photog as docu

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The Photograph as Document a short history of Documentary photography Images of the working class/poverty Reporting and war Photographing ‘other’ cultures The concept of the decisive moment The constructed document William Edward Kilburn ‘The Great Chartist Meeting At The Common’ 1848 2 nd invention of photography 1839 this photo taken in Eirst 10 years of print photography Grahame Clarke In many contexts the notion of a literal and objective record of ‘history ‘ is a limited illusion. It ignores the entire cultural and social background against which the image was taken, just as it renders the photographer neutral, passive and invisible recorder of the scene Jacob Riis ‘Bandit's Roost,59 1/2 Mulberry Street’ 1888 Social reformers seeking to educate the middle class through photography usually with a moral message Jacob A. Riis A Growler Gang in Session (Robbing a Lush), 1887

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Page 1: photog as docu

The  Photograph  as  Document

• a  short  history  of  Documentary  photography• Images  of  the  working  class/poverty• Reporting  and  war• Photographing  ‘other’  cultures• The  concept  of  the  decisive  moment• The  constructed  document

William  Edward  Kilburn  ‘The  Great  Chartist  Meeting  At  The  Common’  1848

2nd  invention  of  photography  1839-­‐  this  photo  taken  in  Eirst  10  years  of  print  photography

Grahame  Clarke• In  many  contexts  the  notion  of  a  literal  and  objective  record  of  ‘history  ‘  is  

a  limited  illusion.    It  ignores  the  entire  cultural  and  social  background  against  which  the  image  was  taken,  just  as  it  renders  the  photographer  neutral,  passive  and  invisible  recorder  of  the  scene

Jacob  Riis  ‘Bandit's  Roost,59  1/2  Mulberry  Street’  1888Social  reformers  seeking  to  educate  the  middle  class  through  photography-­‐  

usually  with  a  moral  message  

Jacob  A.  Riis  A  Growler  Gang  in  Session  (Robbing  a  Lush),  1887

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Street  Arabs  -­‐Riis’  term  for  the  lawless  youth  -­‐  representational  of  the  malaise  of  the  nation.Mock  up  image.  JR  got  the  children  to  mug  one  of  their  own  and  pose.  Then  paid  them  all  in  cigarettes.

Lewis  Hine,  Russian  steel  workers,  Homestead,  Pa.,  1908

Less  about  propaganda  more  about  the  human  conditionStark  contrast  to  Riis.  Russian  immigrants  are  portrayed  as  poor  etc.  but  with  a  steely  dignity  and  honour  -­‐  good  cases  for  American  citizenship.Togetherness  /  humanityDescribes  himself  as  a  sociological  photographer-­‐  child  labour  etc  and  his  work  does  bring  about  real  changes  in  the  lawDuffer  boy  (1909)

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Hine  never  exploits-­‐  individuals  retain  a  sense  of  self  rather  than  standing  for  poverty

F.S.A.(Farm  Security  Administration)

Margeret  Bourke-­‐White‘Sharecroppers  Home’1937

LIFE  magazine-­‐  camera  is  essential  to  the  presentation  of  the  story  cf  Rankin  on  Life  photographers.Black  and  white  images  told  the  story  in  companion  with  the  text  and  the  two  conEirmed  each  others  truth.

Russel  Lee‘Interior  Of  A  Black  Farmers  House’1939

Clarke  says  russell  lees  interior  because  he  doesn’t  direct  us  what  to  read,  he  merely  

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records  it,  we  don’t  know  where  to  look  or  what  story  is  being  told-­‐  no  visual  literacy

Dorothea  Lange‘Migrant  Mother’1936

“I  saw  and  approached  the  hungry  and  desperate  mother,  as  if  drawn  by  a  magnet.  I  do  not  remember  how  I  explained  my  presence  or  my  camera  to  her  but  I  do  remember  she  asked  me  no  questions.  I  made  5  exposures,  working  closer  and  closer  from  the  same  direction.  I  did  not  ask  her  her  name  or  her  history…”Madonna  and  child  

Walker  EvansFloyd  Burroughs  (George  Gudger),  Hale  County,  Alabama,1936.

Clarke  suggests  a  set  of  isual  strategies  are  employed  to  provoke  and  emotional  response,  the  kind  

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which  might  result  in  charitable  giving

Evans  depicts  the  myth  of  America-­‐  comments  on  the  nation  in  American  photographs  1938  and  Let  us  now  praise  Famous  Men  (1941)  with  James  Agee

   Coca  cola  shack  1935

Walker  Evans  ‘Graveyard,  Houses  &  Steel  Mill,  Bethlehem,  Pennysylvania’,  1935

Clarke  suggests  that  this  image  is  Evans  putting  his  own  vision  of  America  to  rest

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Bill  Brandt‘Northumberland  Miner  at  His  Evening  Meal’1937

Ordinary  lives  become  part  of  museum  cultureImage  of  the  English  class  systemEvery  aspect  of  the  image  has  a  larger  meaning  nothing  is  neutral

Robert  Frank  ‘Parade  -­‐  Hoboken,  New  Jersey’  1958Book  redeEines  documentary  in  terms  of  it’s  radical  styleAn  outsider  looking  in  -­‐SwissFlag  as  symbol  recurs  throughoutPost  war  America  ‘as  if  the  psyche  of  the  culture  has  been  laid  bare’Parade  as  celebration  of  things  American,  but  we  only  see  the  onlookers,  not  even  then  as  there  faces  

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are  obscured.

William  Klein  St  Patrick's  Day,  Fifth  Avenue  1954-­‐55

Immigrant  communities

William  Klein  Dance  in  Brooklyn  1955

One  of  the  better-­‐known  pictures  took  in  New  York,  two  kids  play  up  for  the  camera.  On  the  left  a  young  girl  throws  back  her  head  and  lifts  a  Einger  to  the  sky  and  the  top  of  the  frame.  The  boy  on  the  right  is  raising  his  hand  to  his  cap  in  a  kind  of  salute  also;  smaller  than  the  girl,  the  blurring  of  his  face  creates  a  white  beard,  making  him  into  a  slightly  sinister  gnome.  Everything  is  blurred  and  extremely  grainy,  contrast  harsh,  the  street  derelict,  with  a  lamppost  towards  the  right  of  picture  visually  balancing  the  girl's  gesture.

Magnum  group

• Founded  in  1947  by  Cartier-­‐Bresson  &  Capa• Ethos  of  documenting  the  world  &  its  social  problems• Internationalism  &  Mobility

Henri  Cartier  Bresson:  Magnum  Leica  RangeEinder  camera.  C.  1950  of  a  similar  type  to  that  used  byH  C-­‐B

The  Decisive  Moment

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• “photography  achieves  its  highest  distinction  –  reElecting  the  universality  of  the  human  condition  in  a  never-­‐to-­‐be-­‐retrieved  fraction  of  a  second”

» (Cartier-­‐Bresson)

Henri  Cartier  BressonFRANCE.  Paris.  Place  de  l'Europe.  Gare  Saint  Lazare.  1932.

Classic  decisive  moment.  Pose  of  man  jumping  the  puddle  in  the  foreground  mirrors  the  pose  of  the  dancer  in  the  background.  Escape  from  the  banality  of  the  everydayThe  scene  is  almost  like  a  stage  set  that  the  photographer  has  found,  waiting  for  the  moment  to  strikethe  camera  was  an  instrument  to  seize  an  instant  from  the  Elux.  

Robert  Capa  ‘The  Falling  Soldier’  1936

The  so-­‐called  "falling  soldier"  was  not  photographed  near  Cerro  Muriano  in  Andalusia,  as  has  been  claimed,  but  about  50km  to  the  south-­‐west,  near  the  town  of  Espejo  far  from  the  frontline  on  a  day  when  there  was  no  military  action,  a  Catalan  newspaper  claims."Capa  photographed  his  

soldier  at  a  location  where  there  was  no  dighting,"  wrote  the  daily  El  

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Periodico  on  Friday.  The  paper  carried  out  a  detailed  study  of  Capa's  pictures  taken  in  September  1936,  three  months  after  the  condlict  broke  out.

Robert  Capa  ‘Normandy,  France’  1945

George  Rodger‘Bergen-­‐Belsen  Concentration  Camp’1945

Respectful  distance  from  the  subjectHis  work  in  anchored  in  history  and  in  to  differenceHe  never  exploits  or  reduces  to  the  sensational-­‐  easy  to  do  in  sucha  dramatic  situation

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Rodger  Korango  Nuba  Tribesmen,  Victor  of  a  wrestling  contest  (1949)

Lee  Miller  Buchenwald  1945

 

Hung  Cong  Ut,  ‘Accidental  Napalm  Attack,  1972Moral  connundrum  as  well  as  a  moment  of  extreme  human  suffereing

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We  can  read  it  as  an  anti-­‐war  image  in  that  it  exposes  the  real  effects  of  the  ‘accident’But  the  sound’  of  the  image  seems  to  obscure  that  message  even

Robert  Haeberle‘People  About  to  be  Shot’1969

My  Lai  massacre  harrowingPhotographer  yells  ‘hold  it!‘  before  the  shooting  so  that  effectively  shoots  Eirst  to  catch  the  drama  of  the  moments  before  death.  

Don  McCullin‘Shell  Shocked  Soldier’1968

Clarke  says  after  this  there  seems  little  left  to  photographExcept  the  human  toll  of  war  which  seems  to  be  encapsulated  in  Mc  Cullins  photoAfter  Vietnam  he  went  on  to  photograph  children  and  landscapes  as  a  retreat  from  the  unpicturble.

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Documentary  constructed:  William  Neidich  (1989)

Contra-­‐Curtis  Cover-­‐ups:  Early  american  cover-­‐ups  no.7Seeks  to  rewrite  American  history  to  include  the  missing  imagesFakes  history  to  question  the  mythical  past  and  show  what  was  never  seen/photographed-­‐  Eilm  biasUses  19th  century  processes  

Edward  Curtis  Native  North  Americans  (early20th  century)

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Bruno  Barbey  ‘Left  Wing  Riot  Protesting  The  Building  Of  The  New  Narito  Airport’,  1972

Riot  is  deElected  in  favour  of  a  concern  with  colour  and  form-­‐  aesthetic  rather  than  political  or  social  impact

Jeremy  Deller  ‘The  Battle  Of  Orgreave’  2001

The  Battle  of  Orgreave  by  Turner  Prize  winning  artist  Jeremy  Deller  is  a  spectacular  historical  re-­‐enactment  of  the  events  of  18  June  1984.  That  year  the  National  Union  of  Mineworkers  went  on  strike.  The  dispute  lasted  for  over  a  year  and  was  the  most  bitterly-­‐fought  since  the  general  strike  of  1926.