INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst, Wageningen, 15th February 2017 - 1

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Phosphate challenges in the Netherlands within a European context

Kimo van Dijk - European Sustainable Phosphorous Platform • kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu

• www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

Primary phosphorus chain

Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:

Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-

Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.

Non-renewable at human time scale

Spatially concentrated: geopolitical

dependency and tension

Relatively low price, but price

volatility (2008 case)

Lower P-rock quality:

● Decreasing P content

● Increasing impurities (e.g.

cadmium, uranium)

Pollution and eutrophication

Current ‘linear’ use: primary P input

Source: Fertilizers Europe, 2012, adapted

from Environmental Aspects of Phosphate

and Potash Mining, UNEP & IFA, 2001.

Rehabilitation

Beneficiation

Exploration

Application

Plant Uptake

Food-Feed-Fuel

Consumption

Harvest

Waste & Losses

Recycling

Mineral P

Waste & Losses

Recycling

Mining Processing

Distribution

Closing the cycle

at the level of:

Farm

City

Region

Country

Continent

World

Sewerage

Food processing and

Catering waste

Household waste

Erosion

Run-off

Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005

Detergent,

wood, paper

& fibres

Crops, fish,

food products &

mineral additives

Animal feed,

mineral additives

& live animals

Mineral fertiliser,

seeds & pesticides

Solid & liquid

organic waste

Organic waste

Wood, paper &

fibres

Slaughter

residues, solid &

liquid waste

Crops &

food products

Manure losses

Live animals

Leaching & runoff

Seeding materials

Input 2392

Output 1468

Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year

Van Dijk et al. (2016)

EU-27 import, export and losses per sector

Van Dijk et al. (2016)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation

Ph

osp

ho

rus

qu

anti

ty [

Gg

P/y

ear

]

Absolute quantity

[Gg P/year]

Relative fraction of total

system import, export &

losses [%]

Primary P import

Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of

total

system

primary

import

% of

total

sector

import

CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99

AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57

FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8

NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51

HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -

Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100

EU-27 P use efficiency per sector

Van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O. Phosphorus flows and

balances of the European Union Member States. Sci Total Environ

2016. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048

CP AP FP NF HC

PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21

PUE-2 Upward output flows plus

export

70 24 52 76 -

𝑃𝑈𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙∗ 100

Per ha P use EU-27 versus Netherlands

Van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O.

Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States

Sci Total Environ 2016.

DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048

Flows & stocks in:

kg P / hectare agricultural land /year

Animal feed P origin in EU-27

Source: Miterra-Europe model,

CAPRI & FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

Agricultural P balances per country for

2005 & period 1905-2005

Van Dijk et al. (submitted) Van Dijk et al. (2016)

128 Mtons P accumulated

in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

Agronomic P balances in the EU

Annual regional agricultural P balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15 in 2000

Estimated cumulative P balances [kg P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005

Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012

Source: Grizzetti

& Aloe, 2007

Phosphorus flows in NL for 2011

IMPORT

110.5 ± 4.0 EXPORT

69.0 ± 4.0

SURPLUS

41.6 ± 3.9

Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in the food production, processing and

consumption system of the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2

Gg P per year

Phosphorus balance & losses in NL in 2011

Import Export Net balance

Fertilizer 7 +7

Feed 67.1 +67.1

Food 32.9 49.2 -16.3

Non-food 3.4 1.3 +2.1

Animals 0.2 +0.2

Manure 16 -16

Waste 2.4 -2.4

TOTAL 110.6 68.9 41.7

Potential losses Gg P/year

Sequestered 23.2

Accumulation soils 11.8

Emissions to water 6.6

TOTAL 41.6 Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in

the food production, processing and consumption system of

the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2

Average phosphate surplus in Dutch

agriculture 1880-2010

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

Su

rplu

s,

kg

P2O

5/h

a

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000C

um

ula

tive s

urp

lus, k

g P

2 O5 /h

a

AnnualCumulative

Target2015

1 kg P = 2.29 kg P2O5 Ehlert et al., 2011

Transition towards sustainable P use

•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents)

•match P requirements more closely (precision agriculture)

•utilise legacy P stores

Realign P inputs

•optimise input management

•minimise runoff and erosion

•strategic retention zones

Reduce P losses to water

•avoid wastage

•improve utilization efficiency

•adopt integrated production systems

Recycle P in bioresources

•recover P in societies' wastes

•produce fertilizer substitutes

Recover P in wastes

•influence dietary choice

•define end-user P requirements

•re-connect crop and animal production systems

Redefine P in the food chain

Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

Concentrated feed fertilizer

P import

Livestock

Manure

Akkerbouw

P export Agricultural P cycle

Arable land

Bio-refinery

Reduction

P input

P-

recovery

Mineral

concentrates

Manure

separation 3

4

5

1

2

Non-food

The Netherlands: P out of

agriculture P cycle:

40 million kg manure P2O5

Intervention scheme technical solutions

10 mill. kg P2O5

1-5 mill. kg P2O5

1-5 mill. kg P2O5

Recovery of P products from wastes

Pig slurry

Fertlizer industry (e.g. ICL Fertilizers Europe)

Phosphate ash fertilizer

Phosphate fertilizer

Phosphor (P4)

Liquid fraction

Wet solid fraction

P-Biochar

Phosphate and Phosphorus recovery from manure

Communal waste water

Pretreatment (N,K & P)

Drying

P producer (THERMPHOS)

SNB (sludge treatment) (incineration & energy production)

WWTP (waste water treatment plant)

Incineration/Biomass plant (incineration & energy production)

Pyrolysis plant (BTG, … icw ECN)

Biogas/ CHP/ residual heat

Dry solid fraction

Short term

Long term

Export

Agricultural land

Source: Schoumans et al., 2011

household waste

Production of secondary P for industries with

an existing international market

Mineral concentrates

Effluent

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www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Regulatory drivers - EU 2014: EU Consultative Communication on Sustainable Use of Phosphorus 2014: phosphate rock on EU Critical Raw Materials List 2015: EU Circular Economy Package 2016: EU Fertilisers Regulation

revision proposal (underway) 2016: CEN position on standards

needs to support P-recycling

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/phosphorus.htm

http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-377_en.htm

INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst, Wageningen, 15th February 2017 - 19

www.phosphorusplatform.eu Regulatory drivers – national 2005: Denmark tax on P in livestock feed 2013: Denmark Resource Strategy

80% recycling of sewage P (in. biosolids to crops (objectives only)

2013: HELCOM Ministerial Declaration to “enhance” P recycling

2015: Sweden 40% P and 10% N recycling inc. biosolids to crops (objectives only)

2016: Switzerland decree P-recovery from sewage (obligation - promulgated)

2016: Germany decree P-recovery from sewage (obligation wwtp > 50 kpe, notified to EU)

INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst, Wageningen, 15th February 2017 - 20

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

2016- 2017 EU Fertilisers Regulation - Currently in Council - Parliament decision process - Fertilisers (mineral & organic), soil amendments, etc - EU criteria for composts, digestates, food industry wastes and animal by-products - Sewage biosolids excluded - No provision for traceability - STRUBIAS JRC expert group underway, addition of: struvite, ashes, biochars - Large discussions about contaminations (Cd) and definition organic vs. mineral fertilisers - Many issues remaining! see www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory

http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/15949

INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst, Wageningen, 15th February 2017 - 21

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Phosphorus recycling synergies • Improving sewage treatment (nutrient removal) • Reducing ammonia emissions • Anaerobic digestion & biogas • Avoiding landfill • Rural economy development

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2014/12/re

cycling-phosphorus-2014121693225616272.html

INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst, Wageningen, 15th February 2017 - 22

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Nutrient recycling products • Refined fertiliser products • Organic fertilisers:

- composts, digestates - dried pelleted bio-wastes

• Mineral concentrates • Industrial chemicals:

- phosphoric acid - P4 (white phosphorus)

• Key = product must correspond to user requirements needs and requirements (quality, equipment, logistics …)

INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst, Wageningen, 15th February 2017 - 23

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

New business opportunities P-recycling inputs Livestock manures Wastewater treatment Food wastes Meat & Bone Meal Ash Agro-industry, industrial Biofuels, biomaterials

www.phosphorusplatform.eu/successstories

24 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: Ecophos P-recycling from sewage sludge ash • Pilot plant operational Varna, Bulgaria • Produce DCP (Di Calcium Phosphate) for fertilisers, animal feed • Full-scale plant under construction Dunkerque, France

capacity: 200 000 t/y DCP from low grade P-rock and ash • Contract to treat 60 000 t/y ash from Netherlands (SNB – HVC Groep)

= 4 000 t/y P See SCOPE Newsletter 111 and www.ecophos.com

25 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: ICL fertilisers Amsterdam & Ludwigshaven • Use of secondary materials

in fertiliser production: - meat and bone meal ash - struvite

• Objective: 100% by 2025 • Pilot testing successful • Industrial installations

(storage, handling) planned www.icl-group.com

26 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: Timac: struvite as maize starter fertiliser • NuReSys Recovered struvite from potato processing • Non-burning, enabling “ultra localisation” next to roots • Micro-granulation • Ammonium addition for nutrient balance

27 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: Friesland Campina milk cooperative, NL • Biogas production and P-recovery from manure • Bonus/malus in milk purchase prices • Funding support for farmers’

manure treatment investments

www.frieslandcampina.com

Thank you for

your attention

Questions? Suggestions? Collaboration? kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu kimovandijk@gmail.com Twitter: www.twitter.com/kimovandijk Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com

Additional literature and links

Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.

Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.

Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.

Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.

Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013

Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe

and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653

K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New

York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM

European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf

Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and

European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu

30 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: Fertikal, Antwerp • 180 000 t/y (wet weight) manure

processed to organic fertilisers: • solid/liquid separation

dried, pelletised • For agriculture, horticulture • Distributed

to 25 countries worldwide www.fertikal.be

31 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: COOPERL / Brittany farmers’ cooperatives • 400 000 t/y manure processed to organic fertiliser product

- 150 000 t composted poultry litter - 150 000 t dried poultry manure - 100 000 t pig manure (1 100 farms)

• Adapted to specific crops and exported to other regions of France • Positive farmer acceptance • TRAC Emeraude stabling system Supported by EU Investment Plan http://www.cooperl.com/en/environmental-solutions

32 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: Fibrophos UK • Bioenergy and fertiliser (ash) from chicken litter • Since the 1990’s • Phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, trace elements • 800 000 t/y chicken litter processed annually • P shows both immediate and durable crop

http://www.fibrophos.co.uk/phosphate-in-fibrophos-fertiliser/

33 European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform

Success story: SARIA UK – Kalfos • P-fertiliser and soil conditioner

from combustion of animal by-products (MBM) • Authorised for arable and grazing land • 12 000 tonnes/year http://www.kalfos.co.uk/

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ESPP: a coalition for action • Bring together industry, R&D, authorities, stakeholders

water & waste industries, mineral and organic fertilisers, chemicals, P-recycling technology suppliers, national & regional governments, knowledge institutes …

• Build awareness and share a vision for sustainable phosphorus in Europe

• Dialogue & network expertise and experience • Assess and propose policy & regulatory developments • Disseminate innovation, business cases, value chains