phonetics_giglioni
DESCRIPTION
Cinzia Giglioni Università della Valle d’Aosta Stress Intonation Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C. C. A. B. 2. 3. 1. Stress Intonation Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C. C. A. B. 2. 3. 1. The wrong syllable is stressed in a word A request is made with very flat intonation Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C. C. A. B. 2. 3. 1.TRANSCRIPT
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Phonetics
Cinzia Giglioni
Università della Valle d’Aosta
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Task 1
Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C.
1. Stress
2. Phoneme
3. Intonation
A. The music of our voices
B. Giving emphasis to one syllable
C. An individual sound
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Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C.
1. Stress
2. Phoneme
3. Intonation
A. The music of our voices
B. Giving emphasis to one syllable
C. An individual sound
Task 1
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Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C.
1. An individual sound is mispronounced
2. A request is made with very flat intonation
3. The wrong syllable is stressed in a word
A. The word is incomprehensible
B. The listener might understand “bin” when the speaker wanted to say “pin”
C. The speaker can sound arrogant and demanding
Task 2
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Match the terms 1 – 3 with the definitions A – C.
1. An individual sound is mispronounced
2. A request is made with very flat intonation
3. The wrong syllable is stressed in a word
A. The word is incomprehensible
B. The listener might understand “bin” when the speaker wanted to say “pin”
C. The speaker can sound arrogant and demanding
Task 2
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INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET(IPA)
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SYMBOLS
…from Latin: e.g. /m//v//ɑ/
…from Greek: e.g. /θ//ð//ʊ/
…created:/ŋ/
…and the diacritic symbols:/ː//'//ˌ/
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Aims of the lesson:
• Becoming more aware of how and why we use English sounds
(language awareness, metalinguistic analysis)
• Improving English pronunciation
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MINIMAL PAIRS
3θriː
tin kæt
triːθɪn hæt
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Let’s compare!
Italian sounds which don’t exist in English
Examples of English sounds which don’t exist in Italian
Consonants
/λ/ aglio
/ɲ/ gnomo
/dz/ zelo
/ts/ zio
Vowels
/ə/ about
/ɜ:/ bird
/æ/ cat
/ɪ:/ see
Diphthongs
/aʊ/ now
/əʊ/ go
/eə/ there
Consonants
/ð/ then
/θ/ thin
/ɳ/ long
/ʒ / measure
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Let’s compare!
7 vowels
23 consonants
12 vowels
8 diphtongs
24 consonants
= 30
= 44
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Consonants and their symbols
/b/ as in bag/d/ as in dog/f/ as in fat/g/ as in good/h/ as in hat/l/ as in late/m/ as in man
/n/ as in note/p/ as in pot/r/ as in rope/s/ as in sock/t/ as in tear/v/ as in vowel/w/ as in worm/z/ as in zoo
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Other familiar symbols, but…
• /k/ cake, crack, ache, stomach
• /g/ get, give; NO: gem
• /h/ happy, here; NO: thirsty, show, Thomas, hour, heir,
• /j/ your, yes, cute; NO: jam
• /s/ piece/peace, sell/cell,
• /z/ zone, lazy, nose/knows,
NO: pizza
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Confusion between spellings and sounds
• beat, seed, piece, machine /i:/
• day, veil, obey /eı/
• shoe, sugar, issue, mansion, mission, nation, suspicion, ocean, conscious, chaperon, schist, fuchsia /∫/
one single sound may correspond
to more than one letter
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Confusion between spellings and sounds
man car name
/æ/ man /α:/ car /eɪ/ name
/t∫/ cheese, church, cheap
/∫/ chalet, champagne, Chigago, chic
/k/ character, chemistry, chaos
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Confusion between spellings and sounds: silent letters
<b> in subtle, doubt, comb, lamb
<w> in answer
<k> in knife, know, knight
<gh> in bright, light, night
<-e> in name, time, goose
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Silent letters – Which letters are silent in the following words?
tomb whistle folk Greenwich
pneumatic soften dumb honest
receipt weigh debt
psychiatry column scissors knot
comb heir aisle
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He took a bow at
the end of the
concert /baʊ/
He was wearing a
bow tie /bəʊ/
Homographs
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Words, words, words….
WORD STRESS
Melancholic
ˌmeləŋ’kɒlɪk
Secondary
stress
Primary
stress
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STRESS SHIFT
afternoon afternoon tea
Japanese Japanese Girl
weekend weekend traffic
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Classic Italian-speakers errors
adjective, colleague, canal, report……
IN COMPOUNDS
e-mail, home-page, web-site, chat-line
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ASSIMILATION
a consonant sound at the end of a word becomes similar to a
consonant sound at the beginning of another word:
/s + ʃ/ /ʃ:/ this shop /ðɪʃ’ʃɒp/
/t + k/ /k:/ that cake /ðæk’keɪk/
/t + g/ /g:/ greet guests /gri:g’gests/
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LINKING /r/
Normally /r/ is not pronounced in the final position in BBC
English. In connected speech, however, the final spelling ‘r’ of a word is pronounced if the first sound of the next word is a vowel:
That’s my car /ka:/
That car is new. /ka:r ɪz nju:/
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INTRUSIVE CONSONANTS:/j/ /w/
- if the first word ends in /ɪ/ and the next word starts with any
vowel sound, we add /j/
every ear /evrɪ ʲɪə/
sounds like every year
- if the first word ends with /u:/ or /ʊ/ and the next word starts
with any vowel sound, we add /w/
you ache /ju: ʷeɪk/
sounds like you wake
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ELISION
a sound which would be present in a word spoken in isolationis omitted in connected speech, e.g.:omission of /t/, omissionof /d/
next please /neks pli:z/
I don’t know /ai dəʊ nəʊ/
you and me /ju: ən mi:/
stand there /stæn ðeə/
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VOWEL REDUCTION
If you say the following sentences rapidly, stressing theunderlined syllables:
You and me
I wish you would tell me
You will notice that in the second sentence the vowels inthese two words are reduced, i.e. become shorter and lessclear:
/ju: ən mi:/
/aɪ ’wɪʃ jʊ wʊd ‘tel mɪ/
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STRONG AND WEAK FORMS
strong form weak form
and /ænd/ /ən/
of /ɒv/ /əv/
you /ju:/ /jʊ/
does /dʌz/ /dəz/
have /hæv/ /həv/ /əv/
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INTONATION
I had coffee cake and honey
I had coffee, cake and honey
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FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
1. INDICATOR OF ATTITUDE - expresses our attitude at the moment of speaking to the situation we are in, or to what we are talking about, or to ourselves or to our listener;
2. GRAMMATICAL INDICATOR - indicates if our utterance is a declarative sentence, an imperative, an exclamation, a question;
3. DISCOURSE INDICATOR – reveals the relationship between utterances and information throughout the discourse.
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Exercises
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1. In each of these groups of words, one word is exactly the sameas in normal letters. Underline it. Then write the others in normal
letters.
/'pensəl/ /'peɪpə/ /pen/ /'nəʊtbʊk/
/desk/ /fæks/ /kəm'pjuːtə/ /'telɪfəʊn/
/nek/ /hed/ /hænd/ /leg/
/hen/ /pɪg/ /ʃiːp/ /kaʊ/
/griːn/ /bluː/ /red/ /blæk/
/get/ /teɪk/ /gɪv/ /gəʊ/
/'sevən//ten/ /θriː/ /faɪv/
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1. KEY
pencil paper pen notebook
desk fax computer telephone
neck head hand leg
hen pig sheep cow
green blue red black
get take give go
seven ten three five
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2. Here is a list of different activities. In each one, one of the words is written with phonemic symbols. Write it in normal
letters.
Ski /dʒʌmpɪŋ/
/wɒʃɪŋ/ the dishes
/juːzɪŋ/ a computer
/sɪŋɪŋ/ a song
/θɪŋkɪŋ/ about something
/pleɪjɪŋ/ games
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2. KEY
Ski jumping
washing the dishes
using a computer
singing a song
thinking about something
playing games
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3. Long vs. short vowels
• bee• sheet• bit• cat• food• cangaroo• put• third• but• core• far• marsh (fever)• set
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3. KEY
Long
• bee
• sheet
• food
• cangaroo
• third
• core
• far
• marsh
Short
• bit
• cat
• put
• but
• set
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4. Insert the missing words
/i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ æ
bead
bet
did
ken
lad
seat
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4. KEY
/i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ æ
bead bid bed bad
beat bit bet bat
deed did dead dad
keen kin ken can
lead lid led lad
seat sit set sat
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5. Diphthongs: identify the words
1. /ʧaɪld/
2. /’weɪʤɪz/
3. /ʃaʊt/
4. /ʧɔɪs/
5. /ʃaɪ/
6. /’deɪnʤə/
7. /en’ʤɔɪd/
8. /’aɪðə/
9. /ʃaʊə/
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5. KEYS
1. /ʧaɪld/
2. /’weɪʤɪz/
3. /ʃaʊt/
4. /ʧɔɪs/
5. /ʃaɪ/
6. /’deɪnʤə/
7. /en’ʤɔɪd/
8. /’aɪðə/
9. /ʃaʊə/
1. Child
2. Wages
3. Shout
4. Choice
5. Shy
6. Danger
7. Enjoyed
8. Either
9. shower
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6.Identify the correct transcription
• Soul
a. /sɒl/
b. /sɔ:l/
c. /səʊl/
• Throw
a. /θrɔ:/
b. /θrəʊ/
c. /θru:/
• Sew
a. /sɔ:/
b. /səʊ/
c. /sju:/
• Ought
a. /ɔ:t/
b. /əʊt/
c. /ɒt/
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6.KEY
• Soul
a. /sɒl/
b. /sɔ:l/
c. /səʊl/
• Throw
a. /θrɔ:/
b. /θrəʊ/
c. /θru:/
• Sew
a. /sɔ:/
b. /səʊ/
c. /sju:/
• Ought
a. /ɔ:t/
b. /əʊt/
c. /ɒt/
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7. For each of the following words, choose the correct vowel sound
• foot
– a) /ʊ/
– b) /u:/
– c) /əʊ/
• stir
– a) /ɜː/
– b) /ɪ/
– c) /ə/
• want
– a) /ɑː/
– b) /ɒ/
– c) /ə/
• clear
– a) /i:/
– b) /ə/
– c) /ɪə/
• straw
– a) /ɜ:/
– b) /ɔ:/
– c) /ʌ/
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7.KEY
• foot
a) /ʊ/
• stir
a) /ɜ:/
• Want
b) /ɒ/
• clear
– c) /ɪə/
• straw
– b) /ɔ:/
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8. Match the word and the phonetic transcription
1) orange2) women3) quay/key4) children5) ceiling6) this7) these8) machine9) minute10) promise11) cottage12) language
a) / mə’ʃi:n/b) /’si:lɪɳ/c) /ði:z/d) /’læɳgwɪdʒ/e) /’ɒrɪndʒ/f) /’wɪmɪn/g) /ðɪs/h) /’tʃɪldrən/i) /’prɒmɪs/j) /’kɒtɪdʒ/k) /’mɪnɪt/l) /ki:/
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8. KEY1-e 8-a
2-f 9-k
3-l 10-i
4-h 11-j
5-b 12-d
6-g
7-c
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9. Choose the word which matches the phonetictranscription
1) /maʊðz/ a) mouths
b) months
c) mouse
2) /nəʊ/ a) nor
b) now
c) know/no
3) /praʊd/ a) pride
b) proud
c) prude
4) /fɪəʳ/ a) fear
b) fair
c) far
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9. KEY
1) A
2) C
3) B
4) A
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10. Words commonly mispronounced. Guess what these words are
1. /wɜ:d/ - .........................
2. /əʊnli/ - ........................
3. /frʌnt/ - ........................
4. /'eəriə/ - ......................
5. /pla:nt/ - .......................
6. /vəraɪəti/ - ....................
7. /peərənt/ - ....................
8. /ðeə/ - .........................
9. laɪən/ - ......................
10./breθ/ - ......................
11./bri:ð/ - .....................
12/rɪ'si:t/ - .....................
13./mə’tjuə/ - ...................
14./hɪə/ - .........................
15./ri:dʒən/ - .........………
16./dɪ'li:t/ - ......................
17./bækwəd/ - ..................
18./fo:wəd/ - ....................
19./pə’tɪkjələ/ - ................
20./nʌθɪɳ/ - .....................
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10. KEY
1)word 10)breath 19)particular
2)only 11) breathe 20) nothing
3)front 12)receipt
4)area 13) mature
5)plant 14)hear-here
6)variety 15)region
7)parent 16)delete
8)there 17)backward
9)lion 18)forward
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Links
• http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/download/pron_chart/pron_chart.shtml
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/spelling/recognising/homophones/quiz.shtml
• http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/flash/flashin.htm