PHONETICSPHONETICS

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

““The doctrine or science of sounds The doctrine or science of sounds especially those of human voice”.especially those of human voice”.

““It is a science to study the It is a science to study the characteristics of human sounds characteristics of human sounds making specially those sounds used making specially those sounds used in speech and provides method for in speech and provides method for their description, classification and their description, classification and transcription”.transcription”.

PHONETIC PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

Phonetic transcription may be defined as an Phonetic transcription may be defined as an unambiguous system of representing unambiguous system of representing pronunciation by means of writing, the basic pronunciation by means of writing, the basic principle being to assign one and only one principle being to assign one and only one letter to each phoneme of the language.letter to each phoneme of the language.

It may be defined as a written of printed It may be defined as a written of printed representation of speech using phonetic representation of speech using phonetic alphabet.alphabet.

In standard orthography (the study of spellings) the same letter can be used to represent different sounds e.g.,

AT /æt/ ARM /ɑː m /

(same letter give different sounds)

It is a convenient method of showing sound - order graphically.

This graphic representation of sound – order appeals to the visual memory and thus assists the auditory memory.

Conventional English spellings are far from being phonetics; it does not give the accurate information as to sound – order required by the student of spoken English.

The foreign learner who depends solely on ordinarily orthography is in innumerable cases at a loss to know what sounds should be used, and is continually mispronouncing words.

Bridge, Psychology, car, time, powder

Mispronunciations may be avoided by the use of Phonetic Transcription.

IPA (International Phonetic IPA (International Phonetic Association/Alphabet)Association/Alphabet)

It provides suitable symbol for the sounds of It provides suitable symbol for the sounds of languages.languages.

These symbols are based on Roman and These symbols are based on Roman and Greek alphabet.Greek alphabet.

The first version of the alphabet was The first version of the alphabet was developed in the late 19developed in the late 19thth century. century.

First dictionary was developed by Ellis, Henry First dictionary was developed by Ellis, Henry Sweet, Paul Passy and Daniel Jones, in the late Sweet, Paul Passy and Daniel Jones, in the late

1919thth century. century. The large number of diacritic makes it The large number of diacritic makes it

possible to mark minute shades of sounds as possible to mark minute shades of sounds as required for narrow phonetic transcription.required for narrow phonetic transcription.

RP (Received Pronunciation)RP (Received Pronunciation)

Practically everyone knows that the pronunciation Practically everyone knows that the pronunciation of English in America is different from most of English in America is different from most accents found in Britain. accents found in Britain.

The accent used by most announcers and The accent used by most announcers and newsreaders on serious national and international newsreaders on serious national and international BBC broadcasting channels is identified as BBC broadcasting channels is identified as Received Pronunciation.Received Pronunciation.

RP is the accent that has been chosen by British RP is the accent that has been chosen by British teachers to teach to foreign learners, and is the teachers to teach to foreign learners, and is the accent that has been most fully described and accent that has been most fully described and has been used as the basis for text books and has been used as the basis for text books and pronouncing dictionaries.pronouncing dictionaries.

PHONEMESPHONEMES

Phoneme is the minimal sound.Phoneme is the minimal sound. The phonemes of a particular language The phonemes of a particular language

are those minimal distinct units of sounds are those minimal distinct units of sounds that can distinguish meaning in that that can distinguish meaning in that language.language.

We produce a continuous stream of We produce a continuous stream of sounds while speaking.sounds while speaking.

We divide this stream into small pieces We divide this stream into small pieces that we call segments. For instance, that we call segments. For instance,

we all went home.we all went home.wi: wi: ɔːɔː l l went hwent həʊəʊmm

CONSONANTSCONSONANTS

Consonants are sounds in which there is an Consonants are sounds in which there is an obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from larynx to the lips.larynx to the lips.

Consonants are generally made by a definite Consonants are generally made by a definite interference of the vocal organs with the air interference of the vocal organs with the air stream.stream.

They form the bones, the skeleton of English They form the bones, the skeleton of English words and give them their basic shape.words and give them their basic shape.

Consonants contribute more to making English Consonants contribute more to making English understood than vowels do. For example,understood than vowels do. For example,

tʃ θ ð g

VOWELSVOWELS

Vowels are sounds in which there is no Vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from larynx to the lips.from larynx to the lips.

Vowels are divided into long and short.Vowels are divided into long and short. A doctor who wants to look at the back of A doctor who wants to look at the back of

a patient’s mouth often asks the patient to a patient’s mouth often asks the patient to say “ Ah”; making this vowel sound is the say “ Ah”; making this vowel sound is the best way of presenting and unobstructed best way of presenting and unobstructed view e.g.,view e.g.,

æ iː ɒ ʊ

CONSONANTSCONSONANTS

FRICTION CONSONANTSFRICTION CONSONANTS There are nine consonant phonemes There are nine consonant phonemes

whose main sounds all have friction whose main sounds all have friction as their most important feature.as their most important feature.

f v θ ð s z ʒ h

ʃ

For all of them the lungs push air For all of them the lungs push air through a narrow opening where it through a narrow opening where it causes friction of various kinds.causes friction of various kinds.

//ff / and // and /vv ////ff / / StrongStrong VoicelessVoiceless Long e.g.,Long e.g.,//ffɑːɑː stst / / FastFast//fi:lfi:l/ / FeelFeel/s/sʌʌ fəfə/ / SufferSuffer/rifju:z/ /rifju:z/ RefuseRefuse/l/laɪ f / / LifeLife

//vv / / WeakWeak Perhaps voicedPerhaps voiced Short e.g.,Short e.g.,/v/vɑːɑːst/ st/ VastVast/veri/ /veri/ VeryVery/k/kʌʌvə/ və/ CoverCover/l/lʌʌvə/ və/ LoverLover/seiv/ /seiv/ SaveSave

// θθ / and / / and /ðð / /

// θθ / / StrongerStronger LongerLonger Voiceless e.g.,Voiceless e.g.,//θθ in/ in/ ThinThin//θθiiŋkŋk/ / ThinkThink//ɑːɑːθθ əə/ / AuthorAuthor//ɜːɜː θθ l/ l/ EarthlyEarthly/mi/miθθ / / MythMyth

//ðð / / WeakerWeaker ShorterShorter May be voiced e.g.,May be voiced e.g.,//ððen/ en/ ThenThen//ððis/ is/ ThisThis//ððʌʌəə/ / OtherOther/br/brʌʌðəðə/ / BrotherBrother/wi/wið/ ð/ WithWith

/s/ and /z//s/ and /z/

/s//s/ StrongStrong LongerLonger Always voiceless Always voiceless

e.g.,e.g.,/s/sɪɪŋŋ k k/ / SinkSink/sed/ /sed/ SaidSaid/b/bʌʌsIzsIz/ / BusesBuses/r/reɪeɪssɪɪŋŋ/ / RacingRacing/f/fɔːɔː ss/ / Force Force

/z//z/ WeakWeak ShortShort May be voiced e.g.,May be voiced e.g.,/zu:/ /zu:/ ZooZoo/z/zi:li:l/ / ZealZeal/lu:z/lu:zəə/ / LoserLoser/pl/pleɪeɪzz / / PlaysPlays/b/bʌʌzz/ / BuzzBuzz

/ / ʃʃ / and / / and /ʒʒ / /

/ʃ//ʃ/ StrongStrong Does occur quite Does occur quite

frequently at the frequently at the start.start.

//ʃʃ i:i:/ / SheShe//ʃɒʃɒpp/ / ShopShop/ / ʃɪʃɪpp/ / ShipShip// ʃʊəʃʊə/ / SureSure/p/pʊʃʊʃ/ / PushPush

//ʒʒ / / WeakWeak It does not e.g.,It does not e.g.,

/tre/treʒəʒə/ / TreasureTreasure//ɪɪnvenveɪɪʒənʒən/ Invasion/ Invasion/d/dɪɪssɪɪʒənʒən/ Decision/ Decision/k/kələlɪɪʒʒnn/ / CollisionCollision/le/leʒəʒə/ / LeisureLeisure

//hh// There are many /There are many /hh/ sounds in English as there / sounds in English as there

are vowels, because /are vowels, because /hh/ always occurs before a / always occurs before a vowel and consists of the sound of breath.vowel and consists of the sound of breath.

//hh/ does not make very much noise, but it must / does not make very much noise, but it must not be left out when it should be sounded, for not be left out when it should be sounded, for two reasons:two reasons:

Many words are distinguished by the presence Many words are distinguished by the presence or absence of /or absence of /hh/, like;/, like;

//hhɪə / Here,/ Here, //ɪə/ Ear,/ Ear, //hhɑːmɑːm/ Harm,/ Harm,//ɑːmɑːm/ Arm,/ Arm, //hhi:ti:t/ Heat,/ Heat, //i:ti:t/ Eat/ EatContd…Contd…

English speakers consider that the leaving English speakers consider that the leaving out of / out of / hh/ is the mark of an uncultivated / is the mark of an uncultivated speaker.speaker.

Leaving out / Leaving out / hh/ is the biggest danger, but a / is the biggest danger, but a lesser error is to make / lesser error is to make / hh/ sounds too noisy./ sounds too noisy.

//hhæætt/ / HatHat //hhi:i:/ / HeHe

//hhuu::/ / WhoWho //h ɜːh ɜː/ / HerHer

//hɔːlhɔːl/ / HallHall / / hh/ also occur in the middle of / also occur in the middle of

words(although never at the end of words)words(although never at the end of words)//bbɪhhaɪnd/ / BehindBehind //ʌnhʌnhəʊlɪ/ / UnholyUnholy

STOP CONSONANTSSTOP CONSONANTS In stop consonants the breath is In stop consonants the breath is

completely stopped at some point in completely stopped at some point in the mouth, by the lips or tongue – tip the mouth, by the lips or tongue – tip or tongue back and then released or tongue back and then released with a slight explosion.with a slight explosion.

There are four pairs of phonemes There are four pairs of phonemes containing stops.containing stops.

/p/

/b/

/t/

/d/

/k/

/g/

/tʃ/

/dʒ/

Like friction consonants one of each Like friction consonants one of each pair is strong and other weak.pair is strong and other weak.

/ / p / and / / and / b / /

/ / p / / StrongStrong AspirationAspiration

//phu:u:ll/ / PoolPool

//phɔːtɔːt/ / PortPort

//hhæpɪɪ/ / HappyHappy

//ssʌʌpəə/ / SupperSupper

/k/kæp/ / CapCap

/ / b / / WeakWeak Never has aspirationNever has aspiration

//bɔːtɔːt/ / BoughtBought

//braɪd/ / BrideBride

//ʃʃæbɪɪ/ / ShabbyShabby

/l/leɪbəə/ / LabourLabour

/t/tæb/ / TabTab

//tt/ and // and /dd//

/ / tt / / StrongStrong AspiratedAspirated

//tthu:u:/ / TooToo

//ttu:u:/ / TwoTwo

//tenten/ / TenTen

//rraɪttə/ / WriterWriter

/l/leɪeɪtt/ / LateLate

/ / dd / / ShortShort WeakWeak Never aspiratedNever aspirated//ddu:u:/ / DoDo//ddʌnʌn/ / DoneDone//rraɪddə/ / RiderRider//llæddə/ / Ladder Ladder //h h ɑːɑːdd/ / HardHard

//kk / and / / and /gg / /

/k//k/ StrongStrong AspiratedAspirated

/k/keɪveɪv/ / CaveCave

/k/kɜːlɜːl/ / CurlCurl

//mmɑːɑːkkɪtɪt/ / MarketMarket

//θθɪkɪkəə/ / ThickerThicker

/b/bæk/ / BackBack

/g//g/ WeakWeak ShortShort Never aspiratedNever aspirated/g/geɪveɪv/ / GaveGave/g/gɜːlɜːl/ / GirlGirl/t/tɑːgɪtɑːgɪt/ / TargetTarget/b/bɪgɪgəə/ / BiggerBigger/d/dɒgɒg/ / DogDog

//tʃtʃ / and / / and /dʒdʒ / /English children imitate a steam English children imitate a steam

engine by a series of /engine by a series of /tʃtʃ / - sound / - sound

//tʃtʃ / / StrongStrong

//tʃtʃɪnɪn/ / ChinChin

//tʃtʃɔɪs/ / ChoiceChoice

/r/rɪɪtʃtʃɪzɪz/ / RichesRiches

/b/bætʃtʃɪzɪz/ / BatchesBatches

/k/kætʃtʃ/ / CatchCatch

//dʒdʒ / / WeakWeak ShortShort

//dʒdʒəʊk/ / JokeJoke

//dʒdʒeɪneɪn/ / JaneJane

/l/lɒdʒɒdʒɪɪŋŋ/ / LodgingLodging

/p/pɪɪdʒdʒən/ / PigeonPigeon

//eɪeɪdʒdʒ/ / AgeAge

NASAL CONSONANTSNASAL CONSONANTS

There are three phonemes in English which There are three phonemes in English which are represented by nasal consonants.are represented by nasal consonants.

/m//m/ //n/n/ //ŋ/ŋ/ In all nasal consonants the soft In all nasal consonants the soft

palate is lowered and at the palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage is same time the mouth passage is blocked at some point, so that all blocked at some point, so that all the air is pushed out of the nose.the air is pushed out of the nose.

//mm / and / / and /nn / /

/m//m/

/h/hɪmɪm/ / HimHim

/l/læm/ / LambLamb

/g/geɪmeɪm/ / GameGame

/r/ru:mu:m/ / RoomRoom

/l/læmp/ / LampLamp

/bl/blɒsmɒsm/ / BlossomBlossom

/n//n/

/w/wʌnʌn/ One/ One

/t/tɪnɪn/ Tin/ Tin

/m/maɪn/ Mine/ Mine

/f/fɒndɒnd/ Fond/ Fond

//dʒdʒɔɪnt/ Joint/ Joint

/r/ri:zni:zn/ Reason/ Reason

//ŋŋ//

The letter “ng” in words like “sing” represent The letter “ng” in words like “sing” represent only one sound for most English speakers.only one sound for most English speakers.

A few use two sounds and pronounce the A few use two sounds and pronounce the word /sword /sɪŋg/./.

If you do this it will be perfectly well If you do this it will be perfectly well understood and it is better to pronounce understood and it is better to pronounce /s/sɪŋg/ than to confuse this word with /s/ than to confuse this word with /sɪn/./.

But it is better still to pronounce /sBut it is better still to pronounce /sɪŋ/ as / as most English speakers do e.g.,most English speakers do e.g.,

Contd…Contd…

/r/rɒɒŋ/ Wrong/ Wrong /r/rʌʌŋ/ Rung/ Rung /s/sʌʌŋ/ / Sing Sing

//ŋ/ does not occur at the beginning / does not occur at the beginning of words in English, but it does occur of words in English, but it does occur between vowels, where it is more between vowels, where it is more difficult than in final position.difficult than in final position.

The difficulty is to avoid putting in The difficulty is to avoid putting in a /g/ after the /a /g/ after the /ŋ/, and pronouncing./, and pronouncing.

/s/sɪŋgəə// instead ofinstead of /s/sɪŋəə//

If you do pronounce If you do pronounce /s/sɪŋgəə/ / it does not it does not matter very much because some English matter very much because some English speakers also do it; but most do not, so speakers also do it; but most do not, so

the /g/ should be avoided if possible.the /g/ should be avoided if possible. /h/hæŋ ʌpʌp/ / Hang upHang up

/br/brɪɪŋ ɪtɪt/ / Bring itBring it

/l/lɒɒŋ əgəʊ/ / Long agoLong ago In some words /g/ is normally pronounced In some words /g/ is normally pronounced

after /after /ŋ/ before a following vowel, e.g.,

/æŋgə/ Anger/fɪɪŋgə/ Finger

A useful general rule is that if the A useful general rule is that if the word is formed a verb, no /g/ is word is formed a verb, no /g/ is pronounced, as with;pronounced, as with;

/s/sɪŋəə/ / SingerSinger

/h/hæŋɪɪŋ/ / HangingHanging But if the word is not formed from But if the word is not formed from

verb /g/ is pronounced, as in verb /g/ is pronounced, as in

/str/strɒɒŋgəə// Stranger (formed from Stranger (formed from adjective)adjective)

/l/lɒɒŋgəə// Longer (formed from adjective) Longer (formed from adjective)

LATERAL CONSONANTSLATERAL CONSONANTS

/l//l/ /l/ is formed laterally, that is instead of /l/ is formed laterally, that is instead of

breath passing down the centre of the breath passing down the centre of the mouth, it passes round the sides of an mouth, it passes round the sides of an obstruction set up in the centre.obstruction set up in the centre.

/l/li:vi:v/ / LiveLive /f/fʊʊl/ l/ FullFull

/l/li:fi:f/ / LeafLeaf /f/fi:li:l/ / FeelFeel

/l/lɜːnɜːn/ / LearnLearn /g/gɪglɪgl/Giggle/Giggle

GLIDING CONSONANTSGLIDING CONSONANTS

There are three consonants which consist of a There are three consonants which consist of a quick, smooth, nonfrictional glide towards a quick, smooth, nonfrictional glide towards a following vowel sound.following vowel sound.

/j//j/ //w/w/ //r/r/

/j//j/ In pronouncing the most usual English /In pronouncing the most usual English /jj/ /

the speech organs start at or near the the speech organs start at or near the position for the English short /position for the English short /ɪɪ/ and / and immediately leave this for some other immediately leave this for some other sound of equal or greater prominence.sound of equal or greater prominence.

It is glide away from It is glide away from //ɪɪ/ that / that constitutes the consonant constitutes the consonant //jj/./. //jjɑːdɑːd/ / Yard Yard /v/vjju:u:/ / ViewView

//jjɒtɒt/ / Yacht Yacht /t/tjju:zdiu:zdi/ / TuesdayTuesday

//jjɔːɔː/ / Your Your /k/kəmpjju:tu:tə/ / ComputerComputer

/b/bjju:tu:tɪɪ/ / Beauty Beauty /n/njju:u:/ / NewNew

/f/fjju:u:/ / FewFew

/w/w//

This consonant consists of a quick This consonant consists of a quick glide from the vowel /glide from the vowel /u:u:/ or // or /ʊʊ/ to / to whatever vowel follows.whatever vowel follows.

//wwɔːɔː/ / War War /s/swwi:ti:t/ / SweetSweet

//wwɒtʃɒtʃ/ / Watch Watch /k/kwwaɪt/ / QuiteQuite

//wʊl/ wʊl/ WoolWool

/tw/twententɪ/ ɪ/ TwentyTwenty

/r//r/

//rri:di:d/ / ReadRead //rrɔːɔː/ / RawRaw//rrʌnʌn/ / RunRun //rru:du:d/ / RudeRude

/b/bɒɒrraʊ/ / BorrowBorrow /h/hʌʌrrɪ/ / HurryHurry In RP In RP //rr/ / only occurs before vowels, only occurs before vowels,

never before consonants.never before consonants.

/l/lɜːnɜːn/ / Learn Learn /s/sɔːtɔːt/ / SortSort/f/fɑːmɑːm/ / FarmFarm

At the end of words RP has /At the end of words RP has /rr/ / only if the immediately following only if the immediately following word begins with a vowel.word begins with a vowel.

/b/betetər ɒfɒf// Better offBetter off

/f/fɔːr ɔː fɔːr ɔː faɪv// Four or fiveFour or five

/h/hɪər ɪt ɪz// Here it is.Here it is.

/p/pʊʊər əʊld tʊld tɒmɒm// Poor old TomPoor old Tom

THE VOWELS OF ENGLISHTHE VOWELS OF ENGLISH

Vowels are sounds in which there is no Vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from larynx to the lips.larynx to the lips.

Vowels are divided into long and short.Vowels are divided into long and short. A doctor who wants to look at the back of a A doctor who wants to look at the back of a

patient’s mouth often asks the patient to say “ patient’s mouth often asks the patient to say “ Ah”; making this vowel sound is the best way of Ah”; making this vowel sound is the best way of presenting and unobstructed view.presenting and unobstructed view.

Vowels must be learned by listening and Vowels must be learned by listening and imitating.imitating.

SHORT VOWELSSHORT VOWELS

/ɪ//ɪ//b/bɪɪt/ t/ Bit Bit /r/rɪɪtʃtʃ/ / RichRich

/p/pɪnɪn/ / Pin Pin /w/wɪtɪt/ / WitWit

/f/fɪɪʃʃ/ / Fish Fish /f/fɪlɪl/ / FillFill

//tʃtʃɪkɪk/ / ChickChick

/e//e/

/b/betet/ / bet bet /fel/ /fel/ FellFell

/men/ /men/ men men /ten/ /ten/ tenten

//jjes/ es/ Yes Yes /led/ /led/ LedLed

/re/retʃtʃ/ / WretchWretch

/we/wett/ / WetWet

/æ//æ/

/p/pænæn/ / PanPan

/d/dædæd/ / DadDad

/g/gæsæs/ / GasGas

/h/hæbɪtæbɪt/ / HabitHabit

/m/mææʃʃ/ / MashMash

/l/lædædəə/ / LadderLadder

/ʌ//ʌ/

/b/bʌtʌt/ / ButBut

/s/sʌʌm/ m/ SomeSome

/l/lʌʌk/ k/ LuckLuck

/b/bʌʌd/ d/ BudBud

/n/nʌstʌst/ / NustNust

/p/pʌʌn/ n/ punpun

/ɒ//ɒ/

/p/pɒɒt/ t/ PotPot

/g/gɒɒn/ n/ GoneGone

/d/dɒgɒg/ / DogDog

//ʃʃɒkɒk/ / ShockShock

/b/bɒksɒks/ / BoxBox

/d/dɒkɒk/ / DockDock

/Ʊ//Ʊ/

/p/pʊtʊt/ / PutPut

/p/pʊʊʃʃ/ / PushPush

//ʃʃʊdʊd/ / ShouldShould

/k/kʊdʊd/ / CouldCould

/f/fʊlʊl/ / FullFull

/w/wʊdʊd/ / WouldWould

/Ə//Ə/ It is particularly short and indistinct when it is It is particularly short and indistinct when it is

not final.not final. There are two main difficulties with this vowel.There are two main difficulties with this vowel.i.i. To identify it.To identify it.ii.ii. To get the right quality.To get the right quality. In the first case, In the first case, do not deceived by English do not deceived by English

spellingsspellings. There is no single letter which always . There is no single letter which always stand for this vowel, so rely on your ear.stand for this vowel, so rely on your ear.

You must keep it very short and very obscure.You must keep it very short and very obscure.Contd…Contd…

/Ə//Ə/

//əbəbeɪ/ / ObeyObey//ələlaʊ/ / AllowAllow//əgrəgri:i:/ / AgreeAgree/s/su:nu:nəə/ / SoonerSooner/k/kænədəænədə/ / CanadaCanada

//tʃtʃaɪnəə/ / ChinaChina/s/sʌlfəʌlfə/ / SulphurSulphur

LONG VOWELSLONG VOWELS

These are five.These are five. They are longer than the short They are longer than the short

vowels.vowels. Vowel symbol plus a length – mark of Vowel symbol plus a length – mark of

two dots two dots [:][:]

iːiː ɜːɜː ɑːɑː ɔːɔː uːuː

/iː//iː/

/b/biːdiːd / / BeadBead/l/liːiːd/ d/ LeadLead/t/tiːniːn/ / TeenTeen/h/hiːiːl/ l/ HeelHeel/b/biːtiːt/ / BeatBeat

//tʃtʃiːkiːk/ / CheekCheek/w/wiːtiːt/ / WheatWheat

/ɜː//ɜː/ It is well – known in most English It is well – known in most English

accents as a hesitation sound (spelt accents as a hesitation sound (spelt ‘er’)‘er’)

/p/pɜːsɜːs/ / PursePurse/h/hɜːdɜːd/ / HeardHeard/b/bɜːn/ ɜːn/ BurnBurn/fɜːm/ /fɜːm/ FirmFirm/vɜːs/ /vɜːs/ VerseVerse/kɜːl/ /kɜːl/ CurlCurl/g/gɜːlɜːl/ / GirlGirl

/ɑː//ɑː/when the doctor wants to look into your when the doctor wants to look into your

mouth and examine your throat he asks you mouth and examine your throat he asks you to sayto say ‘Ah’ ‘Ah’, that is the vowel , that is the vowel //ɑːɑː//..

/k/kɑːdɑːd/ / CardCard

/d/dɑːkɑːk/ / DarkDark

/l/lɑːstɑːst/ / LastLast

/f/fɑːɑːððəə/ / FatherFather

/v/vɑːstɑːst/ / VastVast

/h/hɑːfɑːf/ / HalfHalf

/r/rɑːɑːððəə/ / RatherRather

/ɔː//ɔː/

/l/lɔːɔː/ / LawLaw

/sn/snɔːɔː/ / SnoreSnore

/kl/klɔːzɔːz/ / ClawsClaws

/k/kɔːɔːl/ l/ CallCall

/b/bɔːtɔːt/ / BoughtBought

/s/sɔːɔː/ / SawSaw

/p/pɔːlɔːl/ / PaulPaul

/uː//uː/

/f/fuːduːd/ / FoodFood

/l/luːsuːs/ / LooseLoose

/t/tuːuː/ / TwoTwo

/d/duːuː/ / DoDo

/s/suːnuːn/ / SoonSoon

/p/puːluːl/ / PoolPool

/k/kuːuː/ / CooCoo

DIPHTHONGSDIPHTHONGS

A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another, and the whole glide acts like one another, and the whole glide acts like one of the long, simple vowel.of the long, simple vowel.

In terms of length, diphthongs are like the In terms of length, diphthongs are like the long vowels.long vowels.

The first part is much longer and stronger The first part is much longer and stronger than the second part.than the second part.

The total number of diphthongs is eight.The total number of diphthongs is eight. There are three groups of diphthong.There are three groups of diphthong.Contd…Contd…

The diphthong /The diphthong /aɪaɪ / (as in the word “eye”) / (as in the word “eye”) consist of the /consist of the /aa/ vowel, and only in about / vowel, and only in about the last quarter of the diphthong does the the last quarter of the diphthong does the glide to /glide to /ɪɪ / begin. / begin.

As the glide to /As the glide to /aa / happens, the loudness / happens, the loudness of the sound decreases as result the / of the sound decreases as result the / ɪɪ / / part is shorter and quieter.part is shorter and quieter.

The last part of English diphthong must The last part of English diphthong must not be made too strongly.not be made too strongly.

Contd…Contd…

Diphthong

Ending in ə

Ending in i

Ending in ʊ

ɪə eə ʊə

ɔɪ aɪ eɪ

əʊ aʊ Beard

Aired

TourPaid, Time, Void

Load

Gown

/ɪə/

//ɪə/ / EarEar

/f/fɪə/ / FearFear

/r/rɪəllɪ/ / ReallyReally

/h/hɪə/ / HereHere

/b/bɪəd/ / BeardBeard

/f/fɪəs/ / FierceFierce

/n/nɪərə/ / NearerNearer

/eə/

/h/heə/ / HairHair

/p/peə/ / PearPear

/t/teə/ / TearTear

/b/beə/ / BareBare/eəz/ Airs

/ððeə/ There/peə/ Pair

/ʊə/

/p/pʊə/ / PoorPoor

/k/kjjʊə/ / CureCure

/p/pjjʊə/ / PurePure

//ʃʃʊəlɪ/ / SurelySurely

//ʃʃʊə/ / SureSure

/eɪ/

/m/meɪn/ / MainMain

/l/leɪt/ / LateLate

/w/weɪt/ / WaitWait

/r/reɪz/ / RaiseRaise

/l/leɪk/ / LakeLake

/p/peɪd/ / PaidPaid

/aɪ/

/w/waɪt/ / WhiteWhite

/r/raɪs/ / RiceRice

/l/laɪk/ / LikeLike

/f/faɪn/ / FineFine

/d/dɪvaɪd/ / DivideDivide

/ɔɪ/

//dʒdʒɔɪ/ / JoyJoy

//ɔɪl/ / OilOil

//vvɔɪs/ / VoiceVoice

//ttɔɪ/ / ToyToy

//əvɔɪd/ / AvoidAvoid

/b/bɔɪ// Boy Boy

/əʊ/

/s/səʊ/ / SoSo

/l/ləʊ/ / LowLow

/g/gəʊ/ / GoGo

/kl/kləʊz/ / CloseClose

/h/həʊm/ / HomeHome

/r/rəʊ/ / Row

/nəʊ/ Know

/aʊ/

/n/naʊ/ / NowNow/l/laʊd/ / LoudLoud

/l/laʊdɪŋ/ / LoadingLoading/k/kaʊ/ / CowCow

/g/gaʊn/ / GownGown/d/daʊt/ / DoubtDoubt/t/taʊnz/ / TownsTowns

PHONETICS IN EFFECTIVE PHONETICS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Phonetics is helpful in effective Phonetics is helpful in effective communication in following ways:communication in following ways:

i.i. Profession Profession ii.ii. Sound cultureSound cultureiii.iii. EducatedEducatediv.iv. Better pronunciationBetter pronunciationv.v. Avoid being laughing stuffAvoid being laughing stuffvi.vi. Better understanding ofBetter understanding of

i.i. Word groupsWord groupsii.ii. MeaningMeaning