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Phosphorus flows in Amsterdam Identifying opportunities towards a circular P-cycle

Bouke Bakker 28-5-2016

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Abstract Each year the global demand on phosphorus (P) is increasing, while the current supply of phosphate

rock is scarce available. At the same time P-rich waste streams are poorly handled, polluting the

environment and affecting ecological services. Reuse and recycling of P from waste streams is of

utter importance to secure the supply and prevent deterioration of the environment. Despite the

increasing pressure, developments to improve the P-cycle have only recently emerged and mainly

focus on individual streams. For urban planners to steer such development, one must understand the

phosphorus flows of Amsterdam and the potentials they withhold.

Using STAN software, an analytic model is created in which the phosphorus flows in Amsterdam are

visualised. To determine the sizes of flows, the calculations are based on the phosphorus content of

consumed goods and produced wastes. In this way the model shows the P-flows, based on

Amsterdam’s demand. In addition, Amsterdam’s industries process P-containing goods into (semi-)

finished products. The P-flows for industries are excluded from the model since accurate data for

quantification is missing. Despite this limitation, important industries are identified based on the

import and exports of Amsterdam. Lastly, research and contact with key players provided

information on current developments and opportunities to further improve the P-cycle.

The P-intake by Amsterdam is found to be excessive. According to the intake and requirements, the

supply to livestock can be reduced by a minimum of 15%. Also for humans and pets reducing P intake

is possible, however the potential is undetermined. In Amsterdam’s wastes most phosphorus is

found in waste water from the domestic sector, containing 575 ton of P. In addition, interesting solid

wastes are animal and fish rests with 50 ton P and coffee grounds with 27 ton P. From Amsterdam’s

livestock the total P in manure is 44 ton, which is mostly used to fertilise grass lands. In the industrial

sector most interesting are the fertiliser, meat, oil, cereal, cacao, coffee and sugar processing. The

fertiliser industry is an important player towards a circular P-cycle by processing wastes into fertiliser

products. Other industries are interesting for their P-rich by products and waste streams. Overall, the

wastes with most potential are waste water sludge, animal bones, manure, coffee grounds and other

plant-based rests.

Amsterdam’s waste processing companies and the fertiliser industry are key players to process

wastes suitable for reuse. To achieve most potential of Amsterdam’s P-flows, their developments

needs to be tuned and integrated. From the locations of key players and developed technologies, the

port of Amsterdam is identified as the heart of Amsterdam’s P-cycle. From there Amsterdam can

build a network to coordinate recycling and recovery. Next to that, such network stimulates further

growth since smaller players can connect and collaborate to create a circular P-cycle in Amsterdam.

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Table of content Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Environmental problem .......................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Definition research gap ........................................................................................................... 6

1.4 Research objective .................................................................................................................. 6

1.5 Chapter outline ........................................................................................................................ 7

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Research approach & framework ............................................................................................ 8

2.2 Urban metabolism ................................................................................................................... 9

2.3 Material flow analysis / Substance flow analysis .................................................................... 9

2.4 Data collection & processing ................................................................................................. 11

3. Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 15

3.1 Global phosphorus ...................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Phosphorus in the Netherlands ................................................................................................... 16

3.3 Opportunities and limitations ..................................................................................................... 19

4. Results - P flows in Amsterdam .................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Households & Retail .............................................................................................................. 23

4.1.1 Human ........................................................................................................................... 23

4.1.2 Pets ................................................................................................................................ 24

4.2 Livestock ................................................................................................................................ 27

4.3 Agricultural & forestry uptake ............................................................................................... 30

4.4 Waste ..................................................................................................................................... 32

4.4.1 Airprex process - WaterNet & WWTP ........................................................................... 32

4.4.2 Waste Energy Company - Afval Energie Bedrijf (AEB) ................................................... 32

4.4.3 Orgaworld’s Greenmills ................................................................................................. 32

4.5 Industry & Market in Amsterdam’s ....................................................................................... 35

4.5.1 Import & Export ............................................................................................................. 35

4.5.2 Identified industries ...................................................................................................... 37

5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 41

5.1 Validation of results............................................................................................................... 41

5.2 Opportunities and limitations ............................................................................................... 41

5.2.1 Realign P input to match requirements ........................................................................ 42

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5.2.2 Reduce P losses to water ............................................................................................... 43

5.2.3 Recycle P bio resources more effectively ...................................................................... 43

5.2.4 Recover P from wastes .................................................................................................. 44

5.2.5 Redefine P in the food chain ......................................................................................... 46

6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 48

References ............................................................................................................................................. 49

Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 55

Appendix 1. Human calculations ....................................................................................................... 55

Appendix 2. Pets calculations ............................................................................................................ 59

Appendix 3. Livestock calculations .................................................................................................... 61

Appendix 4. Fertilisers and farmlands calculations ........................................................................... 65

Appendix 5. Non-food calculations ................................................................................................... 67

Appendix 6. Imports & exports calculations ..................................................................................... 68

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1. Introduction

1.1 Environmental problem

Every day the global population is increasing with over 200,000 people. While the world’s population

is expected to increase by one third in the next 35 years, the global food demand is predicted to

increase up to 70% by 2050. With over 800 million people undernourished, the current food stock is

already under pressure (UN, 2015). To keep up with the increasing demand, the global food system is

relying on the use of inorganic based fertilisers to boost production rates (Cordell et al., 2009;

Schröder et al., 2010).

Phosphorus (P) is one of three main-nutrients of fertilisers. P is an essential ingredient for life on

earth since plants, animals and humans require P as building material and for maintenance of their

bodies (Jasinski, 2004; Emsley, 2000). Together with nitrogen and potassium these substances are

essential for agricultural fertilisers and sustain all life on earth (Cordell et al., 2009). Next to that,

phosphorus is found in non-food products, however around 90% of the total phosphorus demand is

related to food products (Cordell et al., 2009; Cooper, 2010).

The phosphorus problem was first mentioned in Isaac Asimov’s Life’s Bottleneck (1959); “for

phosphorus there is neither substitute nor replacement.” Nowadays several researchers foresee a

depletion of phosphate rock reserves within one or two centuries (Herring, 1993; Steen 1998; Cordell

et al., 2009; Van Vuuren et al., 2010;

Cooper et al., 2011). Similar to the oil

production, inorganic P production is

likely to reach a maximum rate, known as

the production peak (Jasinski, 2006;

European Fertilizer Manufacturers

Association, 2000). Based on the

currently known amount of useable

reserves and rates of consumption,

Figure 1 shows the peak production is

prospected to reach its maximum in

20331 (Cordell et al., 2009). After

reaching this peak the production rates will drop continuously, increasing the dissimilarity between

demand and supply (Cordell et al., 2009).

To keep the soil fertilised, organic P containing sources, like animal manure and compost, are to

replace the inorganic supply. However, it is argued whether current levels of food production can be

maintained using only organic sources (Cordell et al., 2009; Schröder et al., 2010; Van Vuuren et al.,

2010). Nevertheless, the pressure to reuse organic sources of P rather than depending on a depleting

source is growing with the day.

Besides the increasing demand and scarcity, the current P system is polluting the environment

throughout the whole chain (Cordell, 2013; Scholz et al., 2014). The current supply-chain can be

1 It has to be noted, that the prospected peak is reached sooner than the total reserves are depleted, due to

impurity and inaccessibility of phosphate rock reserves (Cordell, 2013).

Figure 1. Prospected phosphorus peak production (Cordell et al., 2009)

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described as a linear process with high dependency on external inputs (Kennedy et al., 2007). After

being transformed and consumed remaining resources leave the system as waste, despite the value

of containing substances. Disposal of P in the environment leads to eutrophication of soil and water

bodies, endangering ecological services (Smit et al., 2012). For example, eutrophication in water

bodies stimulates excessive growth of algae, killing life underwater due to a lack of oxygen.

1.2 Scope

Currently more than half of the world’s population is living as urban dweller and this total will

increase up to 70% by 2050 (WHO, 2014; ESA-UN, 2007). Globally, the urbanised areas are estimated

to contribute for 70% in the current resource depletion and pollution rates, this amount is even

larger in highly developed and active areas (Rees and Wackernagel, 2008). In the global phosphorus-

cycle urban areas form the

hot-spots, since cities comprise

the demand on P-containing

products and produce P-rich

waste (Cordell, 2013). This

conversion of resources within

an urban area is known as

urban metabolism and can be

described as the

transformation of raw

materials, energy and water

into the built environment,

human bio-mass and waste

(Decker et al., 2000). In Figure

2, the difference between

linear and circular metabolism

is visualised.

With 790.110 residents and being highly economic active (CBS, 2015), Amsterdam has potential to

reduce its dependency on phosphorus reserves. In addition, Amsterdam has the most distribution

centres housed in Europe and plays an essential role in Northern Europe’s logistics. Next to that,

large storage facilities and industries that process commodities are established in and around the

port of Amsterdam.

Currently there are no studies on P flows for the city of Amsterdam. Therefore, this research will first

analyse the P flows in Amsterdam. To do so, five areas of interest are identified; agriculture, industry,

households, waste and environment. These areas are similar to Smit et al. (2012) research on P flows

in the Netherlands, which is the research used to analyse the P balance of the Netherlands.

Afterwards, a similar P analysis is conducted for Amsterdam municipal area, which is selected as the

boundary of this research (Figure 3). Next to that, industries in Amsterdam’s municipal boundary are

analysed to identify opportunities and limitations towards a circular P-cycle.

Figure 2. Linear (above) vs. Circular (below) Urban Metabolism (Girardet, 2008)

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Figure 3. Amsterdam’s municipal area, the boundary of this research

1.3 Definition research gap

After Asimov’s publication on the phosphorus problem, there was no direct global response to tackle

the upcoming problem. Only recently, since the beginning of this century, phosphorus security has

become more important (Déry & Anderson, 2007; Ulrich & Frossard, 2014). Therefore, research and

analyses to improve the phosphorus-cycle is underdeveloped compared to other nutrients.

Nowadays, most P studies are conducted on a regional or larger level, while urban developments are

mainly conducted on a lower level of district, neighbourhood and building (Spiller & Agudelo, 2011).

In addition to this, understanding an urban metabolism on a nutrient level is complex and difficult to

understand; adapting the system is therefore complicated and challenging. As a result efforts to

improve the phosphorus cycle in urban metabolisms are limited found (Kennedy et al., 2010 Cordell

et al., 2011). Therefore an analysis of phosphorus in Amsterdam is required to guide urban planners

in improving the P-cycle.

1.4 Research objective

The overall objective of this research is to identify phosphorus flows in Amsterdam and their

potential to improve the P-cycle.

Research question:

What are the opportunities and limitations for Amsterdam to improve the recovery and reuse of

phosphorus?

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Sub- questions:

o How is the Netherlands and Amsterdam’s P-balance organised?

o Where and which high containing P intake and transformations take place in Amsterdam’s

boundary?

o How are these processes organised?

o What are the key flows to improve Amsterdam’s P-cycle?

1.5 Chapter outline

In chapter two the methodology of this research is described, including the concept of urban

metabolism and the material flow analysis. Next to that, the literature, data and methods used to

make the phosphorus flow calculation are explained.

Chapter three explains the phosphorus cycle, historical use and the problems the global usage

entails. In addition, the phosphorus cycle in the Netherlands is examined, based on research studies.

From this the opportunities and limitations on larger scale are identified.

The fourth chapter provides the results of the phosphorus flows in Amsterdam. All identified flows

and stocks will be explained and combined in one scheme that presents the phosphorus cycle of

Amsterdam. Next to that, the main identified processes Agricultural & Forestry, Animal production,

Industry & Market, Household & Retail and Waste processing will be zoomed into. Next to that, the

industrial sector of Amsterdam is separately, based on import and export data of Amsterdam.

Chapter five elaborates on the results by validating the data and discuss on deviating results. Next to

that, the opportunities and limitations for Amsterdam to improve the P-cycle are discussed, conform

the stewardship framework by Withers, et al. (2015).

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2. Methodology

2.1 Research approach & framework

The approach of this research is considered to

be top-down as shown in Figure 4. First the P

flows in the Netherlands are analysed, using

the research by Smit et al. (2015). This search

is used to identify opportunities and limitations

in NL. Next to that, the study is used to control

the calculations of Amsterdam. To do so,

Amsterdam calculations are compared to

national data. The results of Smit’s (2015)

research are summarized, in which the flows

between main sectors are grouped and quantified. Smit (2015) identified five main sectors, namely

industry, agriculture, households/retail, waste and surface water.

In addition to this, van Dijk et al. (2015) study on P in Europe provides additional input, such as

composition of products to the total P consumed. From this the opportunities and limitations of the

Amsterdam P systems are found with the focus on a specific process or flows. For this flow or process

further research will follow for Amsterdam to understand its metabolism for phosphorus. Again

opportunities and limitations to improve the use of P throughout the process or flow are analysed.

The framework of this research is shown in Figure 5.

The Netherlands

Amsterdam

Flows

Figure 4. Top-down approach of this research.

Figure 5. Framework of this research

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2.2 Urban metabolism

In metabolism studies the urban areas and their boundary are defined as a living organisms in which

consumption and transformation of resources is taking place. In this research the municipal

boundary of Amsterdam, is considered the living organism. Within these boundaries consumption

and transformation of phosphorus is examined.

Nowadays most urban metabolisms function as a linear process with high dependency on external

resources, while local possibilities are often overlooked (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2012). After being

transformed and consumed the remaining resources leave the system as waste. New urban planning

focusses on optimising the urban metabolism by aiming for closed resource cycles, known as circular

urban metabolism.

2.3 Material flow analysis / Substance flow analysis

To make the complex urban metabolism understandable, a flow scheme is made according to the

principles of the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) handbook by Brunner & Rechberger (2004). In the

MFA an assessment is made for flows and stocks within a system defined in space and time. For this

research the space is Amsterdam’s municipal boundary and the time is the yearly flows of 2012. In

this research the substance phosphorus is

analysed, making it a Substance Flow

Analysis (SFA). The system boundary for

this research is set for Amsterdam’s

municipal area, for which yearly flow data

will be analysed. As input for the SFA a

phosphorus balance is used that compares

inputs, stocks and outputs of related

processes. This balance is currently

developed as MFA for biomass in

Amsterdam. To make an SFA for P flows, a

conversion from material flows to the

substance P is made to calculate the P

balance. The conversion rates are adopted

from several researches, which are briefly explained in section 2.4.

In Figure 6 the main symbols of MFA’s/SFA’s are provided to give guidance in understand the

method. Using subSTance flow ANalysis (STAN) software from the university of Vienna, a schematic

model of the P-flows is created. Different from van Dijk’s (2015) main sectors, livestock and animal

production is separated from agriculture, the market is added to the industry and environment

replaces surface water. Figure 7 shows the model for Amsterdam as used in this research. In the

result section of this research additional flow schemes provide an insight in these sectors.

Figure 6. Symbols of MFA/SFA by Brunner & Rechberger (2004)

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Figure 7. Phosphorus SFA model Amsterdam

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2.4 Data collection & processing Where other urban studies on phosphorus use national data to calculate an average, this research

calculates the flows of Figure 7, based on Amsterdam’s specific data. Therefore the collection of data

is focussed on two types, namely material flows and phosphorus conversion rates. To collect and

calculate the required data, various researches were used, for which Table 1 provides an overview.

As a result the input and output of processes are sometimes aberrant, therefore deviation ranges are

wide. However, the used STAN programme equalizes the inputs, outputs and deviation ranges,

therefore the result tables both include research calculations and STAN calculations to indicate the

differences. When large differences are found these are discussed, however these are mostly

ascribed to the use of different resources, in which case STAN’s calculations are assumed most

reliable.

Next to that, this research aims to provide an insight in Amsterdam’s industries. Despite the

unavailability of data, some industrial processes could be identified based on import and export data

of Amsterdam. To keep the MFA model clear, there is a distinction made between Amsterdam’s

demand and Amsterdam’s processing of materials for other urban system. The data in Figure 7 and

Table 1 only shows data destined for Amsterdam’s metabolic system, for which the flow

quantification is based on Amsterdam’s intake. This means the calculated quantities on imported

and industrial flows are based on the required supply to satisfy Amsterdam’s demand. In the results

chapter the full functioning of the industrial sector is speculated on, which is used to identify

interesting industrial processes concerning Amsterdam’s P-flows.

Table 1. Calculation method and data per flow

Flow Description Calculation method Reference & assumptions

F1 Food purchase

(Total food consumption A’dam * P-content) + (Total food waste * P-content)

Food consumption Amsterdam is found in Appendix 1, Table 11

Food wastes based on van Westerhoven (2013); Appendix 1,Table 13

P-content (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

F2 Pet feed purchase

Total pets NL * Feed consumption * A’dam share

Total pets & feed consumption is found in Appendix 2, Table 17

F3 Non-food purchase

Total A’dam consumption of non-food * P-content

Total non-food consumption & P-content is found in Appendix 5, Table 34 & Table 35

F4 Outdoor pet excreta

Pet excreta outdoor animals * P-content

Pet excreta to environment = 22.3 cats; 69.1 dogs; 41.5 pond fish; 2.7 pigeons = total 135.7 t P (Appendix 2, Table 17)

Assumed 50% cat excreta outdoor & 60% of P in dog urine

F5 HH solid waste

Total food wastes + non-food wastes * P-content

Solid food waste Households = 122.7 t P (van Westerhoven, 2013)

Pet excreta to solid waste = 74.4 t P (Borst & Beekhof, 2011; Kirsimaa & van Dijk, 2013); Assumed 50% cat excreta indoor & 40% in dog faeces, disposed to garbage bin

F6 HH waste water

Total human excreta + Grey wastewater

Human excreta = 357.5 t P from household + (174.5 t * 0.857 = 149.5 t from business) = 507 t P (de Fooij, 2015)

Grey wastewater = 59.7 t + (174.5 * 0.143 = 25 t from business) = 84.7 t P (de Fooij, 2015)

Assumed similar composition of grey-/black-/yellow water for business as for households;

Assumed 10% deviation

F7 Feed to Total animal consumption – Animal consumption based on van Krimpen et al.,

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animal production

Grass uptake (F11) 2010; WUM, 2010 & CVB, 2010 (Appendix 3, Table 23)

F8 Animal food products

(Milk production * P-content) + (Meat production * P-content) + (Egg production * P-content)

Milk = 8,250 l /cow / year * 1,161 dairy cows * 1.1 g/kg P (CBS, 2015; RIVM NEVO, 2011)

Eggs = 300 /chicken / year * 80 laying hens * 1.5 g/kg P; assumed egg weights 100 g

F9 Livestock for slaughter

(Mass of Livestock for meat production * P-content) + (Imported livestock * P-content) + (Refreshment of Livestock * P-content)

Livestock for meat production = 21 cows; 22 calf’s; 10 meat bulls

Imported livestock for meat = 1,154 pigs (CBS, 2015) * 110 kg = 127 t biomass; Other animals = 28,247 – 127 = 28,120 t biomass (Port of Amsterdam, 2012)

P-content % = 6.34 % meat; 89.40 % bones; 2.53 % organs; 0.96% blood; 0.77 % rest meat

Assumed all imported live animals are slaughtered

Assumed 2% of livestock is yearly refreshed, old livestock is slaughtered for pet feed production (incl. bones for dogs)

F10 Manure livestock

Total P in excreta * animal share feed consumption

Total P in manure Amsterdam = 43.5 ton (IOS Amsterdam, 2015)

Animal shares are found in appendix 3, Table 24

F11 Grass uptake

Total grass uptake * P-content

3,471 ton grass uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016)

4.4 g P/kg (Bruinenberg et al., 2007)

F12 Food crop uptake

Total biomass uptake * P-content crop * Harvest index

Food uptake in mass from farmlands = 33 t spring wheat; 314 t winter wheat; 118 t spring barley; 80 t Triticale; 26 t roots and tubers; 18 t vegetables; 3 t lettuce; 9 t herbs and spices; 0.7 t grapes; 17.5 t redcurrant; 5.3 t apple; 22.4 t pear; 4.5 t cherries; 2.4 t plums (KWIN, 2010; CBS, 2015; Binternet, 2015)

P-content g/kg = 3.7 wheat; 3.8 Barley; 3.7 Triticale; 1.5 roots and tubers; 0.47 vegetables; 0.35 lettuce; 2.39 herbs and spices; 0.24 grapes; 0.4 redcurrant; 0.11 apple; 0.13 pear; 0.3 cherry; 0.11 plums (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

Harvest index= 0.55 Wheat & Barley (Australian Society of Plant Scientists, 2010)

F13 Non-food uptake

Total non-food uptake * P-content

Local non-food production = 3,782 t wood (Stichting Probos, 2013) * 0.0075% P (Antikainen et al., 2004)

F14 Feed crops uptake

(Total biomass uptake feed * P-content crop) + (Total food crop farmlands * crop yield * – Harvest index)

Feed uptake in mass from farmlands = 54 t triticale; 1,421 t maize; 3,471 t grasing (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Food biomass uptake farmlands = 33 t spring wheat; 314 t winter wheat; 118 t spring barley; 80 t Triticale (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Harvest index= 0.55 Wheat & Barley (Australian Society of Plant Scientists, 2010)

F15 Fertiliser to agriculture

(Total farmlands (ha) * P input standards) – F10

Total farmlands = 2,113 ha = 1,853 ha grasinglands, 87 ha croplands, 38 ha fodder croplands and 11 ha horticulture (CBS) + 124 ha urban farmlands of which 50% is assumed to be used for farming (Bond van Volkstuinders, 2015)

P input standards = 37 – 43 kg P/ha grasinglands & 28 – 37 kg P/ha croplands (RVO, 2009)

F10 = assumed all manure is used to fertilise farmlands

F16 Industrial solid waste

Slaughter waste (= Total P in animal body * fraction found in bones)

P-content animal body = 5.5 – 7.9 g/kg (WUM, 2010)

89.40 % of total P in animal body found in bones

Assumed 50% bones to slaughter waste and 50% of bones found in consumed meat

F17 Industrial waste water

Total P in waste water NL * A’dam share

Assumed 2% of materials is wasted during production process, based on data from Belgium (FEVIA, 2012)

F18 Struvite to Fertiliser

Struvite production calculated by de Fooij

Struvite production = 113.6 t P (de Fooij, 2015)

Assumed deviation of 10%

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industry

F19 WWTP effluent discharge

Calculated by de Fooij Effluent discharge = 58.9 t P (de Fooij, 2015)

Assumed 10% deviation

F20 Leeching Total ha farmlands * leeching-rates

Total farmlands = 2,113 ha (CBS, 2015)

Leeching rate 0.1 kg P / ha (Némery et al., 2005)

F21 Run-off & Erosion

Amsterdam land surface * total P content of soil * Rate of soil erosion

Land surface = 16,518 ha (CBS, 2015);

P-content soil = 0.5 kg/ha (Cerdan et al., 2010);

Erosion rate = 0.4 t/ha/y (Liu et al., 2008);

F22 Import livestock

Total biomass imported livestock * P-content

Biomass imported livestock = 34,558 t (Port of Amsterdam, 2012)

P-content livestock = 5.5 – 7.9 g/kg (WUM, 2010)

F23 Export Livestock

Total biomass exported livestock * P-content

Biomass exported livestock = 6,311 t (Port of Amsterdam, 2012)

P-content livestock = 5.5 – 7.9 g/kg (WUM, 2010)

F24 Import Fertiliser

Total fertiliser input (F15) – F10

F10 = assumed all livestock manure is used to fertilise farmlands

Assumed struvite is exported, therefore not taken into account

F25 Import feed (Feed consumption * P content * Livestock) – F14

Feed consumption in % per weight = 2 % cattle & dairy cows; 3 % breeders; 2% horses & pony’s; 2.5% sheep & goat (CVB, 2012)

Livestock = 1,161 dairy cows; 1,689 other cattle; 80 laying hens; 221 horses; 142 pony’s; 2,684 sheep’s; 35 goats (CBS, 2015)

P-content g/kg feed = 3.4 – 4.5 cattle; 4.9 laying hens (van Krimpen et al., 2010)

F14 = assumed all local feed production is locally consumed

F26 Import food (Total food consumption * P-content) – F12

Food consumption Amsterdam in kg/pp/ year = 89 potatoes; 1,465 beverages; 111 bread; 2 diverse; 12 eggs; 132 fruit; 32 cakes and biscuits; 40 cereal and thickener; 123 vegetables; 2 savory topings; 26 cheese; 1 herbs and spices; 429 milk and dairy; 6 nuts, seeds and snacks; 27 legume; 3 preperations; 6 prepared dishes; 54 soups; 60 sojaproducts; 31 sugar, candy and sweet topings; 39 fats, oils and sauces; 5 fish; 87 meatproducts and poultry = Total 2,779 kg/pp/year (Brabants milieufederatie & Wageningen UR, Lei group, 2015)

P-content food (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

F12 = assumed all local produced food is locally consumed

F27 Import pet feed

(Total pets NL * feed consumption * Amsterdam’s share) – local pet feed production

Total pets NL = 2,900,000 Cats, 1,500,000 Dogs, 940,000 Rabbits, 860,000 Other rodents, 2,000,000 singing and ornamental birds, 5,000,000 carrier pigeons, 250,000 reptiles, 6,600,000 Aquarium fishes, 9,600,000 Pond fishes (Borst & Beekhof, 2011)

Feed consumption in kg/pet/year – 30.5 cats; 215 dogs; 22.4 rabbits; 2.6 other rodents; 6 birds and pigeons; 2.6 reptiles; 0.4 aquarium fish; 5.2 pond fish (Kirsima & van Dijk, 2013)

Fraction households A’dam = 5,29% (CBS, 2015)

Local pet feed production = 1.26 t P; assumed only slaughtered rest meat to pet feed

F28 Import non-food

Total non-food usage NL * P-content * A’dam share – F13

Household + sanitary paper = 144,600 t (FAO, 2015) * 0.024 % P (Antikainen et al., 2004)

Wood = 50% of 11,000,000 m3 = 5,500,000 m3 (Probos, 2013); Assumed 1m3 = 400 kg = 2,200 kton * 0.0075% P (Antikainen et al., 2004)

Paper & Carton = 50% of 11,000,000 m3 = 5,500,000 m3 (Probos, 2013); Assumed 1m3 = 400 kg = 2,200

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kton * 0.024% P (Antikainen et al., 2004)

Textiles = 344 Kton (FFact, 2014) * 0.13% (average based on composition textile usage NL; Kirsima & van Dijk, 2013)

Coals = 12.8 Kton (CBS, 2015) * 0.043% (Thomas, 2002)

Detergents = 970 t P (Appendix 5, Table 34 by Willem Schipper)

Fraction households A’dam = 5,29% (CBS, 2015)

F13 = assumed all production is locally used or processed

F29 Import sludge

Calculation based on de Fooij Sludge = 179.4 t P (De Fooij, 2015)

Assumed deviation of 10%

F30 Export P-rich Ash

Incinerated digested sludge + Ash of waste incineration

Digested sludge = 598.6 t P (de Fooij, 2015);

Assumed 10% deviation

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3. Literature review To understand how the phosphorus problem occurred, this chapter analyses the global phosphorus

system. Included are the P-cycles, geopolitics, demand and supply. Afterwards the phosphorus

system of the Netherlands is analysed to identify opportunities and limitations.

3.1 Global phosphorus In the earth’s crust phosphate rich layers are found. From these rich layers small amounts of

phosphate reach the earths top layer, naturally fertilising the soil with sufficient phosphate to sustain

the living cycle. From the phosphate in the soil leaching and runoff into the water bodies is taking

place. After being dissolved and decomposed through the underwater cycle, the phosphate is

returned to the earth’s crust as ocean sediments.

With large quantities of phosphate extracted instead of slowly released, the natural cycle is being

disturbed. After extraction large amounts of phosphate is used for fertiliser application. About 20–

30% of P in the soil is used by plants, while much of the remaining P in soil is lost through leaching,

erosion and runoff (Syers et al, 2008). In addition, waste streams are limited treated and mostly

disposed in the environment. In the end most of the phosphorus is released into the water bodies,

disturbing life underwater due to eutrophication.

Since the beginning of the 19th century the global demand on P has increased continuously. Around

1800 phosphorus was only supplied to the land by using manure from livestock. By 1820 the use of

phosphate rock emerged. In the first 100 years the use phosphate rock increased steadily, with only

three fall-backs related to the first and second World War and the Wall street crash of 1929.

However, after World War 2 the use of phosphate rock increased rapid, with at summit annual

increases of 5.5 percentage from 1960 till 1990 (Cordell et al., 2009). Only since 1989 developed

countries started to reduced their use of P after years of over application. However, use of

phosphate in developing countries is still increasing. Therefore, after the reduced used by developed

countries in 1989, the total global use is still increasing.

The initial supply of phosphorus for the global food system is found in mined phosphate rock from

available reserves. From the mined rock the usable phosphate is extracted to make P fertiliser. These

fertilisers mineralize the soils to boost crop production, which is after harvesting available as food

commodities and as feed for domestic animals. In addition to this, domestic animals consume large

amounts of P by grazing. In each step of the supply chain losses are found, as result only 17

percentage of the initial supply is consumed by humans (Cordell et al., 2009). After consumption

most of the P is not retained and leaves the body as excreta of which most is disposed in the

environment.

After consumption and use of phosphorus containing products, most of the P is lost through waste

flows. In research by van Dijk (2015), the largest losses are found in communal sewage sludge

(34.6%), food waste by food services (12.2%), food waste households (12.1%) and pet excreta

(10.6%).

According to IFDC (2010), eighty-five percentage of the global phosphate reserves are found in

Morocco and the Western Sahara. In addition, globally only a few countries have access to large

phosphate reserves (USGS, 2015). With only a few countries having phosphate reserves available,

these countries are in control of a life essential element. In 2008 China made the political decision to

16

secure its own reserves by increasing the export tax on phosphate rock (Cordell et al., 2009). As

result the worldwide food prices index (FAO) showed a peak, almost doubling global food prices in

one year time. Therefore P is considered a geopolitical sensitive element.

3.2 Phosphorus in the Netherlands

The Netherlands have large imports of food and feed, low recycling rates in waste and a large

national surplus. Smit et al. (2015) found a total 110.5 Mkg2 P is imported and 69 Mkg P exported in

2011, having 41.5 Mkg/year accumulating in the system (Smit et al., 2015). By looking at the stocks in

Figure 8, the sectors where accumulation is taking place are identified; agriculture (11.8), surface

water (6.6) and lost P from waste (23.2).

Figure 8. P flows (Mkg P/a) in 2011 for the Industry, Agriculture, Household/Retail, Waste and Surface water systems in the Netherlands (Smit et al.,2015)

In Figure 8 the national P balance of all the researched years by Smit et al. (2015) are combined. In

this table it can be seen where developments have taken place. Despite the increased import of P in

feed (+8 Mkg) and food products (+5 Mkg), the total import remained at a comparable amount, due

to a large reduction in the import of fertilizers (-14 Mkg). Meanwhile, the total P exported increased

with more than 40%, mainly from increased manure (+9 Mkg) and food (+11 Mkg) exports. As result

the national P surplus reduced from 59.7 Mkg in 2005 to 41.6 Mkg in 2011.

2 Mega kg = 1,000 ton (Smit et al., 2015)

17

Table 2. National P balance of the Netherlands in 2005, 2008 and 2011 in Mkg P/a (Smit et al., 2015)

Products 2005 2008 2011

Import Fertilizer 21 12 7 Living animals 0.2 0.2 0.2 Feed 50.4 60.1 58.6 Non-food 1.4 3.3 3.4 Food 28 31.1 32.9 Feed additives 7.2 8.1 8.5 Total Import 108.2 114.8 110.5 Export Manure 7 12.8 16 Food 37.5 47.6 49.2 Non-food 1.3 1.2 1.3 Waste 2.7 2 2.4 Total Export 48.5 63.6 69 Balance + 59.7 + 51.2 + 41.6

Between 2007 and 2010 a national survey was held by the Dutch ministry to get information on

national food consumption in the Netherlands. Milk and dairy products have highest contribution to

the phosphorus consumption with 32% of the total. Together with Meat, poultry and fish (22%) and

cereal products (18%), these food products provide over 70% of phosphorus consumed by Dutch

citizens. The median habitual P-intake for 25 -75% of the subjects is found at 1,135 – 1,803 mg/day

for men and 1,136 – 1,381 mg/day for women. Overall it was found, that after beverages, dairy

products are most consumed by all ages and genders (van Rossum, 2011).

The maximum and adequate intake standards of P are provided by the Health Council of the

Netherlands (van Rossum, 2011). The adequate intake per day is found between 600-900 mg for

children and 700 mg for adults. The intake of children is higher due to an increasing demand of the

body during growth. During pregnancy the adequate intake is set at 1,000 mg per day to supply the

baby’s needs. Overall the maximum advised intake before health risks may occur is set at 4,000 mg.

Figure 9. Phosphorus quantities in products supplied to the consumption sector in 2005 (kg P/ca/year) (van Dijk et al., 2015)

18

Besides food products there are other products that contribute to the phosphorus consumption in

the Netherlands. Figure 9 shows the total of kg P consumed per person in European countries and

the contribution per product. For the Netherlands the total P consumed in 2005 is found at 1.62 kg

per person, consisting of 0.6 kg plant-based foods, 0.47 kg animal-based foods, 0.15 other utilization

food & feed, 0.14 pet food, 0.1 forestry products, 0.08 households detergent, 0.05 inorganic food

additives and 0.03 plant-based materials (van Dijk et al., 2015). This results in a consume ratio of P in

food/non-food products of 0.87/0.13. The ratio is comparable to the ninety percentage contribution

by foods found in Cordell et al., 2009 & Cooper, 2010.

For the years 2010 and 2013 research is executed, on behalve of the Dutch ministry, to analyse the

total and composition of food wasted by households in the Netherlands. On average each citizen

wastes 64 kg per year of which 30 kg is inevitable, such as peals and bones, and the rest is evitable.

From this evitable total 9 kg is prepared food and 5 kg was unprepared and still in the packaging (van

Westerhoven, 2013).

In 2010, the remaining sewage sludge after water treatment, was completely incinerated (Eurostat,

2010). Comparing it with other countries in the EU, only Belgium is incinerating a similar amount of

its sludge, while many others use their sludge to apply on land. However, in the Netherlands

concerns on containing heavy metals and other polluters withold direct usage like appliance to land.

In addition, restricted P usage (RVO, 2009) increased the cautiossesness of farmers on the quality of

fertiliser applied to their lands.

The European pollutant release and transfer register (EPRTR) from the European Environment

Agency collected data on pollution by the largest industrial companies in Europe. In the Netherlands

36 facilities reported phosphorus transfer to waste water, of which Cargil BV is found in Amsterdam

and Tate & Lyle BV in Zaandam. The total contribution of P per industry in the Netherlands is shown

in Figure 10, indicating treatment and processing of milk contributes most.

Figure 10. Contribution per industrial activity to P transfer to waste-water (EPRTR, 2015)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Pretreatment or dyeing of fibres or textiles

Disposal or recycling of animal waste

Surface treatment of metals and plastics

Industiral scale production of inorganic chemicals

Thermal power stations and other combustion…

Disposal of non-hazardous waste

Treatment and processing of animal and…

Industrial scale prduction of organic chemicals

Treatment and processing of milk

Transfer of P to wast-water per industrial activity

Volume

19

3.3 Opportunities and limitations

Feeding livestock is the largest contributor to the P-balance of the Netherlands, responsible for more

than half of the total imports in 2011. Most of the feed is used for intensive livestock production,

from which large amounts of slaughter waste is produced. Together with produced manures these

by-products from animal production contain more P than required for crop production on available

arable lands in the Netherlands (Smit et al., 2015). When these by-products are processed properly,

organic forms of fertiliser can be produced, such as bone meal and compost, reducing the demand

on phosphate rocks by improving the handling of P-rich waste.

In Table 3 the phosphorus use efficiency indicates in which sectors most phosphorus is put in and

taken up in 2005. Again the animal sector is noticeable: Grazing animals (29%), animal production

(31%) and intensive livestock (39%) use less than half of their P input compared to their P output.

Also in the waste industry, with 7% use efficiency, opportunities are found. However, considering the

quantities, most potential is found in the animal production, crop production and grassland. (van Dijk

et al., 2012)

Table 3. Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) = effective output / total input in 2005 (van Dijk et al., 2012)

Sector Total P input (Gg P) Effective P output (Gg P) PUE (%)

Crop production sector 88.6 53,9 61 Arable land 24.3 14,8 61 Grassland/silage maize 64.3 39,1 61 Animal production 107.4 33,7 31 Grazing animals 63 16,5 29 Intensive livestock 44.4 17,2 39 Food industry 69.4 55,9 81 Feed industry 67.9 65,4 96 Non-food industry 2.7 2,6 96 Waste industry 29.7 2 7 Total 561,7 301,1 54%

Households contribute to the P-cycle by buying food products, pet food and non-foods. After

consumption the goods are leaving the household in various waste flows. Overall the households are

main contributors to the waste industry, responsible for two-third of the P found in NL’s total waste

(Smit et al., 2012). Despite the possibilities to recycle, most of the P in the waste sector ends up in

the environment by discharge from WWTP or is incinerated to be used in the construction sector (de

Fooij, 2015; Haffmans, 2012). Fortunately, waste and water companies are increasingly interested in

recycling of P. As result initiatives to reuse and/or recycle sewage sludge and incineration ashes are

emerging. However, many potential recycling streams are still unused as result of concerns. In

sewage waste heavy metals are found, which cause environmental concerns when disposed. Also

hygienic concerns arise for direct use of faeces and urine. Therefore, concerns on spreading diseases

and deterioration of environment resulted in restrains on direct use of these P-rich wastes.

Overall, to improve sustainable P use in NL the focus should be on reduction of the national surplus

and increase of recycling. To do so, Withers et al., (2015) setup five strategies to reduce dependency

on phosphate rock supply. The scheme is created for Europe, however these strategies can also be

applied at lower scale. With each step the implementation of the strategy increases in difficulty.

20

Figure 11. Five strategies to reduce Europe's dependency on P from phosphate rock. (Withers et al., 2015)

21

4. Results - P flows in Amsterdam Based on Amsterdam’s demand in 2012 the total input of phosphorus is calculated at 1,345 ton.

After conversion of P-containing products, 910 ton of phosphorus leaves the system, mainly as ash

from waste incineration. This leaves 345 ton of phosphorus within Amsterdam’s boundary, of which

about 200 ton is disposed in the environment. More details on flows are found in Figure 12 & Table 4,

which are providing an overview for Amsterdam’s main sectors. The rest of this chapters zooms into

the sectors to provide an better insight.

Table 4. Overview of identified flows and their contribution in Amsterdam’s phosphorus cycle for 2012.

Flow Description Research calculations STAN calculations

Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Household and retail F1 Food purchase 633.1 ± 219.4 633.1 ± 219.4 F2 Pet feed purchase 209.7 ± 41.9 209.7 ± 41.9 F3 Non-food purchase 113.7 ± 22.9 113.7 ± 22.9 F4 Outdoor pet excreta 135.7 ± 27.1 135.7 ± 27.1 F5 HH Solid waste 165.4 ± 33.1 179 ± 16.1 F6 HH Waste water 591.7 ± 118.4 575.8 ± 52.9 Agriculture & Animal

production

F7 Feed to animal production 40.7 ± 1.9 40.7 ± 1.2 F8 Animal food products 10.8 ± 1.1 10.6 ± 0.7 F9 Livestock for slaughter 190.3 ± 34 190.3 ± 20.8 F10 Manure livestock 43.5 ± 4.4 44 ± 2.6 F11 Grass uptake 15.3 ± 0.7 15.3 ± 0.7 F12 Food crop uptake 1.9 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.1 F13 Non-food uptake 0.4 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.2 F14 Feed crop uptake 4.8 ± 0.3 4.8 ± 0.2 F15 Fertiliser to Agriculture 37.1 ± 2.1 37.4 ± 2 Waste F16 Industrial waste water 30.2 ± 3 30.2 ± 3 F17 Industrial solid waste 102.8 ± 17 102.8 ± 11.6 F18 Struvite 113.6 ± 11.4 113.7 ± 11.3 Losses to Environment F19 WWTP effluent discharge 58.9 ± 5.9 59 ± 5.9 F20 Leeching 0.2 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 F21 Run-off & Erosion 3.3 ± 0.3 3.3 ± 0.3 Total Input 1,346.8 ± 355.2 1,344.9 ± 210.6 Total output 909.1 ± 177.4 909.1 ± 169.9 Total stocks - - 435.8 ± 270.4

22

Figure 12. Phosphorus flows & stocks in Amsterdam’s urban boundary

23

34%

19% 13%

0% 1%

11%

13%

9%

Contribution of food groups to the intake of P

Milk and dairy product (incl. cheese)

Meat, poultry and fish (incl. eggs)

Cereal products

Fats, oils and sauce

Beverages (Inlc. thee & coffee residues)

Fruit, vegetables and rooters

Sugarware and snacks

Others & Undefined

4.1 Households & Retail Within households and retail two consumers are identified, namely humans and pets. Therefore this

chapter examines the phosphorus flows concerning their consumption and waste production. In

Table 5 differences are found in calculations for human excreta and solid waste, which is the result of

the used researches by de Fooij (2015) for wastewater and van Westerhoven (2013) for solid wastes.

Both researches provide data for the year 2013, while the rest of this research is focussed on 2012.

Therefore the STAN program adjusted the data conform the inputs of 2012. The corrected data is

found in Table 5, yet the research results are based on the data of de Fooij (2015) and van

Westerhoven (2013).

4.1.1 Human

The found consumption patterns in Amsterdam’s specific data is different from NL’s average

consumption. Amsterdam consumes less bread (-20 kg/pp/year), cereal products (-52 kg/pp/year),

meat and poultry (-54 kg/pp/year), meanwhile consuming more beverages (+287 L/pp/year) , milk

and dairy products (+41 kg/pp/year). It is plausible these increases are the result of tourism activity

in Amsterdam that consume drinks and cheese. Nevertheless, milk and dairy products are the largest

food group contributing to Amsterdam’s P intake, followed by meat, poultry & fish (Figure 13).

The total intake of P through the food system in Amsterdam is calculated at 511 tons of P a year

(Appendix 1, Table 12). The total P flowing into the WWTP from Amsterdam’s households and

businesses is calculated at 591.7 ton by de Fooij (2015). For the households the total of 417.2 ton P is

measured with data of the Amsterdam water company Waternet of which 357.5 ton from excreta

and 59.7 ton in grey wastewater. By applying a similar ratio to the phosphorus found in waste water

from businesses, 149.5 ton excreta and 25 ton grey water is added. This brings the total to 507 ton P

in excreta and 84.7 ton P in grey water. Therefore the calculated total of 511 tons of P consumption

is considered reliable.

In the research of van Westerhoven (2013) it was found that an average Dutch citizen wasted 62.8 kg

of food per year. From this total 29.1 kg is inevitable waste, such as bones, coffee-grounds and peals.

By adding the P-contents a total of 122.7 ton phosphorus is found in the food wastes (Appendix 1,

Table 13). The largest losses are found in meat and fish bones, coffee grounds, bread, peels and

stumps, eggshells and meat (Figure 14). Unfortunately, the P-rich wastes are not separately collected

and instead incinerated with other wastes. As result the ashes from incineration are polluted,

Figure 13. Contribution of food groups to the intake of phosphorus in Amsterdam 2012 (LEI group)

24

restricting the reuse possibilities. After incineration the ashes are mostly used as construction filling

material, despite the containing valuable nutrients.

Figure 14. Composition of phosphorus in food wastes per product

The total phosphorus consumption through non-food products is calculated at 113.7 ton in

Amsterdam (Appendix 5, Table 35). The largest contributor to this total is the use of detergents with

51.3 ton. Other contributing products are found in wood (8.7 t), paper & carton (27.9 t), household &

sanitary paper (1.8 t), textiles (23.7 t) and coals (0.3 t).

4.1.2 Pets

Based on Borst & Beekhof (2011) research on pets in the Netherlands, the total pet population of

Amsterdam is calculated over 1.5 million. The composition consists of 153,422 cats, 79,356 dogs,

49,730 rabbits, 45,498 other rodents, 105,808 singing and ornamental birds, 264,521 carrier pigeons,

13,226 reptiles, 349,169 aquarium fish and 507,880 pond fish.

The total phosphorus consumption by pets is calculated at 212.2 ton of which dogs are the largest

contributor with a total of 115 ton P (Appendix 2, Table 17). Together with cats and pond fish these

animals contribute for ninety-five percentage to the total P intake by pets.

The sequestration of phosphorus by pets is assumed limited, therefore P calculations in pet excreta

equal the total P consumption. The excretion is disposed in three different ways, namely to municipal

solid waste (MSW), waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and directly into the environment. Overall

74.4 ton P in excretion is found in MSW, 135.7 ton P disposed to the environment and 2.1 ton to the

WWTP (Figure 18).

Table 5. Quantified flows within households & retail

Flow Description Research calculations STAN calculations

Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Human F70 Human excreta 507 ± 101.4 491 ± 53 F71 Grey water 31.5 ± 3.2 31.4 ± 3.2 F72 Detergents 51.3 ± 5.1 51.3 ± 5.1 F74 Solid waste 108.9 ± 10.9 107.4 ± 10.9 F75 Food to pet 2.5 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.5

41%

22%

7%

5%

5%

4%

3% 2%

Composition of phosphorus in food waste Meat and fish bonesCoffee-ground

BreadPeels and stumps

Eggshells

Meat

Cakes & BiscuitsCheese

Thee stains

VegetablesDairy

Rice

PastaPotatos

Fruit

Others

25

Pet F22 Outdoor pet excreta 135.7 ± 27.1 135.7 ± 27.1 F73 Aquarium discharge 2.1 ± 0.4 2.1 ± 0.4 F76 Indoor pet excreta 74.4 ± 7.4 71.6 ± 13.7 Total input 956.5 ± 284.3 956.5 ± 224.5 Total output 893.8 ± 178.6 890.5 ± 61.6 Total stocks - - 66 ± 232.8

Figure 15 shows the flow analysis model of the household and retail in Amsterdam. With a total of

956 ton input and 890 ton output, this sector contributes most to Amsterdam P-cycle.

26

Figure 15. Phosphorus flows & stocks within household & retail consumption

27

4.2 Livestock Within Amsterdam’s municipal area the livestock consists mainly of 2,684 sheep’s and 2,850 cattle,

of which 1,161 are dairy cows. In addition, 221 horses, 142 pony’s, 80 laying hens and 35 goats

complete the total livestock (CBS, 2015). Within the livestock production process identified flows are

feeding, animal food production, manure production and slaughtered animals.

In total the livestock of Amsterdam consumed 55.9 ton phosphorus of which eighty-five percentage

is accounted for by cattle (Appendix 3, Table 23). Besides the current supply, the required

phosphorus for the livestock to remain healthy is calculated based on standards by the Dutch

Commissie Onderzoek Mineralen Voeding (COMV, 2005). The total is found at a maximum of 46.2

ton P (Appendix 3, Table 22), which indicates there is a minimum mismatch of 9.7 ton P between

demand and supply.

In Amsterdam some of its livestock produces food products like milk and eggs. In total the animal-

based food products contain 10.5 ton of phosphorus. For the egg production in Amsterdam a total of

80 laying hens are producing approximately 24,000 eggs per year, containing 3.6 kg phosphorus. One

dairy cow produces on average a total of 8,250 litre milk per year, which means a total production of

95,782 hl milk, containing 10.5 ton P (Appendix 3, Table 25).

For the meat production 21 cows, 22 calf’s and 10 bulls of Amsterdam’s livestock are slaughtered.

Next to that, it is assumed 2% of the livestock dies being slaughtered, however the products from

these slaughtered animals are assumed to be used in pet feed. In addition, 28.277 ton in livestock’s

weight is imported to amplify the meat production (Port of Amsterdam, 2012). In total 190.3 tons of

P is found in slaughtered livestock bodies, of which approximately 10 % is found in consumable

products and 90 % in the skeleton.

In the yearly report of Amsterdam statistics the total phosphorus excretion from livestock is

estimated to be 43.5 tons phosphorus in 55,000 tons of manure for the year 2012 (IOS Amsterdam,

2015). This total is divided over the livestock, based on their share in feed consumption. As a result,

dairy cows and other cattle are the largest contributors to the manure production with about 85% of

the total.

Table 6. Quantified flows within livestock production

Flow Description Research calculations STAN calculations

Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Total livestock feed 55.9 ± 2.6 56 ± 2.5 F43 Dairy cow feed 21.2 ± 0.8 21.1 ± 0.7 F44 Other cattle feed 26.3 ± 1.0 26.3 ± 1.0 F45 Poultry feed 0 ± 0 0.2 ± 0 F46 Goat feed 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 F47 Sheep feed 5.1 ± 0.5 5.1 ± 0.5 F48 Horse & Pony feed 3.2 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.3 Total slaughtered livestock 190.4 ± 34 190.3 ± 21.3 F49 Slaughter cattle & Cows 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 F50 Slaughter poultry 0.1 ± 0 0 ± 0 F51 Slaughter goat & sheep 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 F52 Slaughtered horses & pony’s 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 F53 Slaughter imported pigs 2.0 ± 0.4 2.0 ± 0.4

28

F54 Slaughter other imported livestock

187.3 ± 33.5 187.3 ± 20.8

Total animal food production 10.5 ± 1.0 10.6 ± 0.7 F54 Cow milk production 10.5 ± 1.0 10.6 ± 0.7 F55 Egg production 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 F56 Goat milk production 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 Total livestock excreta 43.5 ± 4.4 44 ± 4.4 F57 Cow & cattle excreta 37 ± 1.8 37.5 ± 2.6 F58 Poultry excreta 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 F59 Goat & sheep excreta 4 ± 0.5 4 ± 0.4 F60 Horse & pony excreta 2.5 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.3 Total input - - 287.5 ± 21.5 Total output - - 287.3 ± 21.6 Total stocks - - 0.3 ± 2.9

29

Figure 16. Phosphorus flows & stocks within livestock production process

30

4.3 Agricultural & forestry uptake

Based on the phosphorus standards, set in the manure policy of the Netherlands (RVO, 2009), a total

of 80.6 ton P is put into the system by fertilizer with a maximum deviation of 6.5 ton P (Appendix 4,

Table 31). With most of the agricultural lands in Amsterdam being grassland, these also contribute

most to the input. It is assumed the manure produced by Amsterdam’s livestock is spread on the

grazing land. Yet at least another 30.6 ton of additional fertiliser is required to achieve the calculated

placement on Amsterdam’s grasslands.

The total phosphorus content in up taken biomass is calculated at 21.6 ton with a deviation of 0.7

ton. Fodder crops contribute most to the P uptake with a total of 19 ton of which 15.3 ton is directly

consumed by livestock by grazing (Appendix 4, Table 32). The total food crop uptake is relatively

small with 2.1 ton, in which cereal crops are dominating with over 95%. However, by taking the

harvest index of wheat’s and barley into account, only 55% of the cereals total biomass is found in

the by humans consumable part of the crop. The other 45% is found in straw, which is used to feed

livestock. In addition to the food crops, 477 ton of sugar beets are produced that contain 0.2 ton

phosphorus. After harvest the sugar is extracted from the beet and the remaining beet pulp is used

as feed. Lastly, phosphorus is found in extracted wood and biomass from gardening. Combined a

total of 3,782 t biomass of wood was up taken, containing 0.3 ton of phosphorus. Overall more than

93% of the phosphorus in local biomass extraction is destined for the feed industry.

Table 7. Quantified flows within agriculture & forestry production

Flow Description Research calculations STAN calculations

Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Total P (t) Deviation ± (t) Total fertiliser 80.6 ± 6.6 77.8 ± 4 F28 Fertiliser to grassland 74.1 ± 5.6 72.2 ± 3.1 F29 Fertiliser to fodder croplands 1.2 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 F30 Fertiliser to croplands 2.8 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.4 F31 Fertiliser to urban farmlands 2.0 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.2 F32 Fertiliser to horticulture 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 Total biomass uptake 21.6 ± 1.5 21.6 ± 1.4 F33 Grass uptake 15.3 ± 0.7 15.3 ± 0.7 F34 Fodder uptake 3.8 ± 0.3 3.8 ± 0.2 F35 Straw uptake 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 F36 Sugar beet uptake 0.2 ± 0 0.2 ± 0 F37 Grain uptake 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 F38 Vegetables & rooters uptake 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 F39 Fruit & Vegetables uptake 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 F40 Wood uptake 0.4 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.2 Total input 80.6 ± 6.5 81.4 ± 3.1 Total output 25.9 ± 1.9 25.9 ± 0.8 Total stocks - - 55.5 ± 3.1

31

Figure 17. Phosphorus flows & stocks in Amsterdam’s Agriculture & Forestry production

32

4.4 Waste

The largest amounts of phosphorus is found in the waste water of Amsterdam’s households. The

waste water in Amsterdam is being processed by a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). In the

last decennia’s developments have taken place towards recycling and recovery of waste streams.

First the main developments in Amsterdam are illustrated, afterwards the flow scheme for the year

2012 is provided in Figure 19. Not all developments are insert in the flow scheme since data was

unavailable or not applicable for 2012.

4.4.1 Airprex process - WaterNet & WWTP

In 2012 Waternet researched future possibilities for further treatment of waste water sludge. In this

research the processes of thermal pressure hydrolysis (Cambi & Turbotec), hydrodynamic

disintegration (Crown process) and thermophilic fermentation are selected as potentially interested

(Klaversma, 2012). The decision for an technology depends on the performance concerning the dry

matter content, the form of energy that is required and the retention time of digestion (Haffmans,

2012).

Since 2013 the water company WaterNet and Amsterdam’s wastewater treatment complex WWTP

West is recovering phosphate using a struvite reactor. The reactor is constructed and designed based

on the Airprex process. In the Airprex process magnesium is added to increase the digestion rate of

sewage sludge. During the process biogas are produced and phosphates are released. The released

phosphates can be recovered in the form of struvite. In addition, the reactor has and extra intake

point for (pure) urine to boost the input. Large events and music venues, like Heineken-Music-Hall in

Amsterdam, collect urine from their guests using waterless urinals. In 2013 the reactor produced a

total of 1,000 tons struvite.

4.4.2 Waste Energy Company - Afval Energie Bedrijf (AEB)

AEB is part of the municipality of Amsterdam that operates the processing of wastes to produce

energy and recover materials. After processing AEB has a residual of bottom ash, which is currently

used in road construction. However, the Dutch government for road and waterway construction

(RWS) no longer wants to apply this source. Therefore a new destination needs to be found to reuse

the product (Haffmans, 2012). Unfortunately the bottom ash has low quantity of phosphorus and is

heavily contaminated and are therefore not suitable as resource for fertiliser production by ICL. To

improve the quality of bottom ash, waste needs to be separately disposed and collected to ensure

clean delivery of the resource.

4.4.3 Orgaworld’s Greenmills

Since 2011 Orgaworld is operating a digester and water purification installation in the port of

Amsterdam. Surrounding companies are contacted to process their waste streams. Currently out of

date food, food and kitchen waste and organic polluted industrial waste water are processed. On a

yearly basis the installation digests 120,000 tons of food and other organic wastes, including sludge

of 350,000 m3 treated waste water. The total production output is 3,500 ton of fertiliser. In addition

electric and thermal energy is produced. Further research is required to analyse the possibilities for

further application of the fertiliser. Cooperation with ICL fertiliser is advised for the marketing of the

produced fertiliser. The processing of waste by Orgawold’s Greenmills are into Figure 19 since the

amount of P is unknown. However, Figure 18 shows the current phosphate cycle and the by

Orgaworld desired future phosphate cycle. (Haffmans, 2012)

33

Figure 18. Phosphorus cycle food industry Amsterdam (Cargill, Lassi/Gruppo SOS) & Zaanstreek (United Biscuits, Duyvis, Tate & Lyle), current situation (solid arrows) and aimed situation (dotted arrows) (Haffmans, 2012)

The production complex of Greenmills combined technology and industrial processes to reduce and

reuse waste streams. Within the complex the processes of Tank storage Amsterdam, Biodiesel

Amsterdam, Rotie, Noba & Orgaworld are integrated.

Noba Vital Lipids is a leading Dutch producer and supplier of energy-rich fats for the animal feed

industry in Europe. In Noba’s products the focus is on containing nutrients and is therefore an

interesting stakeholder to improve phosphorus use in the feed industry. The use of lecithin in Noba’s

feeding products guarantees the quality. Lecithin is usually found as phospholipids which is a fatty

substance occurring in animal and plant tissues.

Biodiesel Amsterdam produces second generation biodiesel from recycled organic waste. After

biodiesels extraction, a phosphate containing residual is transported to Germany for further

processing. The total residual is about 3.000 ton per year, consisting of potassium sulfate (50-75 %),

glycerin (5-10%), fatty acids (5-15 %), potassium phosphate (0-4%), methanol (5%) and water (0-20

%) (Haffmans, 2012). The waste stream is appointed category 1 material (animal by-products) and

can therefore not be used for the production of fertilizer at ICL Fertilizers. Despite this restriction, ICL

Fertilizers is interested in processing this waste stream. It is up to Biodiesel Amsterdam to treat the

residual such that it is no longer category 1.

34

Figure 19. Phosphorus flows & stocks in Amsterdam’s waste processing

35

4.5 Industry & Market in Amsterdam’s As mentioned in the methodology, this section deviates from the rest of this chapter. First the P-

flows in Amsterdam industries and market are provided in Figure 20, based on Amsterdam demand.

Afterwards the total P flows per industry are estimated based on balances in imports and exports of

biomass materials by Voskamp et al. (2016).

Figure 20. Phosphorus flows & stocks in Amsterdam's industries and market

4.5.1 Import & Export

All product groups from the transport statistics of the port of Amsterdam (2015) are shown in Table

8. Notable are the increasing balances of feed, oils & fats and animal products. Reasons for increased

exports are found in processing of products and stocks within Amsterdam’s metabolic system. An

example here is the reduction of living animals, while animal products is increased.

36

Table 8. Mass balance in import and export from the port of Amsterdam 2012 (Port of Amsterdam, 2015; Voskamp et al., 2016).

Products Import Export Balance Uptake/produce

Ton mass/year Ton mass/year Ton mass/year Crops 952,663 770,715 -181,948 - 19.1 % Agricultural plant products 1,977,056 1,383,851 -593,205 - 30% Oils and fats 1,884,055 1,929,868 45,813 + 2.43% Animal products 122,200 163,896 41,696 + 34.12 % Live animals 34,558 6,311 -28,247 - 81.74 % Feed 4,635,034 5,356,976 721,942 + 15.85% Non-food products 15,874,219 11,152,094 -4,722,125 - 29.75 % Fertiliser products 1,165,097 11,36,599 -28,498 - 2.45% Others & undefined products 273,962 207046 -66,916 - 24.43 %

26,918,844 22,107,240 - 4,911,604

The total average phosphorus in imported products is calculated at 65.7 kiloton of P, shown in Table

9. This total is much larger than the 1.3 kiloton from Amsterdam’s total demand. For some of the

products the total is a rough estimation since the phosphorus content can differ widely. Especially for

feed, non-food, fertiliser and others & undefined products the range of deviation is high.

Table 9. Total biomass and phosphorus in imports of Amsterdam 2012 (Appendix 1, Table 11 & Table 12)

Biomass products Total mass (t) Total P (t) Deviation (t)

Crops 952,663 2,519 ± 408

Agricultural plant products (incl. beverages) 1,977,056 2,645 ± 1,510

Oils and fats 1,884,055 2,718 ± 1,515

Animal products 122,200 306 ± 183

Live animals 34,558 232 ± 42

Feed 4,635,034 22,309 ± 17,779

Non-food products 15,874,219 5,147 ± 5,068

Fertiliser products 1,165,097 29,100 ± 19,712

Waste products 34,512 179 ± 18

Others & undefined products 273,962 548 ± 548

Total P in import of biomass products 26,953,356 65,703

When applying the similar method of imports calculation for the exports, an increase of total

phosphorus was found, which is unusually compared to other urban P-studies. The main reason for

this is the processing of identified materials into unidentified products, resulting in an wider range of

P-content for exported products. To deal with this, the phosphorus in exports is determined using

the biomass balance as shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Indication of total P in exports, based on differences in mass (Appendix 6, Table 36).

Biomass products Total P imports

Consumed / Produced

Indication total P in export

Tons Tons Tons

Crops 2,519 - 582 1937

Agricultural plant products (incl. beverages) 2,645 - 1171 1474

Oils and fats 2,718 - 1271 1447

37

Animal products 306 + 104 410

Livestock 232 - 190 42

Feed 22,309 + 2165 24474

Non-food products 5,147 - 1,531 3595

Fertiliser products 29,100 - 7233 28377

Others & undefined products 548 - 132 416

Total P in import of biomass products 65,524 - 3,352 62,172

The balance between imports and export is calculated at a surplus of 3.4 kiloton phosphorus, which

is the total P accumulating in Amsterdam’s system. Of this total about 1.3 kiloton is consumed by

Amsterdam, which is after consumption divided in several waste products. For the remaining 2.1

kiloton it is uncertain where the accumulation is taking place. Losses are expected during

transhipment and processing of materials, however these are not considered of such capacity. Most

likely, the reason is found in stocks of products, which could not be traced due to the one year

timespan of the used database. Especially the large increase in balance of feed products suggests the

presence of stocks. While most of this increase is declared by press cakes from oils and fats, the

remaining increase suggests the presence of stocks from previous years. Contrary are the decreasing

balances of crops, agricultural plant products and fertiliser, which are assumed to be the products

that stock the remaining P in 2012. Also a large decrease in non-food products is found, however this

mainly concerns the consumption of coal.

4.5.2 Identified industries

Based on the total P found in import and export data, the fertiliser and feed industry are identified as

most important. Next to this, processing of oils and fats, plant-based products and animal-based

products are identified industries.

Fertilisers

In Amsterdam’s harbour area two fertiliser companies are identified, namely ICL fertilizers and

Amfert. Figure 21 shows lime fertilisers, nitrogen fertilisers, crude phosphate, other phosphatise

fertilisers and peat are consumed, while unknown organic and inorganic fertilisers are produced.

Therefore the phosphorus calculations of exports are implicated since the content of unknown

fertilisers widely range.

3 Based on total difference between mass in imports and exports (-2.45%), not per different fertiliser product,

since P-content of unidentified fertiliser have large range

38

Figure 21. Comparison of imported and exported quantity for fertile resources (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Feed, fats & oils

In the port of Amsterdam the Cargill company and Olie Verwerking Amsterdam (OVA) is found that

extracts oil from oil-rich crops. During this process oils are obtained by crushing the crop, for

example from soya-beans approximately 20% of soya-oil and 80% of soya-bean meal is produced

(Welink, 2015). The soya-bean meal is rich on minerals and is used to feed livestock. Figure 22 shows

large amount of imported oil crops and seeds are processed into undefined fats, oils and seeds for

export. During this processing Cargill disposes a total of 22.4 t P to the waste water in 2012 (EPTRT,

2015).

Figure 22. Comparison of imported and exported quantity for oil crops and fodder (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Unknown

(inorg.)Fertilise

rs

Unkown(org.)

Fertilisers

Limefertiliser

Compound

fertiliser

Crudephospha

te

Nitrogen

fertiliser

Otherphoshat

icalfertiliser

s

OtherorganicFertilise

rs

Peat

Import 77.024 22.385 213.447 35.820 114.266 420.359 98.542 0 183.254

Export 686.811 106.229 5.229 70.429 3.526 160.402 61.741 11.349 30.883

Balance 609.787 83.844 -208.218 34.609 -110.740 -259.957 -36.801 11.349 -152.371

-400.000

-200.000

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

Mas

s (t

on

s)

Balance of import & export for fertiliser 2012

Oilcrops(Sojabeans

)

Othersfats and

oils,oilseeds

etc

Animalfats and

oils

Plant oilsand fats

Oilseeds Fodder Oilcake

Import 148.689 596.585 83.603 164.185 890.993 3.986.643 648.391

Export 120.953 1.289.830 8.551 91.172 419.362 5.193.080 163.896

Balance -27.736 693.245 -75.052 -73.013 -471.631 1.206.437 -484.495

-1.000.000

0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

6.000.000

Mas

s (t

on

s)

Balance of import & export for oilcrops and fodder

39

Animal-based products

The contribution of Amsterdam’s livestock to the meat industry is with 21 meat cows, 22 meat calf’s

and 10 meat bulls small. However, Figure 23 shows additional 34.6 kiloton of live animals are

imported of which 28.2 kiloton remains inside Amsterdam’s boundary (Voskamp et al., 2016). Most

of the remaining live animals are assumed to be slaughtered and processed into meat, contributing

to the increase in export of animals products. Next to that, locally caught fish and produced dairy

products contribute to the increasing balance of animal products.

The meat industry of Amsterdam is concentrated in the Central Market district, home to several

meat and poultry processing companies. With approximately 90% of the total P in animal bodies

found in their bones, the focus should be on recovery of P from this by-product.

Figure 23. Balance of biomass in imports & exports for live animals and animal products (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Plant-based products

Amsterdam and the Zaanstreek are home to most of the coffee and biscuit processing companies in

the Netherlands (Welink, 2015). Next to that, large companies that process cacao, sugar and soya are

found here. Especially in the cacao, sugar and soya industries the by-products contain most of

phosphorus.

With the port of Amsterdam being the largest cacao harbour of the world, Amsterdam is a key player

in the cacao industry. The imported commodity mainly consist of the cacao fruit of which the husk is

removed in Amsterdam to obtain the beans. The cacao beans are roasted, grinded and pressed to

extract the cacao butter. The phosphorus remains in the press cake, which is grinded into cacao

powder and further processed into various products. The processes are assumed to be optimised,

thus processing waste is minimal. Therefore the husks are considered the main waste product of the

cacao industry, which contain 0.7 – 1.5 % phosphorus (Martin & Gershuny, 1992).

Live animalsMeat, fish, dairy and other animal

products

Import 34.558 122.200

Export 6.311 163.780

Balance -28.247 41.580

-50.000

-

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

Mas

s (t

on

s)

Balance of import & export for live animals and animal products

40

Also coffee beans are extracted out of a fruit, known as the coffee cherry. In contrast to cacao,

imports mostly concern the beans since extraction is conducted at the production site. During further

processing the beans are toasted, grinded, packaged and distributed for consumption. The

processing is assumed to be optimised, thus wastes are minimal. After the grinded coffee is used as

filter, the residue is disposed which is the largest waste stream in the coffee cycle. Reusing and/or

recovery of coffee grounds has potential to improve the P cycle of coffee.

To produce sugar the raw juices from sugar beets and sugarcanes are extracted. Besides imported

beets and canes, Amsterdam produces 477 ton of sugar beets on local farmlands (Voskamp et al.,

2016). After raw juices are extracted, most of the phosphorus remains in the residue of the crop,

which is used to feed livestock. After further processing of the raw juices, molasses is extracted

which contains the remaining phosphorus and is used in fermentation processes or to feed animals.

Eventually, the produced sugar contains limited to no phosphorus.

In 2012 Amsterdam processed and/or consumed a total of 27.7 kiloton of soya beans (Voskamp et

al., 2016), containing about 66 ton of phosphorus (NEVO RIVM, 2011). About 1% of the bean is

formed by its husk which is removed before further use. Amsterdam vests an soya factory of Cargill

that crushes the soya beans to extract bio oils. The residue, known as oilcake, contains the

phosphorus and is also used to feed animals. In the Netherlands only a small portion of the soya is

used in the food production as meat replacement. To improve the P-cycle in the soya industry the

husks are considered to have potential.

Figure 24. Balance of biomass in imports & exports for plant-based agricultural products (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Cerealsproducts,flour, etc.

Sugar andsugar

molasses

Cocao andcacao

products

Cereals,vegetableand fruit

preparations

Other (coffee,spices etc.)

Import 25.264 227.913 125.612 73.552 1.329.779

Export 3.702 316.774 346 24.490 981.804

Balance -21.562 88.861 -125.266 -49.062 -347.975

-600.000-400.000-200.000

0200.000400.000600.000800.000

1.000.0001.200.0001.400.0001.600.000

Mas

s (t

on

s)

Balance of import & export for plant-based product 2012

41

5. Discussion In this discussion the results of the research are validated based on other researches and available

data. Next to that, the opportunities and limitations are discussed, based on the found results.

5.1 Validation of results To validate the calculations of human consumption the following equation is controlled; phosphorus

in food consumption equals phosphorus in human excreta. The total P in excreta from households

and businesses is found at 507 ton, based on data from de Fooij (2015). Considering a small amount

of P is sequestrated in the human body for growth, the total 511 ton P in consumed foods is found

reliable. By dividing the total consumption with the total population of Amsterdam, each citizen

consumes on average 1,772 mg P per day. This total is in range with the median habitual intake of

Dutch men’s, however it is higher than the median intake of Dutch women’s found by (van Rossum,

2011). Comparing this to the advised adequate intake of 700 mg/day, set by the Health Council of the

Netherlands (RIVM, 2011), the intake is two to three times higher than required.

For the calculations of livestock the following equation is controlled; phosphorus in feed

consumption equals phosphorus in animal-based product and manure. The total P in feed

consumption is found at 55.9 ton, while animal-based products account for 10.5 ton and manure for

43.5. This means a negative balance of about 2.8%, which is considered too large for assigning it to

sequestration by the animal body. Since STAN calculated a negative stock balance for cattle and cows

(Figure 16), the calculations concerning these animals are considered responsible for the uneven P-

balance. This means either the input of feed is calculated to low or the output of milk and/or manure

is too high.

To control the calculations of agricultural production the total phosphorus taken up through biomass

is divided by the total P input by fertiliser. As result 27.3% of the fertiliser input is taken up by the

crops, which fits the 20-30% uptake range found by Syers et al. (2008). The calculations are therefore

found reliable.

The imports of Amsterdam contain approximately 66 (±47) kiloton phosphorus, which is significantly

larger than Amsterdam’s demand. The large deviation range is found due to the detail level of import

and export data. While Amsterdam demands limited fertiliser and feed, large companies in the

fertiliser and feed industry are located in Amsterdam. As a result fertiliser and feed products are

highly represented in the total phosphorus imported and exported. Most of the imports are put

through, while a portion of the imports is processed in Amsterdam before further distribution.

Unfortunately, the used dataset registered the processed products as unidentified or as bulk, which

implicates the calculations of phosphorus content in exports. Therefore it is arguable whether the

found phosphorus in exports are accurate. However, the calculations suggest about 5% of the total

imported phosphorus is retained by Amsteram’s system, which is assumed an reliable amount.

5.2 Opportunities and limitations The 5R stewardship framework by Withers et al., 2015 are used to identify opportunities and

limitations. The results of this research are linked to the 5R strategies proposed in the framework.

The strategies are as followed; Realign P inputs, reduce P losses to water, recycle P in bio resources,

recover P in wastes and redefine P in the food chain.

42

5.2.1 Realign P input to match requirements

Detergents

In 2012 the European parliament banned the use of phosphates in laundry and dishwashing

detergents (EU, 2012). The prohibition on laundry washing detergents is implemented in 2013 and

for dishwashing detergents in 2017. Since this research focusses on the year 2012 the P in detergents

are included in Amsterdam cycle. However, it is expected from 2013 the P found in detergents will

decline since the product is then banned from the market. After 2017 the P in detergents will reduce

even more when the ban on P in dishwashing detergents is conducted.

P supply to livestock

The current P supply by feed is found inadequate compared to the requirements of Amsterdam’s

livestock. When comparing the current supply with the needs a minimal reduction of 8.6 ton P is

found, which equals a 15% reduction (Appendix 3, Table 22). The supply can be reduced even more

by adapting the diet to the needs in different phases of livestock’s development. For example, four

months old cattle require 3.4 g/kg, nine month old 2.3 g/kg and sixteen months old 1.8 g/kg (COMV,

2005), while young cattle is currently supplied with 4.2 – 4.3 g/kg (van Krimpen et al., 2010). Next to,

the need for phosphorus differs with the purpose of the livestock, having milk producing cows

require more P than meat cattle. Overall, the potential reduction of P intake by livestock is estimated

at 20-30% without having an effect on the performance of the animal (Maguire et al. 2005; Ferris et

al. 2010; Kebreab et al. 2012).

To succeed this measure a top-down and a more bottom-up strategy can be conducted. The top-

down measure consist of restricting P-content in feed by legislation, in which case the farmer may

counterwork as respond to this imposition. Next to, this measure provides the municipality with an

additional workload to enforce and control the restriction. The more bottom-up measure consists of

establishing agreements with the farmer, in which case the farmer is more likely to cooperate by

understanding the benefits, being involved and informed. In addition enforcement and control of the

measure is expected to be less needed.

P supply to crops

To reduce the P supply to crops by fertilisers several measures are possible. First measure is found in

restricting the use of fertilisers. In the Netherlands this measure is applied by the national

government, based on the type of soil and function of the land.

Other measures are found in the method of applying fertilisers, namely seed dressing and foliar

application. In the seed dressing method the seeds are fertilised prior to planting, increasing

efficiency and reducing leakages. In the foliar method liquid fertiliser is directly applied to the leaves

and trunk, having the plant or tree absorbing essential minerals through its leaves and bark. In this

method the efficiency and speed of uptake is increased, giving the fertiliser lesser chance to spread

out and leak in the soil.

The last measure is found in precision agriculture, making use of technologies to apply variable rates

of fertiliser, based on the current nutrition state of the soil. Therefore accurate data measuring is an

important feature of this technology. The measuring can be conducted in two ways, namely pre-

planned with data from maps or based on real-time information using sensors.

43

5.2.2 Reduce P losses to water

Waste water discharge

De Fooij (2015) found that, after treatment of Amsterdam’s waste water, the WWTP discharges a

total of 58.9 ton P into the surface water. Technologies to improve P stripping from this wastewater

effluent are available, such as biological nutrient removal or by adding Fe/Al and Mg. In this way the

discharged phosphorus can be recovered to a greater extend, reducing phosphorus losses and

eutrophication of Amsterdam’s water bodies.

About 30 percentage of Amsterdam’s housing is connected to a combined sewage system in which

rainwater and wastewater is collected together (Waternet, 2016). With the increasing intensity of

rain events it is expected this system will exceed its capacity more often. As result the sewage flows

over, discharging the overcapacity of water into nearby water bodies. Therefore a portion of the

phosphorus from the waste water is lost to the environment. In addition, with less rain water

entering the sewage system, the waste water retains its concentration of nutrients, improving the

conditions for treatment and recovery of nutrients.

Housing boats

In the canals and waters of Amsterdam an estimated 2,500 housing boats are used for living and/or

working. Currently, the housing boats collect their waste water in tanks or discharge directly into

local water bodies. In response to this detrimental waste water discharge, subsidies are provided to

get the housing boats connected to the sewage system by 2018. However, developments in new

sanitation focus on separating streams, possibly in combination with local treatment systems

(Kujawa-Roeleveld & Zeeman, 2006). It can therefore be argued whether connecting the housing

boats to the sewage system is the most suitable solution. Especially since housing boats have

individual and separable connections, suitable for applying new sanitation techniques.

5.2.3 Recycle P bio resources more effectively

Livestock manure

Traditionally animal manure is returned to farmlands to fertilise the soil, this is also conducted on

Amsterdam’s grazing lands. From the calculations it is found the total allowed input of P on

farmlands exceeds the total P found in livestock’s manure. This indicates Amsterdam has sufficient

space of farmlands to apply the total phosphorus found in livestock’s manure. By reusing livestock

manure to its maximum potential Amsterdam’s demand on external P input is reduced. Overall it is

found Amsterdam is not suffering excess of manure.

Bone meal

In the livestock’s body most of the P is found in the skeleton, which is considered a by-product in the

meat industry. A portion of the bones are removed during processing of the cadaver, while it is also

found in purchased products for consumption. In total around 170 ton of P is found in the bones of

slaughtered livestock within Amsterdam’s boundary. Of this total 50 ton P is wasted by households,

contributing over 40% of total P found in household wastes. Since ICL fertilizers considers bone meal

ash as the best renewable resource for fertiliser production. In the household waste over 50 ton P is

found in bone and fish rest. Next to that, about 85 ton P is calculated for bones wasted at the

44

slaughterhouses. To prevent contamination, which is determinative for its reuse as fertiliser, the

bones need to be separately collected and processed from other wastes.

Compost

From Amsterdam’s household waste rests of vegetables, fruits, rooters, coffee and thee are suitable

for compost production. In total around 39.4 ton P is found in these waste of which coffee grounds

(27.3 ton) and peels & stumps (6 ton) contribute most. When locally processed the compost can be

used to fertilise gardens and urban farmlands, reducing the demand on external input of P fertiliser.

However, currently Amsterdam is not separately collection organic wastes from households, which is

the limitation of Amsterdam to implement this measure.

Notable here are the coffee grounds, which contains over 22% of all P found in household waste. In

contrast to other bio wastes the coffee grounds are suitable for mushroom production without prior

fermentation. In this way coffee ground can be directly reused, making phosphorus recovery possible

by production food.

Non-food

After discarding clothes, shoes and other textiles these products can be recycled into textile fibres of

sufficient quality to produce new wearable’s. Also for paper and carton recycling is applicable.

Increasing the recycling rate and improving the reuse of recycled fibers will reduce the demand for

newly produced fibres. By increasing reuse of recycled products within Amsterdam, the P-cycle of

non-foods is improved.

5.2.4 Recover P from wastes

Waste water sludge

The largest phosphorus waste flow is found in waste water from the domestic sector, containing 592

ton P (de Fooij, 2015). Since 2013 about 20% is being recovered as struvite, 10% is discharged to the

surface water and 70% is found in remaining sludge, which is incinerated at the waste company AEB.

Currently Amsterdam’s water company focusses on the waste water sludge to improve recovery

rates. Yet, the discharge to the surface is considered an potential flow as well, since technologies to

improve phosphorus recovery are available. Overall, technologies that recover P in different stages of

the waste water needs adjusting to one another to achieve highest potential.

To further recover phosphorus from sludge, Notenboom et al. (2013) identified two options that use

sludge ashes in combination with phosphorus ores to produce fertilizers. In the first option, known as

the EcoPhos process, hydrochloric acids are used to dissolve the fly ashes together with phosphate

ores. In this process phosphoric acid, phosphate salts and other salts are recovered by adding

chemicals to the sludge. This processing is taking place in the EcoPhos factory located in France,

meaning the phosphorus is leaving Amsterdam’s system. In the second option sludge ashes are used

as input in traditional fertiliser production. This process can be conducted by local companies, in this

way the phosphorus cycle is being closed within Amsterdam’s boundary

In addition, Sartorius et al. (2011) identified several technological possibilities to recover phosphorus

from sludge. In the overview of Figure 25 each technology is briefly described, the output form is

given and the scale of the technologies success is provided. The processes are ordered in the scheme

45

based on the state of the waste, namely sludge liquor, digested sludge and sludge ash. Next to, the

digestion of metals are taken into account, divided as remaining in the sludge, dissolved and

evaporated. Based on the characteristics of the input and desired output this scheme provides

assistance in choosing a suitable technology.

Figure 25. Available technological processes for P recovery from waste water (Sartorius, 2011)

New sanitary systems aim for separately collection of waste streams. With each waste stream having

divergent characteristics, the potential for reuse and recovery differs per waste stream. For

phosphorus the distribution per waste stream is 40% in urine, 26% in faeces, 20% in Greywater and

12% in kitchen waste (Kujawa-Roeleveld & Zeeman, 2006). With most of the phosphorus found in

urine this waste stream has most potential for P recovery. The concentration is of importance for

recovery to be feasible, therefore it is desired to collect urine in the purest form possible. Water-free

urinals and vacuum toilet accommodate these service. However, implementing these technology also

requires adaptation of the infrastructure since it has to be separately transported and collected. This

complicates implementation in existing households and increase the costs of new buildings

Domestic Solid waste

Incineration-based recovery is an attractive method since thermal or electrical energy is produced

during the process. However, with the household waste in Amsterdam not separately collected, the

remaining ashes are polluted due to the mixture of wastes that’s being incinerated. Nevertheless,

acid or alkali digestion processes can recover phosphorus with high rates, while contamination is low

46

(Tan and Lagerkvist 2011; Donatello and Cheeseman 2013). In addition to this, the process makes it

possible to recover other valuable elements like calcium, zink and magnesium (Fytili and Zabaniotou

2008; Rulkens 2008).”

Industrial Waste

Cargill initiated a pilot to process its own waste of soya husks. The husks are incinerated to produce

steam that is used for own processes. In contrast to AEB’s bottom ash, the residues of this process is

suitable for fertiliser production. The first results are promising, therefore the possibility to upscale

the installation to 100,000 ton is being researched. With the additional capacity other organic waste

streams, like cacao shells can be processed (Haffmans, 2012).

In the industrial sector wastes is treated by own installations or by waste companies, other than for

domestic waste. As result of confidentiality, the data on industrial waste flows was limited for this

research. Only for the largest contributors data was found, which suggests a reasonable contribution

of Amsterdam’s industry to the P-cycle. However, further research is required to analyse the full

potentials and limitations of Amsterdam’s industries. Though, industrial companies are aware of

their own contribution to the P-cycle, collaborating with one another is necessary towards a circular

cycle.

5.2.5 Redefine P in the food chain

Dietary intake

The current dietary intake of Amsterdam’s citizens influence the total P demand. Based on the

results of this research Amsterdam’s citizens consume at least 1 g up to 3 g of P per day, while the

minimum P requirement for human health is set at 0.7 – 1.0 g P per day by the Dutch health council,.

This high consumption origins from the consumption of meat and dairy products. Changing the food

intake from animal based products to a more vegetarian diet has great potential to reduce high rates

of P consumption. With many of the currently grown crops destined to feed animals, Donner (2007)

found the total P input by fertiliser can be reduced up to 60 % in a meatless food system.

Nevertheless, resistance from the public is expected when encouraging different food habits. To

introduce this strategy the current campaign to reduce calorie and proteins consumption can be

taken as example. However, such campaign is more likely to succeed when conducted on national

level.

Feed additives

Phosphorus containing feed additives, mostly used as preservatives, are commonly used in the food

industry, while most of this input is considered to be unnecessary. Estimations on the contribution of

additives to the total P intake range from about 10% to over 30% (Comber et al., 2013; EA, 2013).

Unfortunately there was no reliable data found on food additives in Amsterdam, therefore further

research is required to support these estimations. Especially since the total contribution may be

smaller than the estimated total (Withers et al., 2015).

P-content in food

Most of the phosphorus found in food is available in the form of phytates, which is poorly utilized by

monogastric organism (Whte & Broadley, 2009). Monogastric organism are characterised by a single-

47

chambered stomach which is affecting the uptake of P in phytate form. In the genetics of seeds large

variety is found on the phytate content. Therefore genetically engineering makes it possible to

reduce the total phytate content of cereals by 20-25%, while growth of plants or human health is not

negatively influenced (Withers et al., 2014).

48

6. Conclusion Amsterdam has much potential to improve its phosphorus cycle, both in the domestic, agricultural

and industrial sector. The overall phosphorus intake is found to be excessive compared to the

requirements for both citizens, pets and livestock. While Amsterdam has limited farmlands and

placement of livestock, the potentials are relatively large. Especially for grasslands it is found that

over application of fertilisers is yearly stocking more than half of the applied phosphorus. The

industries are considered key players since they determine which resources are used and what the

composition of their products is. Especially the fertiliser industry has an important role to play in the

transition towards an sustainable P-cycle by adapting their input to renewable resources. The

identified renewables are struvite, bone meal ash, manure ash, and sewage sludge ash. Therefore

Amsterdam should focus on separately collecting and processing of these wastes to increase the

supply of renewables for fertiliser production.

Cooperation between sectors and tuning of their developments is important to achieve most

potency and prevent incoherent and unnecessary adjustments in the current system. For instance,

merging bio waste streams from different sectors makes recovery more profitable, while expenses to

build the required technologies is divided. Next to that, this provides the opportunity for Amsterdam

to create a centre from where recycling and recovery is coordinated and stimulated. Considering the

locations of key players and P-rich flows, the harbour area of Amsterdam is considered most suitable

to fulfil such function.

To conclude, the overall input and intake of phosphorus in Amsterdam is higher than required. By

adjusting it more closely to the requirements, both the P inputs and outputs are reduced. For the

wastes it is essential that key players from all sectors cooperate to make Amsterdam’s P-cycle more

circular. By creating a network that tunes their developments in recycling and recovery, the

feasibility is increased while costs are reduced. Further improving the P-cycle is stimulated since it

provides smaller players the opportunity to connect and benefit.

49

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55

Appendices

Appendix 1. Human calculations Table 11. Total food consumption per resident and phosphorus content per food group (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

Kilo/year P content (g/kg)

Food groups Per resident Min Max Calculated

Fats and oils 36

Vetten, oliën en hartige sauzen 14 0 1 0.1

Sojaproducten 22 0 4 1.72

Milk and Dairy

Kaas 9 2.1 9.5 5.28

Melk en melkproducten 157 0.9 1.5 1.02

Meat, poultry and fish 34

Vis 2 1 4 2.42

Vlees, vleeswaren en gevogelte 32 0.6 4 2.19

Eieren 4 0.75 1.25 1.33

Cereal products 55

Graanproducten en bindmiddelen 15 2.5 4 3.25

Brood 40 0.85 2.6 1.62

Sugareware and snacks -

Noten, zaden en snacks 2 0 4 4.42

Gebak en koek 12 0.4 1.5 3.99

Suiker, snoep, zoet beleg, zoete sauzen 11 0 1 1.94

Hartig broodbeleg 1 0 2.5 1.7

Beverages 554

Beverages 534 0 0.4 0.01

Soepen 20 0.1 0.5 0.35

Fruits, vegetables & rooters 138

Fruit 48 0.08 0.4 0.27

Groenten 45 0.25 0.4 0.47

Aardappelen 32 0.5 1 0.46

Kruiden en Specerijen 0 0.6 2 2.39

Peulvruchten 10 0.3 1 1.8

Samengestelde gerechten 2 0.5 3 1.41

Others & Undefined 2

Diversen 1 0 4 1.37

Preparaten 1 0 0.1 2.25

56

Table 12. Total phosphorus consumption by Amsterdam's population (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

Food groups Total phosphorus consumption

Min Max Calculated Average

Fats and oils 31 40

Vetten, oliën en hartige sauzen 0,0 11,2 1,1 6

Sojaproducten 0,0 68,7 29,6 34

Milk and Dairy 165,5 192

Kaas 15,6 70,8 39,3 43

Melk en melkproducten 111,3 185,5 126,1 148

Meat, poultry and fish 63,1 65

Vis 1,4 5,8 3,5 4

Vlees, vleeswaren en gevogelte 15,0 100,2 54,9 58

Eieren 2,6 4,4 4,7 4

Cereal products 89,2 93

Graanproducten en bindmiddelen 28,8 46,1 37,5 37

Brood 27,1 82,9 51,7 55

Sugareware and snacks 61,7 17

Noten, zaden en snacks 0,0 6,5 7,1 3

Gebak en koek 3,7 13,7 36,4 9

Suiker, snoep, zoet beleg, zoete sauzen 0,0 8,9 17,3 4

Hartig broodbeleg 0,0 1,2 0,8 1

Beverages 9,7 89

Beverages 0,0 168,8 4,2 84

Soepen 1,6 7,8 5,4 5

Fruits, vegetables & rooters 55,7 48

Fruit 3,0 15,2 10,2 9

Groenten 8,9 14,2 16,7 12

Aardappelen 12,8 25,7 11,8 19

Kruiden en Specerijen 0,2 0,7 0,8 0

Peulvruchten 2,3 7,7 13,9 5

Samengestelde gerechten 0,8 5,0 2,3 3

Others & Undefined 2,6 1

Diversen 0,0 2,3 0,8 1

Preparaten 0,0 0,1 1,8 0

Total 235,3 853,3 478 544

57

Table 13. Total phosphorus lost in food waste Amsterdam (van Westerhoven, 2013)

food waste kg/pp/year

Total A’dam (790,110) kg/year

P content [g/kg]

Total P Kg/year

Source

Inevitable Wastes 29.1 91,751

Peels and stumps 16.1 12,720,771 0.47 5,979 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Cheese wax crusts 0.3 237,033 0.10 24 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Eggshells 0.8

632,088

9

5,689

Kusuda, S., A. Iwasawa, et al. (2011); Abdel-Salam, Z. A., A. M. Abdou, et al. (2006); M., A. C. Fraser, et al. (2003).

Coffee-ground 9.8 7,743,078 3.52 27,256 Nair, K. P. P. (2010).

Thee stains 0.8 632,088 3.85 2,433 Samarappuli, L. (1996).

Meat and fish 1.3 1,027,143

49.04 50,371

Perez, J.-M., G. Tran, et al. (2004).

Evitable Wastes 33.7 30,952

Meat 2.9 2,291,319 2.19 5,018 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Fish 0.3 237,033 2.42 574 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Cheese 0.6 474,066 5.28 2,503 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Dairy 2.1 1,659,231 1.02 1,692 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Eggs 0.3 237,033 2.47 586 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Vegetables 4.6 3,634,506 0.47 1,708 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Fruit 4.3 3,397,473 0.27 917 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Potatoes 3.0 2,370,330 0.46 1,090 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Bread 6.3 4,977,693 1.62 8,064 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Cakes and biscuits 1.3 1,027,143 3.99 4,098 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Meal rests 0.6 474,066 1.37 649 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Rice 2.9 2,291,319 0.71 1,627 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Pasta 1.2 948,132 1.25 1,185 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Candy and snacks 0.5 395,055 1.94 766 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Sandwich spreads 0.2 158,022 1.70 269 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Sauces and fatts 2.6 2,054,286 0.10 205 NEVO RIVM, 2011

Soups - - - -

TOTAL 62.8 49,618,908 122,703

Table 14. Way of disposal (van Westerhoven, 2013; Kirsimaa & van Dijk, 2013))

% Solid Waste Sewage Pets Wild animal Other

Meal rests 89 2 3 3 3 Meat/Fish 91 3 2 1 3 Bread 74 1 3 20 2 Vegetables/fruit and potatoes

91 2 2 2 3

Sauces/fats/oils 76 18 1 1 4 Soups 48 46 2 0 4 Cheese 88 3 3 3 3 Eggs 89 5 1 1 4 Dairy 45 54 0 0 1 Others

4 90 5 2 1 2

4 Estimation based on other found shared of food waste disposal

58

Table 15. Total P disposed per waste category

kg Solid Waste Sewage Pets Wild animal

Other Total P content kg

Meat rests 578 13 19 19 19 649 Meat/Fish 50,926 1,679 1,119 560 1,679 55,963 Bread 5,967 81 242 1,613 161 8,064 Vegetables/fruit and potato

5,596 123 123 123 184 6,149

Sauces/Fats/oils 156 18 4 2 8 205 Cheese 2,203 75 75 75 75 2,503 Eggs 5,585 314 63 63 251 6,275 Dairy 761 914 - - 17 1,692 Other 37,083 2,060 824 412 824 41,203 Total 108,855 5,277 2,469 2,867 3,278 122,703

59

Appendix 2. Pets calculations Table 16. Fraction of households in Amsterdam compared to the Netherlands in 2012 (CBS)

Total households NL 7,512,824

Amsterdam households 397,460

Fraction total households in Amsterdam 5,29 %

Table 17. Total pets, pet food consumption and total P consumption by pets in Amsterdam 2011 (Borst & Beekhof, 2011; Kirsimaa & van Dijk, 2013)

Pet Total NL Total A’dam Total pet food consumed

P-content Total P consumption

Kg Ton Kg/ton Kg /year

Cats 2,900,000 153,422 4,678,779 4,679 9.55 44,680

Dogs 1,500,000 79,356 17,071,781 17,072 6.75 115,230

Rabbits 940,000 49,730 1,113,596 1,114 3.85 4,290

Other rodents 860,000 45,498 118,929 119 3.85 460

Singing and ornamental birds

2,000,000 105,808 629,983 630 1.7 1,080

Carrier pigeons 5,000,000 264,521 1,574,958 1,575 1.7 2,690

Reptiles 250,000 13,226 34,572 35 3.45 120

Aquarium fishes 6,600,000 349,168 152,118 152 13.86 2,110

Pond fishes 9,600,000 507,880 2,655,149 2,655 15.6 41,510

Total 29,650,000 1,568,610 28,029,866 28,030 212,170

Table 18. Total phosphorus in manure of pets (Borst & Beekhof, 2011; Kirsimaa & van Dijk, 2013)

Pet Total P consumption

Excretion factor5 Disposal 20% deviation

kg/year

MSW

Cats* 44,680 0,5 indoor 22,340

Dogs* 115,230 0,4 in faeces 46,092

Rabbits* 4,290 4,290

Other rodents* 460 460

Singing and ornamental birds*

1,080 1,080

Reptiles* 120 120

Total MSW 74,382

Environment

Cats* 44,680 0,5 outdoor 22,340

Dogs* 115,230 0,6 in urine 69,138

Pond fishes 41,510 41,510

Carrier pigeons 2,690 2,690

Total Environment 135,678

5 Assumption excretion factor

60

WWTP

Aquarium fishes 2,110 1,0 2,110

Total WWTP 2,110

Total Disposal 212,170 212,170

Table 19. Total phosphorus in pet body

Pet Total pets Weight (kg)

P content body

6

Total P in body Source

Cats 153,422 5 1% 7,671

Dogs 79,356 26.67 1% 21,109

Rabbits 49,730 1.5 1% 746

Other rodents 45,498 0.5 1% 227

Singing and ornamental birds*

105,808 0.25 1% 265

Carrier pigeons 264,521 0.25 1% 661

Reptiles* 13,226 0.5 1% 66

Aquarium fishes

349,168 - 1% -

Pond fishes 507,880 0.25 1% 1,270

Total 1,568,610 32015

6 Assumed 1%, similar to human body

7 Average dog weight calculated by Kirsimaa & van Dijk (2013)

61

Appendix 3. Livestock calculations Table 20. Overview of calculations and sources used for livestock flows

Flow Description Calculation method Data reference / assumptions

F43 Dairy cow feed

Total dairy cows * Average weight * kg feed/ kg weight * P-content g/kg

1,161 dairy cows on average 600 kg (CBS, 2015;

1-3% DM/weight = 12 kg / day (CVB, 2012)

4 – 4.3 g P / kg feed (van krimpen et al., 2010) F44 Other cattle

feed Total other cattle * Average weight * kg feed/ kg weight * P-content g/kg

972 cow heifers of 320-525 kg; 1-3% DM/weight = 8.5 kg (CVB, 2012); 4 - 4.3 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

397 cattle heifers of 320-525 kg; 1-3% DM/weight = 8.5 kg (CVB, 2012); 4 - 4.3 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

256 cow breeders of 650 kg; 2-4% DM/weight = 19.5 kg (CVB, 2012); 4 - 4.3 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

21 meat cows of 450-700 kg; 1-3% DM/weight = 11.5 kg (CVB, 2012); 3.6 - 4 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

22 meat calf’s of 100-350 kg; 1-3% DM/weight = 5.6 kg (CVB, 2012); 3.4 – 4.5 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

10 meat bulls of 450-700 kg; 1-3% DM/weight = 11.5 kg (CVB, 2012); 3.6 - 4 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

11 bull breeders of 400-1100; 2 - 4% DM/weight = 22.5 kg (CVB, 2012); 3.6 - 4 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2010).

F45 Poultry feed Total poultry * Average kg DM / day * P-content g/kg

80 laying hens of 1.2 – 1.8 kg

Average kg DM = 0.11 (CVB, 2012)

4.9 g P / kg (van krimpen et al., 2012). F46 Goat feed Total goats * Average weight *

kg feed/ kg weight * P-content g/kg

32 goats of 70 kg; 3 milk goats of 70 kg

2-3% DM / weight (CVB, 2012)

3 g P / kg (estimation) F47 Sheep feed Total sheeps * Average weight

* kg feed/ kg weight * P-content g/kg

2,684 sheep’s of 75 kg (CBS, 2015);

2-3 % DM feed/weight = 1.9 kg /day (CVB, 2012)

3 g P / kg (estimation) F48 Horse &

Pony feed Total horses & ponys * Average weight * kg feed/ kg weight * P-content g/kg

221 horses of 540 kg; 142 ponies of 285 kg

1.5 – 2.5% DM/Weight (CVB, 2012)

3 g P / kg (estimation) F49 Slaughter

cattle & Cows

Slaughtered cattle * P-content + Dead livestock * P-content

21 meat cows; 7.4 - 8 g P/kg (WUM, 2010)

22 meat calf’s; 5.9 – 8 g P/kg (WUM, 2010)

10 meat bulls; 7.4 g P/kg (WUM,2010)

Assumed 2% of cattle livestock dies = 56 cattle F50 Slaughter

poultry Dead poultry * P-content Assumed 2% of poultry livestock dies = 1-2 laying

hens

5.5 – 7.9 g P/kg (assumption based on WUM, 2010)

Slaughter goat & sheep

Dead goat & sheep * P-content Assumed 2% of goat & sheep livestock dies = 54 sheep & 1 goat

5.2 – 7.8 g P/kg sequestrated (WUM, 2010) Slaughtered

horses & ponys

Dead horses & ponies * P-content

Assumed 2% of horses & ponys livestock dies = 7 horses & pony’s

7.5 g P/kg sequestrated (WUM, 2010) Slaughter

imported pigs

Slaughtered livestock * P-content

1,154 pigs imported (CBS) * 110 kg = 127 ton

5.5 – 7.9 g P/kg (assumption based on WUM, 2010)

Slaughter other imported animals

Slaughtered livestock * P-content

28,277 ton imported livestock – 127 ton pigs = 28,100 ton

5.5 – 7.9 g P /kg weight (assumption based on WUM, 2010)

62

Milk production

Total dairy cows * Milk production * P-content milk

1,161 dairy cows * 8,250 litre milk = 95,783 hectolitre

1 – 1.2 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011) Egg

production Total laying hens * egg production * P-content eggs

80 laying hens * 300 eggs = 24,000 eggs = 2,400 kg

1.33 – 1.7 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011) Goat milk

production Total milk goats * Milk production * P-content milk

3 milk goats * 1,095 litre milk = 3,285 litres

1 – 1.2 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011) Cow &

cattle excreta

F12 * Cow & cattle’s feed consumption share

43.5 ton phosphate in livestock manure (IOS Amsterdam, 2015)

share in total consumption = 84.95% Poultry

excreta F12 * Poultry’s feed consumption share

43.5 ton phosphate in livestock manure (IOS Amsterdam, 2015)

share in total consumption = 0.03% Goat &

sheep excreta

F12 * Goat & Sheep’s feed consumption share

43.5 ton phosphate in livestock manure (IOS Amsterdam, 2015)

Share in total consumption = 5.76% Horse &

pony excreta

F12 * Horses & Pony’s feed consumption share

43.5 ton phosphate in livestock manure (IOS Amsterdam, 2015)

Share in total consumption = 9.3%

Table 21. Total livestock and feed consumed in Amsterdam (WUM 2010; CVB 2012)

Livestock Total A’dam Weight (kg) DM feed / weight

Average total DM / day (kg)

8

Average Total feed per year (kg)

Cattle heifers 397 320 - 525 1 – 3 % 8.5 (6.4 – 10.5) 1,231,693

Dairy Cows 1,161 600 1 – 3 % 12 (6 – 18) 5,085,180

Cow heifers 972 320 - 525 1 – 3 % 8.5 (6.4 – 10.5) 3,015,630

Cow Breeders 256 650 2 – 4 % 19.5 (13 – 26) 1,822,080

Meat cow 21 450 - 700 1 – 3 % 11.5 (9 – 14) 88,147.5

Meat calf 22 225 - 338 1 – 3 % 5.6 (4.5 – 6.7) 44,968

Meat Bull 10 450 - 700 1 – 3 % 11.5 (9 – 14) 41,975

Laying hens 80 1.2 – 1.8 - 0.11 3,212

Bull breeders 11 400 - 1100 2 – 4 % 22.5 (12 – 33) 90,337.5

Horses 221 540 1.5 – 2,5 % 10.8 (8.1 – 13.5) 871,182

Pony's 142 285 1.5 – 2,5 % 5.7 (4.2 – 7.1) 295,431

Sheep’s 2,684 75 2 – 3 % 1.9 (1.5 – 2.2) 1,861,354

Goat 32 70 2 – 3 % 1.8 (1.4 -2.1) 21,024

Milk Goat 3 70 2 – 4 % 2.1 (1.4 – 2.8) 2,299.5

Total 14,500,355 Table 22. Need standards & minimum total P uptake by livestock in Amsterdam (COMV, 2005; Van Krimpen et al., 2010; CBS, 2015)

Livestock Total feed per year (kg)

Total P per kg feed (g/kg) Total P per year (kg)

Need standards (COMV)

Current supply (van Krimpen et al.)

Max. needs Min. Current supply

Min. possible reduction

Cattle heifers 1,231,693 1.8 – 3.4 4.0 – 4.3 4,188 4,927 739

Dairy Cows 5,085,180 2.0 – 3.5 4.0 – 4.3 17,798 20,341 2,543

Cow heifers 3,015,630 1.8 – 3.4 4.0 – 4.3 10,253 12,063 1,809

Cow Breeders 1,822,080 3 4.0 – 4.3 5,466 7,288 1,822

Meat cow 88,147.5 2.5 3.6 – 4.0 220 317 97

Meat calf 44,968 3.3 – 4.5 3.4 – 4.5 202 153 0

Meat Bull 41,975 2.2 – 3.2 3.6 – 4.0 143 151 8

Laying hens 3,212 2.8 – 3.2 4.9 10 16 5

Bull breeders 90,337.5 3 3.6 – 4.0 271 325 54

8 The DM consumption per animal is based on averages found in CVB (2012)

63

Horses 871,182 2.5 3 2,178 2,614 436

Pony's 295,431 2.5 3 739 886 147 Sheep’s 1,861,354 2.5 3 4,653 5,584 931 Goat 21,024 2.5 3 53 63 10

Milk Goat 2,299.5 3 3 7 7 0 Total 14,500,355 46,181 54,735 8,554

Table 23. Total P supply in feed for Amsterdam Livestock

Livestock Total feed (kg) Total P supply per year (kg)

Current supply (van Krimpen et al)

Min. Max.

Average Deviation

Cattle heifers 1,231,693 4.0 – 4.3 4,927 5,296 5,112 185

Dairy Cows 5,085,180 4.0 – 4.3 20,341 21,866 21,103 763

Cow heifers 3,015,630 4.0 – 4.3 12,063 12,967 12,515 452 Cow Breeders 1,822,080 4.0 – 4.3 7,288 7,835 7,562 273

Meat cow 88,147.5 3,6 – 4,0 317 353 335 18 Meat calf 44,968 3,4 – 4,5 153 202 178 24

Meat Bull 41,975 3,6 – 4,0 151 168 180 8 Laying hens 3,212 4,9 16 16 16 0 Bull breeders 90,337.5 3,6 – 4,0 325 361 343 18

Horses 871,182 2,5 – 3* 2,178 2,614 2,396 218 Pony's 295,431 2,5 – 3* 739 886 812 74

Sheep’s 1,861,354 2,5 – 3* 4,653 5,584 5,119 465 Goat 21,024 2,5 - 3* 53 63 58 5 Milk Goat 2,299.5 2,5 - 3* 7 7 7 0

Total 14,500,355 53,211 58,218 55,715 2,504

* = estimation

Table 24. Contribution per livestock to the total P in manure

Livestock Total P supply per year Total P in manure Deviation

Average kg Share % kg Tons

Cattle heifers 5,112 9.18 3,993 4.0 ± 0.4

Dairy Cows 21,103 37.88 16,478 16.5 ± 1.7

Cow heifers 12,515 22.46 9,770 9.8 ± 1

Cow Breeders 7,562 13.57 5,903 5.9 ± 0.6

Meat cow 335 0.60 261 0.3 ± 0

Meat calf 178 0.32 139 0.1 ± 0

Meat Bull 180 0.32 139 0.1 ± 0

Laying hens 16 0.03 13 0.0 ± 0

Bull breeders 343 0.62 270 0.3 ± 0

Horses 2,396 4.30 1,871 1.9 ± 0.2

Pony's 812 1.46 635 0.6 ± 0.1

Sheep’s 5,119 9.19 3,998 4.0 ± 0.4

Goat 58 0.10 44 0.0 ± 0

Milk Goat 7 0.01 4 0.0 ± 0

Total 55,715 43.5 4.4

Table 25. Total animal products & P containment in Amsterdam 2012 (CBS), incl. imported pigs

Animal products Livestock Production rate Production P rate Total P

Meat Weight/product kg g/kg kg Cow’s 21 600/300 kg 6,300 1.7 – 3.6 16.7 (10.7 – 22.7) Calf’s 22 350/175 kg 3,850 1.7 – 3.6 10.2 (6.5 – 13.9) Bulls 10 1100/500 kg 5,000 1.7 – 3.6 13.3 (8.5 – 18) Pigs 1.154 110/66 kg 76,000 0.5 – 4 171 (38 – 304) Milk Litres L g/L Total kg Cows 1.161 8.250 / year 9,578,250 1 - 1.2 10,536 (9,578 -

64

11,494) Goats 3 1.095 / year 3,285 1 - 1.2 3.6 (3.3 - 3.9) Eggs Eggs kg g/kg Total kg Laying hens 80 300 / year 2,400

9 1.33 – 1.7 3.6 (3.2 – 4.1)

Total 9648 – 11861 (10,754) kg P

Table 26. Total P stocked in livestock body. (WUM 2010)

Livestock Total A’dam Weight P content (g/kg) Total P in body (kg)

Cattle heifers 397 320 - 525 7.4 1,241 (940 – 1,542)

Dairy Cows 1,161 600 7.4 5,155

Cow heifers 972 320 - 525 7.4 3,039 (2,302 – 3,776)

Cow Breeders 256 650 7.4 1,231

Laying hens 80 1.2 – 1.8 5.5 1

Meat cow 21 450 - 700 7.4 90 (70 – 109)

Meat calf 22 225 - 338 6.4 40 (32 – 48)

Meat Bull 10 450 - 700 7.4 43 (33 – 52)

Bull breeders 11 400 – 1,100 7.4 62 (33 – 90)

Horses 221 540 7.5 895

Pony's 142 285 7.5 304

Sheep’s 2,684 75 7.8 1,570

Goat 32 70 7.9 18

Milk Goat 3 70 7.9 2

Total 13,688 (12,584 – 14,791)

Table 27. Content of products and P containment of pig products

Pig 1 pig (kg) Share % P-content (g/kg) P in product Share %

Meat 54 52 1.5 – 2.5 124.6 6.3 Skin 3 2.9 0.1 0.3 0 Bones 15.2 14.7 80 - 120 1,754 89.2 Organs 14.1 13.6 2 - 4 49.9 2.5 Blood 5.5 5.3 0.4 – 0.9 23.5 1.2 Fats 5.4 5.2 0 0 0 Rest meat 6.5 6,3 1.5 – 2.5 15 0.8 Total 103.7 100% 1,967 Table 28. Total kg phosphorus per animal slaughter product/waste

Meat Skin Bones Organs Blood Fats Rest meat Total

Pigs 124.6 0 1754 49.9 23.5 0 15 1,967 Cows 15.3 0 216.1 6 0.5 0 1.9 240 Calf’s 8 0 113.2 3.1 0.3 0 1 126 Bulls 16.6 0 235.2 6.5 0.6 0 2 261 Total 164.5 0 2,318.5 65.5 24.9 0 19.9 1,967 Share 6.34% 0% 89.40% 2.53% 0.96% 0% 0.77% 2,593

Table 29. Total kg phosphorus in slaughtered animals from imported livestock (190.33 t +- 34.00 t) – (refreshed livestock to pet feed = 0.44 +- 0.04) = 189.89 t +- 33.96

Meat Skin Bones Organs Blood Fats Rest meat

Share 6.34% 0% 89.40% 2.53% 0.96% 0% 0.77% Imported Livestock

12.04 +- 2.15

0 169.76 +- 30.36

4.80 +- 0.86

1.82 +- 0.33

0 1.46 +- 0.26

9 One egg weights 100 gram

65

Appendix 4. Fertilisers and farmlands calculations Table 30. Overview of calculation methods and sources used for fertiliser and farmland flows

Flow Description Calculation method Data reference / assumptions

F28 Fertiliser to grasingland

Amsterdam grasingland * P input standards

1,853 ha grasinglands (CBS, 2015).

P input standards = 37 – 43 kg P/ha grasinglands (RVO, 2009).

F29 Fertiliser to fodder croplands

Amsterdam fodder croplands * P input standards

87 ha croplands (CBS, 2015).

P input standards = 28 – 37 kg P/ha croplands (RVO, 2009).

F30 Fertiliser to croplands

Amsterdam croplands * P input standards

38 ha fodder croplands (CBS, 2015).

P input standards = 28 – 37 kg P/ha croplands (RVO, 2009).

F31 Fertiliser to urban farmlands

Amstedam urban farmlands * P input standards

124 ha urban farmlands of which 50% is assumed to be used for farming (Bond van Volkstuinders, 2015).

P input standards = 28 – 37 kg P/ha croplands (RVO, 2009).

F32 Fertiliser to horticulture

Amsterdam horticulture * P input standards

11 ha horticulture (CBS, 2015).

P input standards = 28 – 37 kg P/ha croplands (RVO, 2009).

F33 Grass uptake Total grass uptake * P-content 3,471 ton grass uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016)

4.4 g P/kg (Bruinenberg et al., 2007) F34 Fodder uptake Total fodder uptake * P-content 54 ton triticale uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 3.7

g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

1,421 ton maize uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 2.5 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

F35 Straw uptake Total straw uptake * 1 - harvest index * P-content

544 ton cereals uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016)

1 – Harvest index = 0.45 (Australian Society of Plant Scientists, 2010)

3.7 – 3.8 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011) F36 Sugar beet

uptake Total sugar beet uptake * P-content

477 ton sugar beets uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016)

0.4 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011) F37 Grain uptake Total grain uptake * harvest

index * P-content 544 ton cereals uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Harvest index = 0.55 (Australian Society of Plant Scientists, 2010)

3.7 – 3.8 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011) F38 Vegetables &

rooters uptake Total vegetables & rooters uptake * P-content

26 ton roots and tubers uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 1.51 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

18 ton vegetables uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.47 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

3 ton lettuce uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.35 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

9 ton herbs & spices uptake (Voskamp et al.,

2016); 2.39 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

F39 Fruit & Vegetables uptake

Total fruit & vegetables uptake * P-content

0.7 ton grapes uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.24 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

17.5 ton redcurrant uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.4 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

5.3 ton apple uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.11 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

22.4 ton pear uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.13 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

4.5 cherries uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.3 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

2.4 plums uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016); 0.22 g P/kg (NEVO RIVM, 2011)

F40 Wood uptake Total wood uptake 3,782 ton wood uptake (Voskamp et al., 2016);

0.04 – 0.18 g P/kg (Antikainen et al., 2004)

66

Table 31. Total P input as fertilizer (CBS 2015; RVO, 2009)

Agricultural land Total A’dam (ha) Min total P (kg) Max total P (kg) Average total P (kg)

Grasinglands 1,853 68,561 79,679 74,120

Fodder croplands 38 1,064 1,406 1,235

Croplands 87 2,436 3,219 2,828

Horticulture 11 308 407 358

Urban farmlands 6210

1,736 2,294 2,015

Total 2,113 74,105 87,005 80,556

Table 32. Total crop production & total P uptake from arable lands in Amsterdam 2012 (Lei group; CBS)

Total uptake crops and plant products Biomass tons Min. Max. RIVM Total P kg

Food crops and products 653

2,255

Spring Wheat 33 4 4 3,7 121

Winter Wheat 314 4 4 3,7 1.160

Spring Barley 118 3,4 3,4 3,8 448

Triticale 80

3,7 297

Roots and tubers (potatoes) 26 0,5 1 0,46 12

Vegetables undefined 18 0,25 0,4 0,47 8.5

Lettuce 3 0,33 0,35 0,35 1

Herbs & Spices 9 0,4 1,3 0,48 4.3

Grapes 0,7 0,15 0,16 0,24 0

Redcurrant 17,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 7,0

Apple 5,3 0,08 0,11 0,11 0,6

Pear 22,4 0,07 0,12 0,13 2,9

Cherries 4,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 1,4

Plums 2,4 0,2 0,2 0,22 0,5

Other crops (sugar beets) 477 0,4 0,4 0,4 191

Fodder crops and products 4.947

19,027

Triticale 54

3,7 200

Maize 1.421 2,5 2,5 2,5 3.553

Biomass uptake by livestock as feedstuff (grasing)

3.471 4,4 4,4 4,4 15.274

Non-food crops and products 3.782

425

Wood 3.782 0,04 0,18

425

Total 21.707

Table 33. Estimation of production on urban farmlands

Food Farm land m2 Production rate Total production P rate Total P kg

Potatoes 155.000 3,5 kg / m2 542,500 0,46 249.6

Vegetables 155.000 2,5 kg / m2 387,500 0.47 182.1

Lettuce 155.000 1 kg /m2 155,000 0,35 40.3

Herbs & spices 155.000 2 kg / m211

310.000 0,4812

148.8

Total Urban farming 620,000 620.8

10

124 ha urban farmland found of which estimated around 50% is actually used for farming 11

2 kg / m2 fresh, 80% water; dry = 0.4 kg /m2 12

Dry = 2,49

67

Appendix 5. Non-food calculations Table 34. Phosphorus in detergent for Amsterdam

Phosphorus inflow via detergents, based on calculation method by Willem Schipper

20 g FM/tab 34% % P in NTPP 1,72 g P/tab 7 10^6x housholds 55% coverage percentage automatic dishwashers 365 runs per year 2,4 kton/year (this is the max, since assuming 100% of the tabs contains total amount of P,

which is not the case) 40% percentage of P containing tabs on total tabs consumed 0,97 kton/year P from tabs used in household automatic dishwashers 0.0529 Percentage of households in Amsterdam from NL total 51.3 Ton P / year in Amsterdam dishwashers

Table 35. Calculation table for non-food consumption in Amsterdam

Total NL Source Phosphorus content

Total Amsterdam

Total population Netherlands 2012

1,673,348 CBS Statline

Wood 165 t 11,000,000 m3 of which 50 % for wood (Probos, 2013) (*assumption 1 m3 = 400 kg) = 2,200 kton

0.0075% 8.7

Paper & Cartons 528 t 11,000,000 m3 of which 50% for paper &

cartons (Probos, 2013)

(*assumption 1 m3 = 400 kg) = 2,200 kton

0.024 % 27.9

Household and sanitary paper

34.7 t 124,000 + 41,000 - 20,400 ton (FAO, 2015) 0.024 % 1.8 t

Textiles 447.2 t 344 Kton textiles (FFACT, 2014) 0.13% 23.7 t Detergent 970 t Willem Schipper’s calculation method Appendix. X 51.3 t Coals 5.5 t 8.6 electricity + 4.2 others = 12.8 mln. Kg

(CBS, 2015) 0.043% 0.3 t

Total 2,150.4 t 113.7 t

68

Appendix 6. Imports & exports calculations Table 36. Balance of biomass in imports and exports (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Total mass import

Total mass export

Balance

Total P in import of biomass products Tons Tons Tons %

26,953,356 22,107,240 4,846,116 -17,98%

Crops 952663 770715 181,948 -19,10%

Undefined Cereals 293546 498129 +204,583 69,69%

Barley 40543 - -40,543 -100,00%

Mais 63713 23375 -40,338 -63,31%

Wheat, Spelled, Meslin 128802 17814 -110,988 -86,17%

Other cereals 219666 17432 -202,234 -92,06%

Roots and tubers 11774 67741 +55,967 475,34%

Pulses - - - -

Vegetables and fruit 194619 146224 -48,395 -24,87%

Treenuts - - - -

Fiber crops - - - -

Agricultural plant products (incl. beverages) 1977056 1383851 -593,205 -30,00%

Cereals products, flour, etc. 25264 3702 -21,562 -85,35%

Sugar and sugar molasses 227913 316774 +88,861 38,99%

Cocao and cacao products 125612 346 -125,266 -99,72%

Cereals, vegetable and fruit preparations 73552 24490 -49,062 -66,70%

Juices and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages 194936 56735 -138,201 -70,90%

Other agricultural products (coffee, spices etc.) 1329779 981804 -347,975 -26,17%

Total oils and fats 1884055 1929868 +45,813 2,43%

Oilcrops (Sojabeans) 148689 120953 -27,736 -18,65%

Undefined Animal/plant fats and oils, oilseeds etc

596585 1289830 +693,245 116,20%

Animal fats and oils 83603 8551 -75,052 -89,77%

Plant oils and fats 164185 91172 -73,013 -44,47%

Oilseeds 890993 419362 -471,631 -52,93%

Total animal products 156758 170091 +13,333 8,51%

Live animals 34558 6311 -28,247 -81,74%

Meat, Fish, Dairy products, eggs, honey, etc. 122200 163780 +41,580 34,03%

Total Feed 4635034 5356976 +721,942 15,58%

Fodder (incl. crops residues and straw used as fodder)

3986643 5193080 +1,206,437 30,26%

Oilcake 648391 163896 - 484,495 -74,72%

Total non-food products 15874219 11152094 - 4,722,125 -29,75%

Wood and cork 311312 275494 -35,818 -11,51%

Wooden,cork and rubber (semi-manufactured) products

40684 514 -40,170 -98,74%

Paper, board etc. 152266 106696 -45,570 -29,93%

Leather,clothing 54309 28540 -25,769 -47,45%

69

Coal 15315648 10740850 -4,574,798 -29,87%

Total fertiliser products 1165097 1136599 -28,498 -2,45%

Undefined fertilisers (Inorganic) 77024 686811 +609787 791,68%

Undefined fertilisers (organic) 22385 106229 +83844 374,55%

Lime fertiliser 213447 5229 -208218 -97,55%

Compound fertiliser 35820 70429 +34609 96,62%

Crude phosphate 114266 3526 -110740 -96,91%

Nitrogen fertiliser 420359 160402 -259957 -61,84%

Other phoshatical fertilisers 98542 61741 -36801 -37,35%

Other organic Fertilisers - 11349 +11349

Peat 183254 30883 -152371 -83,15%

Total waste products 34512 - +34512 -100,00%

Waste water treatment sludge 34512

+34512 -100,00%

Total others & undefined products 273962 207046 -66916 -24,43%

Other crops 12761 59356 +46595 365,14%

Bulk Cargo 261201 147690 -113511 -43,46%

Table 37. Phosphorus in imports & exports (NEVO RIVM, 2011; Voskamp et al., 2016)

Total imported Mass

P in Import (NEVO RIVM)

Balance P in Export

Total P in import of biomass products Tons Total P (t)

26.953.356 65.846 65,846

Crops 952.663 2.519 1,937

Undefined Cereals 293.546 954 69,69% 1619

Barley 40.543 154 -100,00% 0

Mais 63.713 159 -63,31% 58

Wheat, Spelled, Meslin 128.802 477 -86,17% 66

Other cereals 219.666 714 -92,06% 57

Roots and tubers 11.774 18 475,34% 104

Pulses - - - 0

Vegetables and fruit 194.619 44 -24,87% 33

Treenuts - - - 0

Fiber crops - - - 0

Agricultural plant products (incl. beverages) 1.977.056 2.645 1,474

Cereals products, flour, etc. 25.264 82 -85,35% 12

Sugar and sugar molasses 227.913 28 38,99% 39

Cocao and cacao products 125.612 502 -99,72% 1

Cereals, vegetable and fruit preparations 73.552 149 -66,70% 50

Juices and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages

194.936 39 -70,90% 11

Other agricultural products (coffee, spices etc.)

1.329.779 1.844 -26,17% 1361

Total oils and fats 1.884.055 2.718 1447

Oilcrops (Sojabeans) 148.689 491 -18,65% 399

Undefined Animal/plant fats and oils, oilseeds etc

596.585 - 116,20% 0

70

Animal fats and oils 83.603 - -89,77% 0

Plant oils and fats 164.185 - -44,47% 0

Oilseeds 890.993 2.227 -52,93% 1048

Total animal products 156.758 501 446

Live animals 34.558 195 -81,74% 36

Meat, Fish, Dairy products, eggs, honey, etc. 122.200 306 34,03% 410

Total Feed 4.635.034 22.309 24,474

Fodder (incl. crops residues and straw used as fodder)

3.986.643 17.940 30,26% 23369

Oilcake 648.391 4.370 -74,72% 1105

Total non-food products 15.874.219 5.147 3595

Wood and cork 311.312 23 -11,51% 20

Wooden,cork and rubber (semi-manufactured) products

40.684 3 -98,74% 0

Paper, board etc. 152.266 37 -29,93% 26

Leather,clothing 54.309 90 -47,45% 47

Coal 15.315.648 4.994 -29,87% 3502

Total fertiliser products 1.165.097 29.100 35,519

Undefined fertilisers (Inorganic) 77.024 2.512 791,68% 22,399

Undefined fertilisers (organic) 22.385 487 374,55% 2311

Lime fertiliser 213.447 - -97,55% 0

Compound fertiliser 35.820 1.791 96,62% 3521

Crude phosphate 114.266 13.165 -96,91% 406

Nitrogen fertiliser 420.359 - -61,84% 0

Other phoshatical fertilisers 98.542 10.925 -37,35% 6845

Other organic Fertilisers - - 0

Peat 183.254 220 -83,15% 37

Total waste products 34.512 179 0

Waste water treatment sludge 34.512 179 -100,00% 0

Total others & undefined products 273.962 548 416

Other crops 12.761 26 365,14% 121

Bulk Cargo 261.201 522 -43,46% 295

71

Table 38. Import, export and balance for oils, fats and feed in Amsterdam 2012 (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Oils and fats Import Export Balance

Oilcrops (Sojabeans) 148.689 120.953 27.736

Undefined Animal/plant fats and oils, oilseeds etc

596.585 1.289.830 -693.245

Animal fats and oils 83.603 8.551 75.052

Plant oils and fats 164.185 91.172 73.013

Oilseeds 890.993 419.362 471.631

Total Oils and fats 1.884.055 1.929.868 45.813

Feed

Fodder (incl. crops residues and straw used as fodder)

3.986.643 5.193.080 -1.206.437

Oilcake 648.391 163.896 484.495

Total Feed 4.635.034 5.356.976 -721.942

Table 39. Import, export and balance for fertilisers in Amsterdam 2012 (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Total fertiliser products Import (tons) Export (tons) Balance (tons)

Undefined fertilisers (Inorganic) 77.024 686.811 -609.787

Undefined fertilisers (organic) 22.385 106.229 -83.844

Lime fertiliser 213.447 5.229 208.218

Compound fertiliser 35.820 70.429 -34.609

Crude phosphate 114.266 3.526 110.740

Nitrogen fertiliser 420.359 160.402 259.957

Other phoshatical fertilisers 98.542 61.741 36.801

Other organic Fertilisers - 11.349 -11.349

Peat 183.254 30.883 152.371

Total 1.165.097 1.136.599 28.498

Table 40. Import, export and balance for agricultural plant products in Amsterdam 2012 (Voskamp et al., 2016)

Agricultural plant products Import Export Balance

Cereals products, flour, etc. 25.264 3.702 21.562

Sugar and sugar molasses 227.913 316.774 -88.861

Cocao and cacao products 125.612 346 125.266

Cereals, vegetable and fruit preparations

73.552 24.490 49.062

Other agricultural products (coffee, spices etc.)

1.329.779 981.804 347.975

Total 1.977.056 1.383.851 593.205