photo synthesis (chapter 8)
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To make. With light. Photo synthesis (Chapter 8). ATP. The purpose of photosynthesis is to produce food & oxygen. Energy & Life. Overview The cell process identified with energy production is photosynthesis. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Photosynthesis (Chapter 8)With light To make
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The purpose of photosynthesis is to produce food & oxygen
ATP
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I. Energy & LifeA. Overview
1. The cell process identified with energy production is photosynthesis.
2. Plants use solar energy to convert water & carbon dioxide into high energy sugars (food) & oxygen.
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I. Energy & Life3. Organisms that can make their own
food from the sun are called autotrophs
What does autotroph mean? Auto = self, troph = nutrition
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I. Energy & Life4. Organisms that can not use the sun’s
energy to make food are called heterotrophs. They obtain energy from food they eat.
Herbivore - ImpalasCarniovore - Leopard
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1. Cells use adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP to store & release energy.
2. ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.
B. Chemical Energy & ATP
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3. ATP consists of:• adenine• ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)• 3 phosphate groups
Adenine
ATP
Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
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4. Storing Energya. ADP has two phosphate groups
instead of three.b. A cell can store small amounts of
energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP.
ADP ATP
Energy
Energy
Partiallycharged battery
Fullycharged battery
+
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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5. Releasing Energya. Energy stored in ATP is released by
breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates.
P
ADP
2 Phosphate groups
BLAMO!!
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6. ATP energy is used for Lots of stuff like:
a. active transport across cell membranes.
b. protein synthesis.c. muscle contraction.d. ATP is the basic energy source
of ALL cells!
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ATP Movie
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Organisms that make their own food are calleda.autotrophs.b.heterotrophs.c.decomposers.d.consumers.
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Most autotrophs obtain their energy froma.chemicals in the
environment.b.sunlight.c.carbon dioxide in the air.d.other producers.
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How is energy released from ATP?a.A phosphate is added.b.An adenine is added.c.A phosphate is removed.d.A ribose is removed.
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How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP?a. Cells do not require ATP for
energy.b. ATP can be quickly regenerated
from ADP and P.c. Cells use very small amounts of
energy.d. ATP stores large amounts of
energy.
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Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP storesa. much more energy.b. much less energy.c. about the same amount of
energy.d. more energy sometimes and less
at others.
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II. PhotosynthesisA.The Photosynthetic Equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
CarbonDioxide
Water Sugars OxygenLight
Light
B. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water & carbon dioxide into high energy sugars (carbohydrates) & oxygen.
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C. Light & Pigments1. Plants gather the sun's energy
with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.
2. The main pigment in plants is chlorophyll.
3. There are two main types of chlorophyll:
a.chlorophyll a b.chlorophyll b
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Plant leaves are green (usually) because they contain the pigment chlorophyll inspecial cell organelles called chloroplasts.
Spirogyra sp., a filamentous green alga
chloroplasts
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Sunlight contains different wavelengthsof light. Different wavelengthshave different colors & amount of energy.
What causes a rainbow??
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C. Light and Pigments (cont.)4. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue-
violet and red regions of the visible spectrum.
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5. Chlorophyll reflects light in the green region of the spectrum, which is why plants look green.
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6. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy & the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. Raising the electrons energy.
7. These high-energy electrons are what make photosynthesis work.
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Plants use the sugars produced in photosynthesis to makea.oxygen.b.Sugars (starches,
carbohydrates).c.carbon dioxide.d.protein.
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The raw materials required for plants to carry out photosynthesis area. carbon dioxide and oxygen.b. oxygen and sugars.c. carbon dioxide and water.d. oxygen and water.
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The principal pigment in plants isa.chloroplast.b.chlorophyll.c. carotene.d.carbohydrate.
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The colors of light that are absorbed by chlorophylls area. green and yellow.b. green, blue, and violet.c. blue, violet, and red.d. red and yellow.
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III. Photosynthesis ReactionsA. The chloroplast
1. Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts of plants & algae.
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Chloroplasts of plants & algae.
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2. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes.
Chloroplast
Singlethylakoid
Stroma
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3. Thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll into clusters called photosystems, which collect light.
Chloroplast
Photosystems
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B. Photosynthetic reactions1. There are two types of
photosynthesis reactions:a. Light-dependent reactions take
place in the thylakoid membranes.b. Calvin cycle (Light-independent)
reactions takes place in the stroma (outside the thylakoid membranes).
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Light-Dependent Reactions
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Chloroplast
LightH2O
O2
CO2
Sugars
NADP+
ADP + P
Calvin Cycle
Light- dependent reactions
Calvin cycle
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Light-Dependent Reactions (fig 8-10)
2H2O
Produce: Oxygen, ATP, & NADPH (electron carrier).
+ O2
ATP synthase
ADP2 NADP+
2 NADPH2
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2. Light-dependent stepsa. Reactions occur in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplastsb. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll
molecules in the thylakoid membrane.
Thylakoidmembrane
Chloroplast
Stroma
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2. Light-dependent Steps (Fig 8-10)c. Water is broken down into
hydrogen ions oxygen atoms – we breath energized electrons
2H2O+ O2
InnerThylakoidspace
ThylakoidMemebrane
Stroma Chlorophyll
e- carriers
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2. Light-dependent Stepsd. Electrons move through the electron
transport chain & carry H+ ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid space.
ADP
Stroma
InnerThylakoidspace
ThylakoidMemebrane
e- carriers
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2H2O
+ O2
2 NADP+
2 NADPH2
2. Light-dependent Stepse. NADP+ then picks up these high-energy
electrons, along with H+ ions, and becomes NADPH.
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2. Light-dependent Stepsf. Hydrogen ions pass through ATP
synthase & convert ADP into ATP.
ADPStroma
ThylakoidMemebrane
InnerThylakoidspace
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3. Light-Dependent Productsa. The light-dependent reactions use
sunlight, H2O, & CO2 to produce:i. Oxygenii. Change ADP into ATPiii.Change NADP+ into high-energy
electron carrier NADPH.
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4. Calvin Cycle (light-independent reaction)
a. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts & does not require light.
b. The Calvin cycle uses CO2 + ATP & NADPH (created in light-dependant reactions) to produce sugars.
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Inside a Chloroplast
Chloroplast
LightH2O
O2
CO2
Sugars
NADP+
ADP + P
Calvin Cycle
Light- dependent reactions
Calvin cycle
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4. Calvin Cycle (light-independent reaction)
c. Key Steps:i. 6 CO2 molecules from atmosphere
combine with 6 -5 carbon molecules know as RuBP. Product splits into 2 -3carbon molecules.
ii. Energy from ATP & NADPH convert three carbon molecules into higher energy forms known as G3P.
iii. Every 6 cycles produces 2 three carbon molecules which are used to create sugars, lipids, other compounds.
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12 NADPH
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12 ADP
12 NADP+
5-Carbon MoleculesRegenerated
Sugars and other compounds
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6 ADP
Calvin Cycle fig. 8-11
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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Section 8-3 Photosynthesis Concept Map
Light-dependentreactions
Calvin cycle
Energy fromsunlight
Thylakoidmembranes Stroma ATPNADPH
ATP NADPH O2 ChloroplastsHigh-energysugars
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
ATP
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What are the raw materials of photosynthesis?
ATP
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What is the energy source of photosynthesis?
ATP
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In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside thea.thylakoids.b.chloroplasts.c.photosystems.d.chlorophyll.
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Energy to make ATP in the chloroplast comes most directly froma. hydrogen ions flowing through an
enzyme in the thylakoid membrane.
b. transfer of a phosphate from ADP.
c. electrons moving through the electron transport chain.
d. electrons transferred directly from NADPH.
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NADPH is produced in light-dependent reactions and carries energy in the form ofa.ATP.b.high-energy electrons.c. low-energy electrons.d.ADP.
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What is another name for the Calvin cycle?a.light-dependent reactionsb.light-independent reactions
c.electron transport chaind.photosynthesis