phonetics study of the physical properties of speech- sounds – how they are made – how they are...
TRANSCRIPT
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PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted
PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual
languages
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PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds
Articulatory Phonetics– how they are made
Auditory Phonetics– how they are heard
Acoustic Phonetics– how they are transmitted
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PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted
PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual
languages
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PHONETICSUniversal: the study of the sounds produced in human speech
PHONOLOGYLocal: the study of the sound system of one single language or variety of language
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The Talking White Male Head
(Ladefoged p.2)5
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Daniel Jones, 1918, An Outline of English PhoneticsFrontispiece from the 9th edition, 1972
6
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7
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CLOSE (HIGH)
BA
CK
FR
ON
T
OPEN (LOW) 8
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[e]
Phonetic symbols are shown in square brackets:
/e/
Phonological symbols are shown in slashes:
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phonesphonemesallophones
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phonesphonemesallophones
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phonessounds of language
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Segments• How fine can you slice language?
• sentence
• phrase
• word
• syllable
• letter ... ?
Review the slide on
Slicing Language in
the first week ….
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Letters ?
cat rat
cat cot
cat cap
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Letters ?
cat rat
cat cot
cat cap
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Letters ?cat coat caught
k V tcodekeyed
k V dright write rite
r V t
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Segments• How thin can you slice language?
• sentence
• phrase
• word
• syllable
• letter ....... phone
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cat ratcat cotcat cap
top stoplip milkcode cold
significant difference- different word
non-significantdifferent- change impossible
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cat ratcat cotcat cap
top stoplip milkcode cold
significant
non-significant
predictable
non-predictable
meaning
structure
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cat ratcat cotcat cap
top stoplip milkcode cold
PHONEMES
ALLOPHONES
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phones are either:
• phonemessignificant sound differencesmeaning-based choice
• allophonesnon-significant sound differencesfixed choice
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How can we tell whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone?
Minimal pairscat ratcat cotcat cap
kæt rætkæt kotkæt kæp
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Minimal pairs
cat rat
tight tide
core score
nose knows
Korea career
service surface
kæt rættait taidkO(r) skO(r)n0uz n0uzk01ri0 k01ri0k01ri0 k01rir
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Minimal pairs
service surface
show sew
make maid
ghost toast
wail whale
1sEvis 1sEfis1sErvis 1sErfis1sEv0s 1sEf0sS0u s0umeik meidg0ust t0ustweil weilweil Weil
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Minimal contexts
pressure measure
fission vision
1preS0 1meG01fiS0n
1viG0n
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Allophones
top stop
pie spy
care scare
top stoppai spaike0 ske0ker sker
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Allophones
top stop
pie spy
care scare
No free choice between p and pH.
Complementary distribution
tHop stoppHai spaikHe0 ske0kHer sker
Compementary angles:
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phoneme
allophone
/ /
[ ] [ ]
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phoneme
allophone
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Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of the same PHONEME are all similar to each other - they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is large. There is actually no real difference between these differences! We can see this by the fact that the same difference can be allophonic in one language, and phonemic in another.
from http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes.html
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seat sheet
massivemachine
basic nation
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She is fine as morn in May,mild, divine and clever.Like a shining summer’s dayshe is mine for ever.
Sr. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík
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Mitsubishi
Subaru
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phoneme
allophone
MitsubishiSubaru
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this theatre
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think this thought
þ ð þ
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þessi þýðing
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þessi þýðing
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The lateral - l
lipyellowmillmillermilkpeople
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l
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html
l
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phoneme
allophone
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The phoneme /l/ is light before a vowel, otherwise dark
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The lateral - l
lipyellowmillmillermilkpeople
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trouble follows the blameless milkman like a wealthy lawyer trÆbl fol0uz ð0 bleimlis milkm0n laik 0 welþ^ lOj0
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layplaysplayclay
exclaim
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(from week 6):
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Is it followed by a vowel?
Does it follow k or p in a stressed syllable?
clayplay
layyellow
millmilk