind occlusion

Page 24: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Affricates

• = Stop released into fricative of ‘same’ place of articulation

• English affricates

place example

palatal chin, gin

Page 25: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English approximantsApproximant: No pressure build-up, non-turbulent airflow

place stricture example

liquids alveolar lateral lip

( ) rip

glides palatal yip

labio-velar

whip

Page 26: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Laryngeal setting

Page 27: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Laryngeal setting• English: What is the state of the vocal

cords?

Page 28: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Laryngeal setting: the larynx

Page 29: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Laryngeal setting: vocal cords

Page 30: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Laryngeal setting

• English voiced vs. voiceless (oral) stops and affricates

voiced vls

labial crabby crappy

alveolar bad bat

palatal badge batch

velar bag back

Page 31: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Degree of occlusion

• How close are lower and upper articulator?– Relatively close, constricted (‘occluded’)

airflow: consonants• stops• fricatives• approximants

– Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels

Page 32: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Vowels

• Vowel quality

– Height

– Backness

– Labiality

• Vowel quantity

Page 33: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

A five vowel inventorySpanish

front central back

high i u

mid e o

low

Page 34: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Spanish vowels

front central back

high [mis] ‘Mass’

[mus] ‘muse’

mid [mes] ‘table’

[mos] ‘waitress’

low [ms] ‘dough’

Page 35: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Quality• Height

– High – mid – low• Backness

– Front – central – back• Labiality

– Rounded – unrounded – Non-low back vowels usually rounded

Page 36: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Phonetic description

• [i] = high front unrounded vowel

• [e] = mid front unrounded vowel

• [] = low central(-back) unrounded vowel

• [o] = mid back rounded vowel

• [u] = high back rounded vowel

Page 37: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Another five vowel inventoryMandarin (Chinese)

[ü]/[y] = high front rounded vowel

[] = mid central unrounded vowel

front central back

high i ü u

mid

low

Page 38: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Mandarin vowel qualityfront central back

unrnd round unrnd round

high [í] ‘1’ [ü] ‘bruise’

[ú] ‘crow’

mid [] ‘hungry’

low ‘ah’

Page 39: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Vowel quantity: Sahaptin

front central back

high i i: u u:

low :

[] = high central unrounded vowel

[i] = high front unrounded vowel

[i:] = long high front unrounded vowel

Page 40: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Sahaptin short vowels

front central back

high [tit]- ‘fart’ tt] ‘tooth’

[tut] ‘your dad’

low [ttí] ‘dirty’

Page 41: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Sahaptin short vs. long vowels

short long

[sts't] 'night' [sts':t] 'dark'

[pišíš] 'paternal aunt' [ci:š] 'water'

[pjuš] 'snake' [pu:š]'juniper'

Page 42: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowels

• English, a Germanic language

• Proto-Germanic vowels

i i: u u:

e e: o:

a

Page 43: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowels• Historical length > 'tense'/'lax' contrast

• E.g. e: > i, e >

Page 44: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowels

front central backunrounded unrounded rounded

high tense i u

lax mid tense e o

lax/tense low lax/tense

Page 45: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowelsfront central back

unrounded unrounded rounded

high tense [hid] heed [hud] who'd

lax [hd] hid [hd] hood

mid tense [hed] hayed [hod] hoed

lax/tense head [hd] HUD [hd] hawed

low lax/tense [hd] had š] Shah [sd] sod

Page 46: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowels

• Dialect mergers in N. America , > (East)

• []: sod, hawed, []: Shah , > (East, Midwest)

• []: sod, Shah, []: hawed , , > (West)

• []: sod, Shah, hawed

Page 47: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowels

front central backunrounded unrounded rounded

high tense i u

lax mid tense e o

lax ()low lax/tense

Western North America

Page 48: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowelsIn Western North America, [] only before [r]:

•[mr] more

•[mor] mower [ ] = syllabic

•[mr] mar

Page 49: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

English vowelsThe vowel []

•only occurs in unstressed syllables

stressed: [] unstressed: []

up [p] gallop [glp]

cud [kd] wicked [wkd]

cut [kt] racket [rkt]

Page 50: Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs

Transcription practice

• fish

• scrimmage

• asthma

• azalea

• mayonnaise