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Killer whales of the Crozet Islands
Photo-Identification Catalogue 2010
Paul Tixier, Nicolas Gasco, Cécile Roche, Christoph e Guinet
Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - CNRSVilliers en Bois
79360 Beauvoir sur Niort CEBC-CNRS 2010
Killer whales of the Crozet Islands
Austral and Antarctic French TerritoriesPhoto-Identification Catalogue 2010
Paul Paul Paul Paul TixierTixierTixierTixier, Nicolas , Nicolas , Nicolas , Nicolas GascoGascoGascoGasco, C, C, C, Céééécile Roche, Christophe cile Roche, Christophe cile Roche, Christophe cile Roche, Christophe GuinetGuinetGuinetGuinet
Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - CNRS
Villiers en Bois
79360 Beauvoir sur Niort
CEBC-CNRS 2010
Preface
This catalogue presents all the killer whales that were photo-identified around the Crozet islands since 2003. It has been updated with the data collected in 2010. Pictures were taken and analyzed according to the photo-identification protocol developed in the NE Pacific by Bigg (1982). Priority was on left sides of the dorsal fin and saddle patch but for some individuals there were good pictures of the right side only. The edition of this catalogue was greatly based on catalogues produced by Bigg and colleagues (Bigg et al., 1987; Ford and Ellis, 1999; Ford et al., 2000) over the past 30 years.
Pictures were taken from two distinct platforms: the Possession Island coastline, by the people working at the base Alfred Faure, and the seven Patagonian toothfish longlinersallowed to operate within the Crozet EEZ, by the fishery observers.
Two socially and morphologically distinct types of killer whales are observed in the Crozet waters: regular killer whales for which we have most of the data and the so called “Type-D”killer whales (Pitman et al., 2010) that have been sighted on few occasions only. The catalogue is then divided into two parts treating the two types of whales separately.
Temporal social analyses (Whitehead, 2008) run on the regularly encountered killer whalesrevealed a social structure based on permanent social units (mean size 3.5 ± 1.14 individuals (n=24) and casual acquaintances. In this catalogue, individuals are organizedaccording to the social unit they belong to and social units are organized in pods when theyshare association indexes higher than 0.5 (Bigg et al, 1990).
This catalogue intends to assist in identification the different people encountering these whales.
Ile de la Possession
Ile de l’Est
Ile aux cochons
Ilot des apôtres
Ile des pingouins
CROZET ISLANDS
N
50 km
Study Area
∆∆∆∆ Sightings from longliners o Sightings from Possession Island
Part I: regularly encountered killer whales
© Paul Tixier
6
C035 C037 C038 C1161968-2009 1977-2008 1971-2009
Pos
sess
ion
2003-2009♂ ♀ ♀ ♀
Crozet killer whales
Key
C035
♂1968-2008
Alpha-numeric individual code
Gender (when known)
Years of first and last observations
* Year of first observation = yearof birth
Social Relationship
Association Index* > 0.5
0.3 < Association Index < 0.5
* Association Index = proportion of sightings in which 2 individuals are associated out of the total number of their respective sightings.
C038 is missing sinceApril 2009
C037 is missing sinceNovember 2008
(see p. 7)
7
C068
C161
C069 C128
C128 has a little notch on the lowerpart of the backside of dorsal fin.
2007-2009
1998-2009 2003-2009 2003-2009
Pos
sess
ion
♂ ♀
Crozet killer whales
8
C041 C042 C043 C0461977-2005 1987-2005 1980-2005 2005-2005
Pos
sess
ion
♂ ♀ ♀
Crozet killer whales
None of the individuals of this unit has been observed since 2005
9
C079 C080 C0112005-20052005-2005 2003-2008
Pos
sess
ion
♀
Crozet killer whales
C011 was recently sighted from longliners bothin the Crozet and Kerguelen offshore waters.
10
C002 C006C004 C1351970-2010 2005-2010 2005-20101986-2010
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♀ ♀
Crozet killer whales
2009*-2010
♀ (See p. 11)
11
C164 C138 2005-20102009-2010 2009-20102009-2010
2009-2010
C171
C165
C172♂ ♀♀
Crozet killer whales
C186 2010-2010 C185 2010-2010
C184
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
12
C010
C158
2003-2009
2007-2009
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♀
Crozet killer whales
(See p. 12)C121 C1432007-2010 2006-2010
2009*-2010
♀
13
C009 C156 C022 C024 C032
C157
C009 is a sprouter, his fin is growing since 2008
1988-2010 1983-20102007-2010
2007-2010
1989-20102003-2010
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♂♀ ♀
Crozet killer whales
♂
14
C149
C023C017C016 2003-2009 2003-20102003-2010
2007-2010 Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♂♀
Crozet killer whales
(See p. 15)
C016 is missing sinceNovember 2009
C063 C0641989-2010 1987-2010♂♀
15
C015 C018C019 C020 C014
C148
C014 is missing from thisvery stable unit since2008
2003-20102003-2010
2005-2010
1999-20082004-20102004-2010 ♂ ♂♀
Crozet killer whales
The C015 and C016 units belong to the same pod. Together, they interacted with more than 47% of all longlines hauled out in presence of killer whales.
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♀
16
C025 C1192005-2010 2006-2010 2003-2010
C188 was a few weeks oldon its first sighting in April 2009
2009*-2010
♂ ♀ ♀
Crozet killer whales
(See p. 17)
2005-2009
C131, C132, C137, C012 and C133 weresighted in the Kerguelen EEZ in 2006 and were then re-sighted in the Crozet EEZ in 2007.
2005-2010C012 C133C127 C027 2005-2010
C188
C025, C119, C127 and C012 have been sighted off Marion Is. (Reisinger et al., 2009)
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
17
C131
C137C132 2005-2009
2009*-20102005-2010
2005-2010
C187 is born betweenFebruary 16th and 17th 2009
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♀ ♀
Crozet killer whales
C140 C1392005-2009 2006-2009 2005-2009
C155 2007*-2009
C106
C132 is missing since November 2009. In February 2010, C131 was sighted alone on few occasions and then being associatedwith the C015 and C027 units. In March, it was closely associatedwith the female C018.
C187
♀
18
C021 2005-2008
2007*-2008
Pos
sess
ion
Long
liner
s
♀
Crozet killer whales
C007 ♂ 2003-2006
19
C013
C174C173
C087 C122 C142C111
C087’s fin has changedtremendeously over the past 3 years withmultiple notchesappearing on the back side of its dorsal fin.
2003-2010 2003-20102003-2010
2007*-20102007*-2010
2003-2010 2006-2010
Long
liner
s
C174 is known to be a female since pictures of herbreaching were taken in 2007
♂♀ ♀
♀
Crozet killer whales
20
C083 C082C081 1997-2010 1997-20072003-2010
Long
liner
s
♀
Crozet killer whales
(See p. 21)
C154 2007-2010
C082 is missing since2007
21
C147 C150 C152 C1532007-2008 2007-2008 2007-20082007-2008
Long
liner
s
♂
Crozet killer whales
22
2009-20102009-2010 2009-2010 2009-2010 2009-2010C165 C166 C167 C168 C170
Long
liner
s
♂ ♂
Crozet killer whales
Long
liner
s
23
C151C124 C1292003-2009 2007-2010 2003-2007
Long
liner
s
♂
Crozet killer whales
C129 is missing since 2007
24
C163C162
C101
2008-20082008-2008
2003-2008
Long
liner
s
♀
Crozet killer whales
(See p. 25)
25
C099 C100 C103 C104
C102
2003-2003 2003-2003 2003-2003 2003-2003
2003-2003
Long
liner
s
These whales have not been sighted since 2003.C101 was associated to them in 2003 and is the only whale re-sightedsince then. It was in 2008, she was travelling with a juvenile (C162) and a calf (C163).
♀
Crozet killer whales
26
Long
liner
s
Crozet killer whales
2009-2010♂C194 C195 C1962009-2010 2009-2010 2010-2010C193 ♂
C193 appears to have a deformityon his spinal column.
2010-2010
♀
27
2009-2009 2009-2009
Long
liner
s
This unit was sighted on two occasions only in 2009
♂
Crozet killer whales
C197 C1982009-2010C169 C086 1998-2010♂
28
C134 C159 C1602005-2008 2008-2008 2008-2008
Long
liner
s
♂
Crozet killer whales
C134 has been sighted off Marion Island (Reisinger et al., 2009)
29
2009-2010
Long
liner
s
Crozet killer whales
2009-2010 2009-2010C189 C190 C191 C192 2009-2010♂
30
2010-2010
Long
liner
s
Crozet killer whales
2010-2010 2010-20102010-2010 2010-2010 2010-2010
These whales were photographed only once in the Crozet waters, theyinteracted with longlines and were associated to the C015 pod. We are waiting for additional sightings before we name them.
31
2010-2010
Long
liner
s
Crozet killer whales
2010-2010♂
Part II: « Type D » killer whales
© Paul Tixier
33
C094 C095 C096 C176 C0982003-2003 2003-2003 2003-20092003-2003 2003-2003♂
Crozet killer whales
Type D killer whales were sighted for the first time in the Crozet waters in 2003. Since then they were encountered and photographed on 16 occasions around the islands (last sightingwas on June 3rd 2010). They do interact with longlines as wellbut are usually observed in very open waters and were neversighted in inshore waters. They never associated with the regularly encountered killer whales and have distinct morphological features such reduced eye patches and bulboushead.
Long
liner
s
(See p. 34)
« Regular » eyepatch
« type D » eyepatch
2009-2009C180 2009*-2009
C181 2009-2009
34
C105 C178 C175 C097C117 2003-20092009-20092003-2009 2003-2009 2003-2009
2003-2009
Long
liner
s
C177
2009-2009C179♂
Long
liner
s
♀
Crozet killer whales
35
Long
liner
sLo
nglin
ers
Crozet killer whales
2009-2009 2009-2009C182 C183
36
References
Bigg, M.A. 1982. An assessment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) stocks off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 32: 655–666.
Bigg M.A., Ellis G.M., Ford J.K.B. and Balcomb K.C. 1987. Killer whales. A study of theiridentification, genealogy & natural history in British Columbia andWashington State. Phantom Press, Nanaimo, BC, 79pp.
Bigg, M.A., Olesiuk P.F., Ellis G.M., Ford J.K.B., Balcomb K.C. 1990. Social organization and genealogy of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 12: 383–405.
Ford J.K.B. and Ellis G.M. 1999. Transients: Mammal Hunting Killer Whales. UBC Press, Vancouver, 97pp.
Ford J.K.B., Ellis G.M. and Balcomb K.C. 2000. Killer whales. The natural history and genealogyof Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington.Second edition. UBC Press, Vancouver, 104pp.
Pitman R. L., Durban J. W., Greenfelder M., Guinet C., Jorgensen M., Olson P. A., Plana J., TixierP., Towers J. R. 2010. Observations of a distinctive morphotype of killer whale Orcinusorca, type D, from subantarctic waters. Polar Biology
Reisinger R. R., De Bruyn N., Bester M. N., 2009. Photo-identification catalogue of Marion Island Killer whales. University of Pretoria.
Whitehead, H. 2008. In: Analyzing Animal Societies. The University of Chicago Press.
37Armements de pêche de la Réunion
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris
Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises
Institut Paul Emile Victor
Centre National de la Recherche scientifique
Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé
AcknowledgmentsWe wish to thank all photographers involved in this study, whether they are fishery observers on longliners or fieldworkers on the Possession Is.
We are grateful to all the people that have inspired this work especially the following: Mike Bigg, Graeme Ellis, John Ford, Kenneth Balcomb, Craig Matkin, Eva Saulitis, Lance Barrett Lennard, Paul Spong and Helena Symonds.
We are also thankful to the following partners and organizations that have contributed to the study of the Crozet killer whale population for many years
38
AUBERT Jean Luc; BARRETT-LENNARD Lance; BEILLOEIL; BELBEYC'H Bruno; BERTHET
Philippe; BERTRAND Geoffrey; BLANCHARD Pierrick; BOITEAU Christophe; BONNET Joël; BOST
Charles-André; BURLE Marie-Hélène; CARCAILLET Christopher; CARDOT Gilles; CHEVRIER
Claude; DE STEPHANIS Renaud; DERVAUX Antoine; DESMARET Rolland; DESPIN Bernard;
DONDELINGER Caroline; DOREMUS Ghislain; DUFRENE Rémy; FERNANDEZ Eric; FOURNIER
Jean-Charles; GASCO Nicolas; GAUTHIER-CLERC Michel; GOUEDARD Yvon; GUINET
Christophe; HANDRICH Yves; HANUISE Nicolas; HOARAU Eric; LANGUENOU Roger; LE CORRE
Yann; LEGRAND Jérôme; LEMARCHAN Christian; LEQUETTE Benoît; LERIDON Jean; LEROUX
Eric; LESCAROUX Jean-Michel; MAISON Jérome; MANGIN Stéphane; MANILEVE Patrick;
MARECHAL Pierre; MELLEE Jean-Luc; MOURIES Jacques; NOORKHAN Alain; NOYAN Patrick;
PAULIN Rémy; PAWLOWSKI Frédéric; PERROT Yohann; PETER Jean; PRUDOR Aurélien;
RIDOUX Vincent; RINGOT Frédéric; SCHWEBEL Luc; SORIN Dominique; STENBERGER Ludovic;
TIXIER Paul; VERLAND Henri; VERMANDE Hugues; VILLEMIN Catherine; WEIMERSKIRCH Henri
Photographers
39© Paul Tixier
Couverture © Paul Tixier