photographic exposure calculator 1933 01

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Iijhts Handbook is an up-to-date and reliable gutdeto the actual practice of Photography and designedto assist the Photographer at every stage of hls work.The Publishers are always willing to assistregistered purchasers in overcomlng the difficuliiesthey encounter in the course of their photographicactivities (see.lages 13 and 235).

I N D E X

L E T T E R P R E S S P A G E S p . q . c eAc id and Alka l ine Fix i r . rg Raths .Aer ia l Pho tography

3019 8coq 1t7.)

I L4 14319 9. . 4 8 , 7 1

. . 5 0 ,7 r

AlkaliAmido l Deve loperAnmon ium Persu lpha teBlue Toner

rg, 24,29, 39, 4L ,. . 36, 37,51, 52 ,p-romide Papers,- Development o f . .

R ibmide Papers , Exposure ofBromide Papers , Re la t ive Speeds ofBromide Pr in ts , I 'on ing Baths fo rBrown Toner fo r Sep ia Pr in tsCa le n d a rs . . 1 0Capac i t ies o f Developing Tanks : : : : : : 2gCent imetre and Inch Measures 6EChromium In tens i f ie r . . 33Chlorobromide Prints 42Cinematography, Exposures for 189Co lour Ef fec ts by Sta in ing . . : - : . . .58 , 72Colour PhotographyCo lour Pla te In tens i f ie r '

. , 5 9 , 7 2. . 6 I , 7 2Colour Render ing in Monochrome. . . . 62 -64Co mb in e d To n in g a n d F ix in g . . 4 6 , 7 lContac t Pr in t ing by Ar t i f ic ia l L igh t . , 38 -43Co n t ra s t , T o De c re a s e . . . . , . 3 3 , 3 6 , 3 7C o p p e r T o n i n g . . . . 5 3 , 7 lDens i ty , To Correc t . . . . 33 -37Desens i t ise rDevelopersDeve lopment , S imp l ic i ty o f Sc ien t i f ic

t t t I27-29, r. . 1 2 , 3Development in Hot Climates 32Development Papers , Re la t ive Speeds of 19 9Dis tances beyond wh ich a l l Ob jec ts are in I 'ocus 67En la rg ing , I l in ts on , and Relat ive Exposures for 45, 19 3Equ iva len t Pla te Numbers . . 20 3Exposure . . 18 1

Act in ic Value of the L igh t 18 5En la rg ing and Reduc inF . 19 3

7


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Exposure (continuetl) 'AGEExposures - fo r Aer ia l Photography . . . . 19 8Exposures fo r Cinematograp l iy . . - . . lggExposures for_Photography i t N igh t I9bExposures in Te lepho togr iphy I rg2p5n999._ . . by Ar t i f ic ia l -L igh i . . . 19 6Flash l igh t Exposure lg7In te r io r s , Ex p o s u re s f o r . . , . l g lJ-_ ight Tab les for the Trop ics . . Z l2l \ I o n th l y L ig h t Ta b le s . . , . 2 1 1I \ Iov ing Ob j ic ts , Exposures fo r . . I94Pla tes and Fi lms, Table B 20 4Sub jec ts 18 6Subjecis, Table A 20 2Telephoto If,xposures 192Exposure Calculator (see inside back cozter)

{ac to r ia l_Deve lopment . . 24 ,25tr.armer Re.fllcer (see Potassiunz Ferricltanide) Bb, g6F i x i n g a n d W a s h i n s . . ' 9 0Fo c u s s in g b y S c a l e - . . . . 6 6 ,6 2Gas l igh t Pr in rs . 98a ; \ iS l t Papers , Re la t ive Speeds o f tggL 'Olo .Lon l l lg 46Ure e n I o n e r . . b 2 , b BI la rd e n e r . . . . b 6 . 7 2Ilardener and Clearer . . b6 ' , 72Hydroquinone. Developer L8, 24, 27, 29, 4T' , 7lHyper foca l Dis tance - .. . . ' 67In tens i f ica t ion . . 38 , 61Lantern Plates, Relative Speeds of 20 1Lantem Sl ides , How to make 47Lantern Sl ides , Ton ins , . . . 50 -54Len_s Aper tu req . . . . 1E8, Ig0L igh t Fi l te rs , Fac to rs fo r 62L is t of 'Tab lo id ' and 'So lo id ' Produc ts . . . . 7 I ,72Me rc u r i c Io d id e a n d So d iu m Su lp h i te . .3 4 ,7 2Metol Developer 18,, 24, 29', 77Meto l -Q^u ino l Developer 78, 24 , 27 , 29 , 3S; 7llv le t r lc Sys tem .. 69I\' Iodern Photography .. 1l

I N D E X

Pla t inum Ton ing CompoundPotass ium Ferr icyan idePreservativesPr in ts , How to make . .Pr in ts , l low to tone . ,Pyro -Meto l DeveloperPyro-Soda Deve loper ..Reduc ing Dens i tyReducing, Re la t ive Exposures fo r . .Res t ra iners\qversin8 Co-mpound . .'R) i to l ' IJn ive rsa l Developer 7,Se l l ing Photographs for Reprodrrc t ionSep ia TonerS ta in s , ' So lo id ' Ph o to g ra p h icSub jec ts , Exposures for d i f fe ren t ..Su lp h id e T o n i n g' Ta b lo id ' a n d ' So lo id ' B r a n dPh o to g rh p h ic Ch e mic a ls . . 7 1 , 7 2'Tanco l ' Developer 17, 21, ZZ, 24 , 2g , 7lTank Development . , 14 . lbl 'ank Tab les fo r 'Ry to l ' and ,Tanco l , Developers Id_29Tanks , F lu id Capac i t ies .o f . ZBTelephotography irg2Ti rne and Temperature Development . . lB, 1gTime and Temperature Tab les , . I? . IgTon ing Bromide Pr in ts and Lantern Sl ides 4gTon ing P.O.P. Pr in ts 46Weiehts and i l leasures . . . 6gWarm Tones on Gas l igh t Papers . . 40Warm Tones on Lantern Pla tes 47

E X P O S U R E R E C O R D , D I A R YA N D M E M O P A G E Segative Faults 30

N;; ; , P" ; ; ; ; i . . : : : : : :Oil Tissue, To Sensitise 58Order Form for 1935 Edition 219Permits o Photograph . .. 78Plates and Films, Factors for different .. 204Plates nd ' i lms,Variations or developing ifferent 168

*11 R18,

. . 85-99. . 100,101r02-t24. . r25126 17 8

Records of Negat ive ExposuresIndex o f Neea. i ive ExposuresMe mo ra n d a o r Ex p o s u re Re c o rd s . .P e r s o n a l N o t e s . . -I]seful Dates for 1934 and 1gB5Diary Pages ."


8/44

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I n r s syrnbol ises the rainbow in Greek mythologyRncENT years have seen the introductionof emulsions, far exceeding in speed thosepreviously available, and new lenses ofextremely wide . aperture. The miniature'rprecision cafilera has become popular andthb general tendency appears to be toproduce small negatives and to print in theenlarger. The cind camera, using sub-stand.ardfilms, is also attracting the attention of manycamera enthusiasts.

The basic principles of photography ate,however, unchanged. The only way toobtain good results still lies in correctexposure, followed by correct methods ofdevelopment, etc.As in the past, the beginner or expert willf i nd that the use of the 'WBLLCoME'E x p o s u R n C a r c u L A T o R , a n d t h eadoption of the scientific yet simple methodsof processing advocated in this Handbook,will ensure the greatest measure of success,with the minimum expenditure of time andmoney.Where necessary, mod.ifications have beenmade in the text and new matter introducedso as to ensure that the Handbook meets therequirements of as many photographers aspossib le.

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D E V E L O P M E N T D E V E L O P M E N T

certain no light can reach the plate. Then turn on thel igh t , 3nd gent ly rock the d ish un t i l the t ime of develop-ment is u -p . ^A-ga in tq rn ou t the l igh t and place thep la te i n th e f i x i n e b a th .Norr . - I f rvo rk ing wi th a ruby l igh t , i t is no t

necessary to tu rn th is ou t as d i rec ted , except whenusing panchromatic p la tes . The d i rec t ions given aboveare fo r use u 'herr work ing wi th an ord inary wh i te l igh to r wi th panchrornat ic p la tes . Even i f work inc wi t f , ar .uby . igh t i t is reedless to examine p la tes or 6 ms dur inedevelopment. Keep. the dish covered and so avo id r isEot logglng f rom undue exposrrre to red l igh t .When l-lsing flat films, .proceed as for plates ; but, ifusing ro l l f i lms , unro l l the f i lm and det ich th 'e en i i res t r ip_ rom the backing paper. Ho ld ing one end i r r s2 .5h_and, pass , the l i lm th rough. a d ish of c lean water ..when r t ls thoroughly wet , and is lree i rom a i r bubbles,i t , is ready fo r deve lopment , which is car r ied ou t in aruby light, or in the case of panchromatic films in thed.ark, or by special safe light,- by passing it to and fr othrouqh the developer in an ord inarv d ish . I f thenegatives vary in dens i ty , do not a t tempt to cu t themup. The d i f fe rence can-be se t r igh t in ' the pr in t ing .

T A N K D E V E L o P M E N T_ This method of developing is. th.e most .popular an dthe s imp les t . ^For ro l l - f i lms no dark-room ii necessary;fo r p la tes or f i lm-packs i t is on ly necessarv to ]oad t6etank in . the .dark , the remaining opera t ions being carr iedo u t rn th e l l s h t .

IJ-nnecessary bandling is avoided rrrd ,h. risk ofmechan ica l . in iu ry grea t ly d imin ished . The process iss lml la r to dlsh development, except that the f i l rns orplatesareloaded in to a tank and, owing to the capacityof a developing tank , i t is general ly i ro re convenrentand economical to use a somewhat more dilute develop-ing , so lu t ion . ,The pr inc ip le .o f t ime development in 'atanK rs prec lse ly the same as ln a d lsh .. Ascer ta in . - the capac i ty .o f the tank by re fe r r ing tofag-e 3, o r i f the capac i ty is not given in ihe l is t and ' themakers do.not g - ive tbe f lg id ,capac i ty in the i r d i rec t ions ,h l l the tank to the prescr ibed mark wi th p la in wate r an dmeasure the quant i ty . Then load the ta ;k wi th f i lms orplates in accordance with the instructions issued by th emaker . , make up the requ i red quant i ty of so lu t ion an dpour rn to the tank, I t is adv isab le in most cases roagitate the tank while allowing the developer to act for

1 4

the time given in tbe Table on lages 19-22. This isnece-ssary to ensure even development and to avoida i r b u b b le s .^_YhS" development is complete, pour o f f the developerand nnse the tank thoroughly three or four t imes wi thc le a n w a t e r ; . t h i s ma k e s i i p o s s ib le t o , . * o u " i n . n t -or plate rn subdued l ish t to the 6xing ba th . By addingT a l r o r o ' D e s B - n s r r r s e n t ' o t h e d ; ; i ; ; i ; ;;911t;gn, all risk,of fogging.while removing:ih. ,.gr_trv_es rom the rank to the 6x ing ba th in a l ieh ted ro6mwi l l be obv ia ted (see page gf) , '

Two developers issuo i by Burroughs Wel lcome & Co.- a re . par t lcu la r ly su l ted lo r ' tank development.'4R y r o L . , ' .an dea l developer for tank use . I ts ch ie fcnaractenstlc js that it gives. bealtiful- soft, well_gradednegat ives , . p_ar t icu_ la r lyiu i tab le for p r in t ine on- s is l ieh tpaper., and.tor en la rg ing by_the ord inary ar t i f ic ia l l i [h tava i lab le lo r amateurs. Many prominent work i rsc o n s i d e r ' T e n r o r o , , R v r : o i ' i t " i a " " t a " ; " i o t ; ;for pictorial work, and whenevei it i.:a".i*a io ,"rrina l l the most de l ica te gradations of the sub jec t ,, , ' T a N c o r ' i s t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e d e v e l o p e r o f t h e, 'pv t .o ' l typ -e fo r tank use . t t U. i , ,es ; i ia " f i "ava i lab lede ta i l , is admirab ly adapted fo r sn ipsho ts , -1 . , . . " r r . . i tis so ad jus ted , tha i a lthciugh i t con t l i r . - i t l " " . t .u in " ,t_o s low the p la te , i t does-no t cause fog , " "* r r t "nea l ing wi th - rap id f i lms . A - ; i l ; ;U r , - , ' i rega t ivepcssesses hat good pr in t ing qua l i ty wh ich has bEcomeK l l o w n a s : ' p y ro q u a l r t y . , ,

Shou ld there be any tendency to fog owing to over_e ,*po lg fe , use of sta le p la tes , e lc . , po tass iu r i b romir leshonld be adde


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D E V E L O P M E N T

T I M E T A B L E S F o RD E v E L o P M E N T

These tables have been worked out by carefulscientific experiment, and produce negatives of averagecon t ras t .The times given in the tables may be increasedor decreased to suit individual requirements ifp luck ie r or weaker negatives are requ i red .

Remember that the length of the exposure governsthe densitlt of the negative; the length of deveiopmentgoverns contrast. . :1 tIf the negatives are too thin, the cduse is under.

exposure; i f too dense, the cause is over-exposure.I f the nega t ives y ie ld f la t p r in ts , development hasbeen too short for the pr iu t ing p rocess ; i f the pr in tsare too contrasty, development has been too long.

The times given in the tables are for-1. Plates and films marked N in Table B,lages 204 lo 210.

For all plates or films markedA-lncrease the time by one-half.B-Pgg ]_e the tlme.C-Decrease the time by gg-third.D-Fig.ryg the time.

Special Note.-Film-packs should ba developed atleast 25 per cent. longer than time table indlcates.2. Negatives suitable for printing on normalgaslight paper or enlarging by weakartificial light.

For bromide paper, chloro-bromide papers. and en-larging by arc light or day light, it may be advisableto inc rease the t ime o f deve lopment by one-ha l f ,E. Subjects of ordinary contrast, such asportraits and groups, landscape an d

s t ree t scenes.For very flat or dull subjects, increase the time ofdevelopment by one-quarter.For s t rong con tras t sub jec ts , such as in te r io rs , indoorportraits, etc., decrease the time of development byone-quarter.

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D E V E L O P I \ T E N T

F L U r D C A p A c t T t E s o F, D E V E L o P M E N T T A N K s

.Ttre followirrg information is published by courtesyof the makers o{ t 9 tanks in question :- F-tttittCarbine Da1'light F ilrn Developmenr Tank, ciiil iyA and IJ

*1 . Carb ine Day l igh t Fi lm Deve loprnen t ' Iank,C a n d F , 3 7 o z , ; D , i 7 o z . ; E 5 7 o z .Dallan Fi lm Pack Tank, 3| x 2 , 32 oz.;] -p la te , 52 oz . ; ] -p lare ,Dal lan De l -uxe Pla ie Tank, B lx i l , - I7 oz. i| -p la te , ' 20 oz. ; 5 x 4, 32 o i , ; 1 , x .S+,E'; Jigr ; o'. o. b "yii gh t D eve oping "';;ont":"1

125oz,

Kl i rnax Pla te Tank , 3 ] x 2]t , t t r ' 3 + X 4 + . ., t , t , , P . C .Kodak IJrownie Deve lop ing Box, , V . P . K . F i l m T a i k ", , Brou 'n ie , , , r ., , 2 ] F i l m Ta n kx lt t " 2 t t , ,, , 5 r , r t' t t t t t, , Cu t Fi lm Tank, sma l l ., t , t t , , t la rge, , S X 4 P l a t e T a n k " ., , 7 x 5 , , , ,, , 1 0 x 8 , , , ,, , No . 1 Kodak Fi lm Pack Tank, , N o . 2 , , , , , , , , . r, , No . 3 , ,LeiiaCorrex . ' i t x.] i" p.i i ..n " .. ::

t , t t , , O l d , , ."So h o " D a y l i g h t De v e lo p in g F i l m Ta u k ,Nos . 1 and 2, 20-oz . ; No . 3 iN o . 4 , 5 0 o z . i No . b ,' rSp e c ia l i s t " De v e lo p in g ' l ' u b e , No . l . 1 5 o z . :N o . 2 , 2 0 o i . ; N o . 3 , 3 0 o z . ; ' N o . 4 i' Iu rner Ro l l F i lm Tank , 2 f , x 3 i ; 24o2 . towatkin's tate anksN"*1'if#$ , i?":;; :, , t , t t , t , , 3 1 x 3 * ,t t t , , t , , , t 4l x l f , ,t , , , , , , , , , 5 x 4 ,, , t t t t , , , , 5 l X 3 [ ,, , t , , , t , , , 6 x 4 1 ,, , , t r t , , , , 7 f x 5 ,

32 oz.80 oz,16 oz,13 oz,7 oz ,2l oz ,12 oz ,7 oz ,72 oz ,73 oz ,36 oz.48 oz .50 oz.40 oz ,80 oz.26 ot ,64 o" '164oz.28 ot '54 oz ,68 oz.77 oz.9 oz.30 oz,60 oz.40 oz.40 oz ,75 oz.2ll oz,28 oz.39 oz.57 oz ,57 oz ,82 oz .98 oz .

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14/44

F , A c T o R I A L D E V E L o P M E N Tl \ I ix , the deve loper according to ins t ruc t ions ; se t upa walcn or ctock ln the clark room so tha t i t can.be seeneas i ly . . P lace the p la te or f i lm in the d ish . Wiren thehand ot the watch or c lock touches an even minu te , f lowthe so lu t ion qu ick ly , but s tead i ly and even ly , over theptate. N_o_w be_gln to count seconds, and rock the dishgently. -N ote the number of seconds which elapse beforethe f i rs t s ign o f an image. app"ars . Xlu l t ip ly th is numberD) ' tne tac to r lo r the developer in use, and you get the to ta lt ime to continue deve lopmerr t . Fac to r i fo i ,Tab lo id 'Developers are given in- the table belou,.

, . Nore . -By desens i t is ing l re fo re developing, a b r igh trrgnr can be used lor lnspec t lng the plate (see lage 3L).These fac to rs may be a l te red to su i t indiv idualrequ i re tuen ts . . Decreasing the fac to r lessens con tras t ;lncreasrng tt, lncreases contrast.This method is covered_by t-he patent of the discoverer,Mr . Al f red Wia tk ins , o f He ie ford ' ( t r r rg . ) , who, however,g lves l ree l )e rmlss lon to r the t rse o f h is systern wi th an

ord inary watch only,

E x a m p I c . -The image appears in 25 secondswi th rRy to l ' Deve loper . The to ta l development mustbe twelve times this-300 seconds, or five minutes frompouring on the developer,Norn : - I f sub jec ts contain no sky , deve lop fo r two-

th i rd s o f i n d ic a te d t i m e o n l y :A. -For c loud negatives, snow scenes, por t ra i ts an dvery l igh t ob jec ts , negatives fo r en la rg ing orpr in t ing on contrasty gasl ight paper and gumpr in t ing . B. -For b romide , so f t gas l igh t , ch lo ro -b romide , P.O.P. an t l p lat inotype pr in t ing , C,-t r 'o r carbon pr in t ing and copy negatives o f b lack-a r rd -wh i te sub jec ts .- 4 , ., A I F T N E . G R A I N N E G A T I V E S

As it is often desirable to make big enlargementsfrom miniature hand camera or cinema film, the grainof the negatives should be kept as fine as possible an devery prec.aution.taken to avoid scratching the negativeor damagrng lt rn any manner.

The production of a fine grain depends more uponthe metirocl of procedure than upon the developer. If th efollowing points are carefully attended to, no dififrcultyshoultl be experienced in producing negatives that willbe perfectly satisfactory from the point of view of grainand f reedom f rom b lemishes : -(1) Exposure should always be on the full side.LJnder-exposure wjll ca-use graininess whateverprecautions are adopted,(2) Development should not be forced. The nega-tives should be developed according to the timeindicated in the table on lages 19-22,

T ' h e mo s t s u i ta b le d e v c lo p e rs a re ' Te s ro rD ' a RANDt R v r o L ' a n d " I a s r o t o ' B R A N D ' T a N c o l - . '' Rv ro r . ' s h o u ld b e u s e d p re fe ra b ly in th e s t re n g thof one pair of products in six ounces of water or onep a i r i n , e i g h t o u n c e s ; ' T e u c o I - ' s h o u l d b e u s e d n t h estrength of one pair of products in four to six ounces oIwatei, The temperature of the developer should bepreferably 60o to 65o,When using lilm tanks which have celluloid aprons,

occasionally the paper backing may stick to the film.I f th is occurs , i t is probable tha t , on d ry ing , the par tsaffected will show a peculiar granularity which, whensufficiently enlarged, will spoil the picture. Therefore,i t is essentia l to make sure that i f the back ing paperis le f t on i t does not st ick to the 6 lm, by continuallyagitating the tank.

D E V E L O P M E N T

IFli

Developers

' T a b l o i d ' ' R y t o l 'Normal strengthHa l f norma l s i renq thOne-third norrnal --s t reng th' Ta b lo id ' ' Ta n c o l 'Normal strengthDoub le s t ren [ th' T a b l o i d ' Am id o lNormal strengthHa l f norma l strength' Ta b lo id ' Hy d ro q u i -none .(Tab lo id ' I \ ' Ie to lI Tab lo id ' I \ {e to l -Qu ino l' Ta b lo id ' Py ro -So d a' Ta b lo id ' P y r o - [ I e t o l

AForSot tContrast

(See

320104o

note,Nor:Cont

. t

CForStrongContrait

s'e 25)

-tct82215L2L2t5

cg515

,711

,"rl":t I

t0T2T4t08710

T21010L24'

30

2 5


15/44

D E V E I - O P M E N T D E V E L O P E R S

, Fixing should- be done in I fleqh acid hypo bath(see,ptge 30). _.Never use stale n"ing Uaihs i- a freshDath tor each h lm cos ts l i t t lc and is much safer.Af te r f ix ing , the f i lms should be rvashecl i r r - .unn inswater to r at ieast 45 minu tes , The f low of wate r shou l t ino t be v io len t . bu t on ly o f su t f ic ien t s t reng th ' t t ensuretha t the h lms are thorough ly washed. I l any doubtexists, the time of washin{ should be i".."u."J. Afterwashing, sponge _the nega-tive carefully witli a wad ofpure co t ton woo l or a piece o f soft 'chamois lea thersoaked in a f ive per cenr . so lu t ion " f t iv j i " . i r t . i i . - " ,ace t rc ac lc l . I ears of water should be removed, asthey cause dry ing marks,. F ina l ly , the f i l ins should be dried in an atmospherefree from dust. The drying. shoult{ not t" p;;i;;;;a;an


16/44

D E V E L O P E R StT

I,

D E V E L O P E R S

. T a b l o i d ,, T a n c o I t D e v e I o p e r

._ - l t , f " l " loper , .y ie lds a .negat ive o f the p1,ro type ,y_.I3 | tq .k or s l rgh t ly ye . l low in co lour , g iu ing gc io . ic o n t ra s t . r n p r l n t r r r g , a n 4 is e s p e c ia l l y s u i ta b le io i ' u s ewn e n D r l g h t , p lu c k y p r i n t s a re wa n te d .^,^1, i., qdmirably adapted for snapshots, because,a r thou .gh . l t con ta ins no restra iner, i t does no t requ i r ithe addit ion o f b romide to prevent f . t . - - - - - -F o r d i s h d e v e l o p m e n t : -' l l a b lo id ' ,Ta n c o l ' Ac c e le ra to r O n e. Yqt_"t_ - ,.' Ta b lo id ' 3T a n c o l , . , ' . . O ; ;Disso lve . in .o rder g iven , making sure tha t the acce le r -a to r ls d lsso lved befo re the ,Tanco l , product is added.- Under norma l cond i t ions development takes four tof;1 mlrutgs- Rinse,ix anciwash i ii."it f )ib"s" Sol.( t o r ta n k l )e v e lo p me n t , - s e e n g c s 2 l_ 2 2 . F o i l . i m eTab les fo r ,Tanco l ' ' in d ish , se 'e "age IT) ,

' T a b l o i d 'P y r o - S o d a D e v e l o p e r(flford Forttula)'T-ab lo id ' Soda Compound On ewater one ouncerTa b lo id ' P y r o g a l l i c A c i d . . O ; ; ;D iss_o lve in the order_g iven . Development undernormal conditions takes ab6ut fo_ur nrinutes 1re:e Tibli,

lgse tS. ) . Th is .deve loper may be used for'p lates

an dn lms ot anv mak e. ' T a b l o i d ,P y r o - M e t o l D e v e l o p e r

( fl zite a / S t arulartl .l7or nzu I a )The working solution is prepared as follows :-'Tab lo id ' Pyro -Nle to l Compound One. q te r' Ta b lo id ' Py ro -Me to lAc c e le ra to r O " eDisso lve in the order g iven .. .Th is developer g ives negatives wh ich tend to have a

drs t lnc t ly ye l lg rv -co lour . I f less colour be des i red , ad do le o r two 'Tab lo id ' Sod ium Sulph i te to each ounceof so lu t ion .Normal time for development, 1] minutes (see Table,lage LB). For slower developm-ent, dilute with anequal vo lume of wate r and deveiop fo r 'doub le the t ime.

2 8

T a b l o i d 'H y d r o q u i n o n e D e v e l o p e r

Specia l ly recommended when contras t is required,copying from f la t o r ig ina ls , l ine d rawings and printedmat te r ,The work ing so lu t ion is made as fo l lows :-' Ta b lo id ' Hv d ro q u in o n e On eWater'Tab lo id ' Hvdroquinone Acce le ra to r OneIn co ld weather hydroquinone dissolves s lowly andac ts s lowly . Care must be taken , there fo re , to ensurecornplete solut ion and to develop in accordance wi ththe time given in the table on page 18, according tothe empera tu re preva i l ing ., t- . T a b l o i d '

M e t o l - Q u i n o l D e v e l o p e rSu i tab le -Jor p la tes , f i lms and development papers,

see /dges 39 and 41." l ' a b l o i d ' N l e t o l - Q u i n o l O n eWater l 'wo ouncess Ta b lo id ' M e t o l - Q u i n o l Ac c e le ra to r O n eTime for deve lopmeir t , abor . r t th ree minu tes ,For s lower devLloprnent, or when i t is desired todevelop a number o fp la tes in one d ish , use four ouncesof rvater instead of two and deveiop according to timetable on /age 18 . ' T a b l o i d 'A m i d o l D e v e l o p e r

Su i tab le^ fo r .p la te l r f i lms , and development papers,see ag'es 39.and 41. - Less I able than ordinary dev-eloperito cause .frill ing when .the tenper.ature is -high, ai insummer t ime or warm c l imates .The work ing so lu t ion is made thus:-'Tab lo id ' Amido l Acce le ra to r . . Onewater one ounce' Ta b lo id ' Am id o l . . O n eAmido l u ' i l l no t keep in solut ion, so tha t the ,Tab lo id 'products are particulail] ' convenient.Time for development under normal conditions,4 minutes (see y'age i8).' T a b I o i d '

M e t o l D e v e l o p e rI Tabloid ' I\{etol On ewater one ounce'Tab lo id ' N le to l Acce le ra to r OneDissolve in the order gir.en. Normally, developmenttakes about six minutes (see lage I8),

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17/44

F I X I N G A N D T W A S H I N G

F I x I N G A N D W A s H I N G N E G A T I V E sAfter development, negativ_es must be fixed by im .

I::.t_9i rn a 29 per cent. Hypo. solutioy, i.e., ilypo:our ounces,,water 20 o-un_ces,or in an acid fixing b1lhrn - wh ich + _ounce of po tass ium Merab isu lph i te isadded to the 20 ounces ord inary bath.^ The acid bath is to be preferied, especially for films.Ordinary baths become 'stained, '*ir r""s i"la lattJremain c lear and tend to g ive cleaner , "g . t i r . i .F ix ing takes at least l0 minutes at 60"-F. ; ionger i ftemperature be lower.The following will be found useful for trial,plates oron tour : -N o r m a l F i x i n g B a t h . - T w p ,Ta b lo id ' Hy p o i neacl l o l l t rce o f lva tc r .

- - A . i 9 { i l i " g Ba th . -Ad d o n e ' Ta b lo id ' p o ta s s iu mryre tab lsu lph l te to each ounce of norma l bath,After 6xing, wash the negatives in running water,p re te rab ly in a proper washing t rough fo r f rom ha l f t6one hor l r , a f te r whtch wipe the surface wi th a p ledge t ofcotton wool and place to dry.

C A U S E S o F . F A U L T y N E G A T t v E S. . Y " r y t h i n n .e g a t i v e s . -A l l d e t a i l v i s i b l e , b u r to o[ -n ln to pr ln t we l l , the cause is under-development an dthe negative should be intensificd (see liage BS1. Detailno t_v is ib le , under-exposure is the car ise"o f the defect.V ery . ctense negatives.-Caused by over-exposureor over-development ; may be much improvid by reduc t ion(see lage 35).'I t rxcess ive con tras t . -Caused by under-exposureand over-d-evelopnrent; may be improved by reduction(see lage 35).F_ogg ing . -Usua l ly caused b i s r ray l igh t . I f reba temarks are clear, fogging has. occurred in the camera ;r t the rvho le p la te is fogged, i t occurred ou ts ide th ecamera. Can often be cleared by 'Tab lo id , Po tass iumFejricyanide Reducer (see lage '15),C le a r S p o t s . - S m a l l " p in -h o le ; " a r e u s u a l l v c a u s e dby . dus t preventine l i .qh t or deve loper work ing -a t thesepo ln ts . , Larger spo ts a re the resu l t of a i r bubbles fo rmingourtnq oevelopment.B la c k Sp b c k s . -Us u a l l y d u e to u n d is s o lv e d p a r t i c le sof developer se t t l ing on the emuls ion . No remedy fo rInese tau l ts .

Image Blu r re ,d . -Due to (1) Sbaking camera (wh i leexposing) ; (2) l\Io-veqent of subject; "(g) Imperfectfocus. No remedy for these faults. -- Uneven Density.-Caused by uneven f low ofdeveloper or, more-rarely, to rapid.chingc of temperatureourrng dry lng , No remec ly to r the de tec t .

3 0

j

{

D E S E N S I T I S E R

D E V E L o P M E N T I N A B R I G H T L I G H TPlates and films can be developed under conditionssimilar to gaslight prints by employinq ' 1' A g r- o r o 'D s s p N s r r r s r n .First Method.-Take sufficient water to cover thep la te in an ordinary developing d ish . ln each ounce ofth is wa te r d isso lve one 'Tab lo id ' Desens i t ise r , Transferplate to this solution in darkness, or, if preferred, rubylight (see x belozu), After one minute, transfer plate todeveloping solut ion and complete de velopment by candlel igh t or shaded gas or e lec t r ic l igh t . The so lu t ion can beus.Fd over and over again if Stored in the dark. llhismdtliOd is the o-ne to be used by those who develop by thefactorial method, It greatly facilitates the detection ofthe first signs of the image.Se c o n d Me th o d . -D is s o lv e o n e

' Ta b lo id 'D e .sens i t ise r in each four ounces of developing so lu t ionand place the p la te in to th is so lu t ion in the dark , or ,if preferred, by ruby light (see x belozu), for four minutesand then complete developn.rent by cand le l igh t , shadedgas or e lec t r ic l igh t . l ' o r tank deve iopment , on eproduct in each six or eight ounces of developingsolution may be used. This method is most suitable fo ru s e w i t h ' Ta b lo id ' ' Ry to l ' a n d ' Ta b lo id ' ' Ta n c o l 'Deve lopers .

Ftx tnc , -F ix and wash in the usual way.With ultra rapid and h igh iy -sens i t ised co lour p la tesi t is wiser to keep the d ish covered wi th a p iece ofcard except fo r those b r ie f per iods necessary to inspecti t or to remove i t to the f ix ing ba th ,* Panchromat ic p la tes must be inserted i n the so lu t ionin absolute darkness and development f in ished byye l low l igh t and r ro t by red l igh t (a red l igh t wi l ldestroy the latent image), naked candle light or gaslight.

T ime of deve lopment is no t mod i f ied except wi thformule con ta in ing meto l (s l igh t ly ) and wi th amidol(g rea t ly ) , and fo r th is reason such developers should beavoided. IJs ing 'Ry to l ' or 'Tanco l , ' t imes for develop-ment are as given in the table on /age 17.Note . -By na tu re chemicals wh ich ac t as desens i t isersare incl ined to leave a small undissolv ed residue insome waters. Bo i l ing fo r a fe rv minu tes wi l l ensurecomplete so lu t ion o r the cold so lu t ion may be f i l te redthronsh cotton woo l .

3 l


18/44

T R O P I C A L D E V E L O P M E N T. use materials s_p-eciallyprepared and packed for us ern the l rop lcs , lV lake exposure,s in the early morn ingor use a f i l te r to cut ouf the haze due to ' the mois ' ia tmosph.e rc . Develop_in the ear ly morning and as soonas .poss lb le a l te r making the exposure . Keep thevariou-s solutions at an even temperature, .o f", '. iqoss ib le . I t is be t te r to work ui ,oo* i " -p " .u t , r .ethan to use cooled water , unless i t i i po is iU i . io t

" "puch rvater at a constant temDerature., I f . t h e a b o v e .p o in ts a re c a re fu l l y wa tc h e d a n d


19/44

I N T E N S I F I C A T I O N

ment in this solution for half-a-minute to a minute, then,s t i l l by the dark-room l igh t , wash in several qu ickchanges of water, develop and fix as rrsual.

M e r c u r y I n t e n s i f i e r'Tab io id ' l \ {e rcur ic Iod ide and Sod ium Sulph i teIntensifier is tbe most reliable mercury ir.rtensifier,and is suitable for use with cin6 negarive films as wellas p la tes and f i lms . It should not be used, however,with direct reversal cin6 films, for which . Tabloid 'Chromium Intensifier should be used. It has a greatadvantage over o rd inary mercury in tens i f ie rs , becausei t inc reases the s t reng th o f the rveakes t depos i ts , an ddoes not des t roy de l ica te de ta i ls in the shadows. I t isa lso much safer than stocksolut ions, be i r . rg easy to s to rein a secure place and easy to recognise because of i tsd is t inc t shape and colour.Drnpcr roN.-Disso lve ond 'Tablo id ' product in eachounce of wate r . Hav ing soaked the negative in warer ,p lace i t in the in tens i f ie r and rock gent ly . The imagewi l l g radua l ly g ro rv in strength, and may be examinedfrom time to time by transmitted light. As soon assufficient density is attained the plate should be removedfrom the dish and washed fo r a shor t t ime. I f a t th iss tage the in tens i f ica t ion is found to be too great, i t maybe removed by immers ing the p la te in normal hyposo lu t ion . The p la te shou ld be washed fo r f ive minu tesa f t e r i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n a n d t h e n r e - d e v e l o p e d

w i t h a n y o r d i n a r y d e v e l o p e r . A f i n a lwashing for a few minutes completes the operation,the whole of which may be conducted in subduedday l igh t .S e p i a T o n i n g a s a M e t h o d o f

I n t e n s i f i c a t i o nAnother useful method of intensification is by toningt h e i m a g e w i t h ' Ta b lo id ' Se p ia To n e r ( ,Ta b lo id '

R leach ing C)ompound and 'Tab lo id ' Su lph id ing Com.pound). In th is case there is no increase in the densityof the image, but its opacity or printing value is greatlyimproved,3 4

R E D U C T I O N

Drn rc r ro x . -D is s o lv e o n e ' Ta b lo id ' B le a c h in gCompound in two ounces of wate r . In th is so lu t ionimmerse the plate until fully bleached. Wash inrunning water fo r 10 minu tes and then immerse in aso lu t ion of one 'Tab lo id ' Su lph id ing Compound in fourounces of water lor a few minutes. Finalll ' , wash fo rl0 minutes or longer. The image becomes brown incolour and has a greatly increased printing value.

(See also 'Tabloid' Colour Plate Intensilfer, page 6l)R E D U C T I O N

. $),For over-exposed negatives which are denseand iogged, or for lantern slides which are veiledi n t h e h i g h l i g h t s , u s e ' T A s l o r D ' P o r A S s r u MFrn n rc v . rN ro e . I t i s a l s o u s e fu l f o r c le a r in g t h el ines in negatives of b lack-and-wh i te d rawings ,engravings, etc., and may be employed, beforeintensifying, to remove fog.

(2 ) Under-exposed negatives which have been over-developed and show too much contrast or halationm a y b e i m p r o v e d b y r e d u c t i o n w i t h ' T a ' s L o t o 'A u u o N r u r r P e n s u L p H e r B .

Ne i ther ammonium persulphate nor the fe r r icyan idere d u c e r w i l l k e e p in s o lu t i o n , Th e y m u s t b ef r e s h l y p r e p a r e d a n d u s e d a t o n c e .The 'Tabloid ' products, which keep perfectly, are,therefore, most reliable.

(3) For correctly-exposed but over-developed nega-tives, lantern slides or even bromide prints, uses T e ' s L o r o ' B r - n e c r r r N G C o M P o u N D .

Reduction is best carried out in daylight, as theprocess requires careful watching.

Po ta s s iu m Fe r r i c y a n id e ( I ' a r m e r ) Re d u c e rThis R educer increases contrast.Drnrc r ro t . -To make Farmer So lu t ion for reducing

and clearing over-dense or foggl' negatives and forgeneral use, d isso lve one 'Tab lo id ' Po tass ium Ferr i -cyanide in two ounces of p la in 10 per cent. hypo so lu t ion(1 ounce hypo crysta ls, water 10 ounces, o r 'Tab lo id 'Hypo 2, water 2 ounces).

IIftI 3 5


20/44

R E D U C T I O N

Take the negative from rhe fixing bath (ifthe negativebe d ry , immerse i t in the f ix ing ba th fo r l0 minu tes sothat the hypo may pernteate the fihn), place it in thereduc ing solut ion and rock gen t ly , ' Ihe great dangerin using Farmer Reducer is that, as ordinariiy macle, itworks so quickly as to be d i f f icu l t to con t ro l : conse-quent ly , the nega t ive is o f ten spo i lec l by loss o f de ta i l .With the strength given on i5age 3b the action is slowand we l l under con t ro l . I f qu ick ac t ion is requ i red ,use two or th ree " Iab lo id ' products instead of one.When su f f ic ien t reduc t ion has taken p lace , removequ ick ly and r inse under the tap to prevent fu r therac t ion . A thorough washing o f a t leas t ha l f an hour inrunn ing wate r shou ld fo l low. 'For c lear ing lan te rn sl ides and c lean ing up the l inesin negatives o f b lack-and-wh i te sub jec ts wh ich requ i rethe fa in t depos i ts removed wi thou t a f fec t ing the denserpar ts , soak the s l ide o r negat ive in wate r fo r tenminutes and place in a so lu t ion made by d isso lv ing on e'Tab lo id ' Po tass ium Ferr icyan ide in an ounce of p la in10 per cent, hypo so lu t ion . Watch care fu l ly , and assoon as the whites are c lear , r i r . rse under the taD tostop further action and then wash thoroughly.

Ammo n iu m Pe rs u lp h a te Re d u c e rThis Reducer decreases contrast.Drnnc ' r rox , -Disso lve one , Tab lo id ' AmmoniumPersu lpha te in one ounce ofwate r (d is t i l led , i fava i lab le ) .The use o f d is t i l led q 'a te r wi th Ammonium Persu lpha tepreven ts clouding o f the so lu t ion dur ing use an dstaining of the film.Two to the ounce may be employed in extreme cases,but one in two ounces wi l l be su f f ic ien t i f on ly a s l igh tmod i f ica t ion of density be des i red . Be fo re reduc t ion ,

the negative or pos i t ive should have a specia l wash ingfor 15 minu tes in runn ing water to ensure even ac t ion ofthe Reducer. Di rec t iy the desired resu l t is obtainedthe plate or print must be transferred, without washing,to a so lu t io r - r of sod ium su lph i te , wh ich may be made3 6

R E D U C T I O N

by d isso lv ing two 'Tab lo id ' Sod ium Su lpb i te in eachounce of wate r . Af te r f ive minu tes in th is bath thep la te should be immersed in a c lean ac id f ix ing bathand then rvell washed in the ordinary \r/ay.

Re d u c t io n b y B le a c h in g a n d Re -d e v e lo p in gF o r t h i s p u r p o s e u s e ' T A B L o T D ' B r - e e c u r N c

C o u p o u n o, wh ich is one of the consti tuents of'Tablo id ' Sepia Toner , bu t wh ich may be purchasedsepara te ly .' 'Drn.rcrrox--Foi negatives and slides, dissolve one' T ablo id ' ts leach ing Compound in two ounces o f wa te r :for bromide prints use four ounces. Soak in this solutionun t i l the image is fu l ly b leached: rvash we l l and thenre-deve lop wi th a d i lu te deve loper . As soorr as su f f ic ien tdensity is obtained, and, in the case of plates, whilst th ewhite b leached image on the back s t i l l appears in thedenser por t ions , renlove from the developing so lu t ionand immerse in a f ix ing ba th , l ' ix and wash for theusual per iods . Th is method so f tens the h igh l igh ts innegat ives , and considerably reduces haiat ion i f present.A weak developer is used to a l low of con t ro l in remov ingthe p la te at a su i tab le moment . As some experience isnecessary to judge th is , exper iment wi th waste p la tesis recommended. If it be desired to clear surface fogand increase con t ras t , the p ia te or p r in t should be.immersed for a moment or two only in the bleachingso lu t ion , and immed ia te ly plunged in the f ix ing bath.Then wash as usual.

Me c h a n ic a l Re d u c t io nMechanical reduction is useful for reducing local

dens i ty . I t is accompl ished by rubbing down par ts o fa negative tha t a re excessively de nse with the a id o fmethy la ted sp i r i t on co t ton woo l or Baske t t ' s Reducer,app l ied wi th the f inger- t ips or wash lea ther . Baske t t ' s .Reducer is made by mixing the con ten ts o f a s rna l l t ino f Globe meta l po l ish , two ounces of common t erebene,and two ounces of salad oi l .

B-u s 37


21/44

P R I N T I N GThe many print ing processes can be grouped. under

two general c lasses-"p r in t ing -ou t " papers, where theimage is v is ib le a f te r p r in t ing , and "development"papers, which require a developing so lu t ion to makethe image appear. The latter process is explained first.

G A S L I G H T P R I N T SFor the beginner, there is no more sa t is fac to ry

process than the use of gaslight paper, The process iss imp le and easily mastered by adherence to given ru lesand formula, With gaslight paper, prints can be madein an o rd inary room by gas or e lec t r lc l igh t . Pr in ts ar eproduced by exposing to art i f ic i a l l ight with subsequentdevelopment, and f ix ing on the l ines o l producing anegative, The p ic tu re is no t v is ib le be fo re be ingdeveloped.

The principal manufacturers now issue three gradeso f gas l igh t papers, i .e . , " v igorous ," ' (norn ta l , " an dt'soft." For flat negatives use the vigorous grade;for negatives possessing rather more contrast use th esoft grade. For negatives of average contrast suchas produced by t Tenlolo' ' Rvror"' or t T.q,NcoL' used inaccordance with the time tables given on y'ages 77 and 18,the normal grade is most suitable. Different makes ofpaper and different sources of llght vary so much thati t is imposs ib le to g ive de f in i te ins i ruc t ions fo r exposure.The directions of the paper maker must form a basis oft r ia l , remembering tha t doubling the d istance f rom thelight makes the exposure ifour times as long.

Useful tables will be found on lages 43 and 44,Bear in mind that, though the paper is very much less

sensitive than a plate, it should be protected by loadingthe print ing frame in a shaded par t of the room,and doing it as quickly as possible, not forgetting toreturn the unused sheets to the envelope.

A trial exposure should be made about 12 or 18 inchesfrorn the light, covering the frame with a piece ofcardboard; move this to expose a quarter of the8 8

l

G A S L I G H T P R I N T S

picture for, say, 10 seconds, then shift it again so thatLatf is open to the light for another 10 seconds, thenthree-quarters, then the whole, then promptly removeit from the light. One end of the sheet has thus beenexposed fo r 40 seconds, the other 10, and the midd lepor t ions 20 and 30 respec t ive l l " ln development lvecan see which is nearest to the correct exposure'

The most su i tab le developer is 'Ry to l , ' preparedas follows :-

* , T a b l o i d ' . ,R y t o l ' o n e' l ' a b lo id ' ' Ry to l ' Ac c e le ra to r O n e'irr:, Water . - 2 ouncesbut," if preferred, the following may be used withsuccess :-

* ' Ta b lo id ' Me to l -Qu in o 1 . . On e' Ta b lo id ' M e t o l - Q u i n o l Ac c e le ra to r . . On e\Mater One ounce

or-* ' T a b l o i d ' A m i d o l . . O n e'Tab lo id ' Amido l Acce le ra to r . . On e

Water One ounceThe exposed paper is laid at the bottom of a tray, th e

paper s t i l l sh ie lded f rom d irec t rays of l igh t , and thedeveloper poured over i t as in deveioping a p la te '

Development is very rapid, so that care is necessaryto f lood the paper evenly wi th developer ' I t is some-times atlvisable to soak the paper in plain water for afew seconds, after exposure and before development'

I f the object comes up very s lowly and rT' i l l no t developfully, the exposure has been too short; if, on the otherhand, too much exposure has been given, the picturewill flash up all at once aud the white parts will have

* Soma papers, especial ly in d.amp c l imates, throuAhstora6e in damp places or possibly through aAe,

wil l no tgive -tne best results unlesa one to five drops of 10 fsolution of Potassium Bromide ( 'Tabloid' PotassiumBromlde, gr. 1 ; water, 10 minims) are added to tbed.eveloper. Usual ly , bowever, no added bromide i8r Iecessary

3 9


22/44

G A S L I G H T P R I N T S

a greyish tinge. When the right exposure is found,it will be seen that the picture develops to its properstrength and then action seems to stop. As soon asthe pr in t is fu l ly deve ioped , i t is removed, r insed inc lean wate r and put in the f ix ing ba th .

Do not overworL the developing solution. The processof developing not only uses up the active agent, but alsocontaminates the solution rvith chemicals set free duringthe action. The developer costs so little that it is pooreconomy to risk a print rather than.use fresh solution.

It is advisable to use an acid fixihg bath made byadding 'Tab lo id ' Po tass ium Nfe tab isu lph i te , one toeach ounce of hypo so lu t ion ; i t s tops developmentimmed ia te ly and preven ts s ta ins . I f an acid bath isused , r ins ing between development and f ix ing is no tessen t ia l . Af te r f ix ing fo r ten minu tes , the p r in tsare washed for an hour in running water, then drainedand placed to dry.

NOTE.-Ye l low sta ins on gas l igh t p r in ts ar eusually due to one of(1) IJnder-exposure, followed by an attempt to forceout the image by prolonged development.(2) Allowing portions of the print to remain un .' covered by solution in the fixing bath.One advantage of gaslight printing is that differentgrades of paper are made to suit different kinds ofnegatives; thus counteract ing the fau l t in the negat ive ,

wh ich must be bad indeed i f i t w i l l no t y ie ld a fa i r lygood pr int on one o f the grades of gas l igh t paper.Wi th 'Ry to l ' Developer i t is poss ib le to ob ta in pr in ts

ranging in colour from warm black to sepia on mostmakes of gaslight paper by adding bromide to th edeveloper and increasing the exposure . Th is is dealtll ' ith on a card entitled " Colours on Gaslight Printsby Development," obtainable free of charge fromBurroughs Wellcome & Co.40

B R O M I D E P R I N T S

B R O M I D E P R I N T S1.he manipulat ion of b romide paper is s imi la r to that

of gas l igh t paper , excep t that the operations mustbe carried out in a room with a yellow or orange safel igh t , and the developer is the sarne as fo r p la tes .Brorn ide paper requires a ra ther s t ronger negativethan gaslight.

The Deve lopers recommended fo r Br -omide Pr in ts are' T a b l o i d ' ' R y t o l ' . .' Ta b lo id ' ' R y t o l ' Ac c e le ra to rWater: " . Tab lo id ' Amido l Acce le ra to r* Water .' .rTa b lo id ' A m i d o l

O n eO n eFour ouncesO n eOne ounceO n e' T a b l o i d ' M e t o l - Q u i n o l . . O n eWater l wo ounces'Tab lo id ' Meto l -Qu ino lAcce le ra to r One

Disso lve the cons t i tuen ts of each developer in theorder g iven .

The factorial developnrent of bromide papers isfavoured by many workers, and the following factors ar efor use with the above developers:-'Tab lo id ' ' Rv to l ' Developer 6'Tab lo id ' Ar r ; ido l I )eve loder . , 10'Tab lo ic l ' Meto l -Qu ino l Deve loper . . 5

Impor tan t Note . -Bromide pr in ts develop moreslowly than gaslight prints. To obtain the bestresults, and certainly for all prints which it is intendedto tone, the exposure must be so ad jus ted tha t develop-ment takes at leas t two minutes at norma l tempera-tu res , and the developing ac t ion prac t ica l ly s tops whensu f f ic ien t de ta i i has been obta ined in the high l igh ts .A s u i ta b le n e g a t i v e , c o r re c t e x p o s u re , a n dfu l l d e v e lo p me n t a re th e s e c re ts o f g o o db ro m id e p r i n t s .

The f in ished p ic tu re , whether on gas l igh t or b romidepaper, should be a pure b lack and wh i te ; i f the blacksare greenish or the wh i tes grey' the exposure hasprobably been wrong or the paper is in a conditiondemanding the add i t ion o f a few drops of 10 per cen t .bromide to the developet (seeifootnotc,lage 39).

4 l


23/44

C H L O R O B R O M I D E P R I N T S

C H L O R O B R O M I D E P R I N T SThe use of chlorobromide paper enables th ephotographer to produce warm black tones by direct

development. This class of paper is intermediate inspeed between bromide and gas l igh t paper. Themanipulation is straightforward and rhe paper possessesconsiderable latitude in exposure and development. Th enormal treatment gives prints which are a rich warmb lack in co lour , bu t , by vary ing the s t reng th o f thedeveloper, the temperature and the amount of bromide,i t is poss ib le to produce a range.of co lours f rom redciralk to cold brown. For normal 'development, th efollowing developer will be found suitat,lc for mostpapers:-

' T a b l o i d t ' R y t o l ' . . . O n e^ Ta b lo id ' ' Ry to l ' Ac c e le ra to r , . . O n e'Tab lo id ' Po tass ium Bromide . , . TwoWater ... Four ounces

The exposure with the avetage negative is approxi-mate ly 6 to 10 seconds a t a d is tance of 18 in . f rom a l igh tof 50 c .p . and the t ime o f dcve lopment 3 to 4 minu tes a ta temperature of 65o F.To produce co lder tones , the tempera tu re o f thedeveloper should be lowered and in cer ta in cases theconcentration increased.'Warmer

tones are produced by dilution of developer,increasing the temperature of the cleveloper and, incertain cases, the amount of bromide.Increased exposure is required for the productiono f warmer tones, and th is should be so graded tha t 3to 4 minutes' development produces the required tone.Do no t over-expose and under-develop. The

resultant print will be muddy and flat. The bestresu l ts wi l l be produced by correc t exposurefo l lowed by 3 to 4 minutes ' development, accordingto the tone requ i red .

After development, the prints are fixed and washed inthe usual manner. but care should be taken to see thatthe washing operation is thorough.Prints made by this process can be toned or stainedwi th 'Tab lo id ' Toners or ' So lo id ' Sta ins .

4 2

P R I N T I N G

T A B L E F O R C O N T A C T P R I N T I N GB Y A R T I F I C I A L L I G H T

In making Ilromide, Chlorobromide or Gaslight Prints,Lantern Sl ides , Transparer - rc ies , e tc . , the d is tance atwhich the printing frame is placed from the source oflight materially affects the time of exposure' Th eexposure varies as the square of the distance' Thus,if the correct exposure at 1 ft. be 10 seconds, ^t 2 It 'i t w i l l be 40 seconds, and at 3 f t ' , 90 seconds'

A talle is provideil on /age 44 which gives, approxi'ma-t6ly, relative, exposures at different distances fromthe source of light.

It is best to have a standard distance from the lightfo r p r in t ing f rom negatives of norma l dens i ty ' Densenegitives should be printed nearer to the light to attaina soft resu l t ; th in negatives should be printed fa r therfrom the light to get as plucky a print as possible'

The table may be used in two ways' thus :-Ex a mp le I . - I f t h e e x p o s u re u n d e r g iv e n

c o n d i t i o n s b e 2 0 s e c o n d s a t 2 f . t . , w h a t w i l li t b e a t 4 f t . ?

Find the figure 20 in the column heacletl 2 ft' , thenfo l low the l ine along to the r igh t , and under the columnheatled 4 ft. will be found the number of seconds whichis approximately correct at the distance, viz', 80 '' Ex a mp le I I . - s u p p o s in g th e e x p o s u re b e 1 Ss e c o n d s a t 2 l t . , w h a t i s t h e e x p o s u re a t 3 f t ' ?

Ihe number 15 does not actually occur in the 2 ft'co lumn. The nearest number is 16, and the correspond'ing exposure at 3 f t ' is 36 seconds. Th is wi l l be nearenough in most cases . bu t i f i t be desired to be moreexac t , proceed as fo l lows : l ' ind the l ine on wb ich thefigure 1 occurs in the column headed 2 ft' and thenmultiply the exposure at 2 ft. by 2|' which is the figurein the same line but in the 3 f t . co lumn. Th is g ivesl5 x 2+ = 34 seconds, approximately, as the correctexposure at 3 f t .

4 3


24/44

R E L A T I V E E X P O S U R E S

Notr . -The f igures in tb is table are re la t ive on ly .They are to be read as sEcoNDS or MTNUTEs accordingto whether the known exposrtre is in seconds orminu tes . I f the exposure be in seconds, fract ionsmay be disregarded.4 4

D I S T A N C E F R O M L I G H T

+r , .o i " .l s i , .rz i " .si'.Izr,.R E L A T I V E E X P O S U R E S

r1120r/60u30urEu8u48/8u251 881 4n' it

1-118]r-ur tl

1/601/30rl13u8u4u2sl 4Ir-u4

r-r127-314

22-Ur2-U2

rNrlrs1 8

u4u2t

1-712?2-r128

3-U24

4-r12E

rl731/8u4u2I234567II10

u8u4u2I2-U4

4-r128-314

Irr-rl4rs-u2,75-314

1820-u422-U2

u2I

2-U44-U2I

182736466463728190

Ir-314

4816

32T864809611212814I160

u4itzt248t2r6202428328640

E N L A R G I N GBy Daylight.-The fixed focus daylight enlarger is

the simplest and least expensive apparatus for enlarging.The results are usually softer and not so prone to showthe small blemishes of a negative as those made with acondenser enlarger, A bright day should be chosen whenmaking exposures: the enlarger should be pointed to theiight, care being exercised to prevent direct sunlight ordark shadows falling on the negative. This type ofenlarger can be used only for enlargements of a fixed size.

Enlarging may also be carried out satisfactorily in day-light by nreans of an ordinary front focussing camera.The back of the camera in which the negative is placedis inserted into a cut-out made in a light-tight woodenshutler fitted to.a window facing a good light. A whitereflector hinged'to the bottom of the cut-out helps toensure even lighting. A piece ofbromide paper is pinnedon a board parallel to, and at a suitable distance from,the camera, and the exposure made in the darkened room.

Focussing is done by racking the camera bellows andthe distance of the board from the lens decreasecl orirrcreased to regulate the size ofenlargement required.

By Artificial light.-The enlarging lantern must beoperated in a dark room. The light is thrown through acondenser, the function of which is to concentrate the lightevenly over the negative area, and then projected tlrroughthe lens on to an easel upon whicir is pinned a sheet ofbromide paper of suitable s ize.

This process has the advantage that the whole orselected portions of the negative may be enlarged-theilluminant is constant, enlarging can be carried out at anytime, any size of enlargernent can be made, and localcontrol can be exercised during the exposure.

Negatives for enlarging by artificial light should besoft, well-graded and not too dense. A harsh contrastynegative is unsuitable.

Negatives such as those developed with 'TeRLoto'tRvro r . ' o r 'Tasr ,om' t TaNcor . ' a re admirab ly su i ted .For very thin, flat negatives or in subjects requiring agreater degree ofcontrast, gaslight paper may be used in

place of the bromide paper normally employed.Development of enlalgements is similar to that of

bromide and gaslight prints.e* -u S 45


25/44

P R I N T I N G A N D T O N I N G L A N T E R N S L I D E S

H O W T O M A K E L A N T E R N S L I D E SLantern slides and transparencies are made by

printing from the negative upon glass plates, preparedwith an emulsion similar to that used on bromide an dgaslight papers.

Lantern Plates of different speeds are available.Slow plates should be used for thin negatives or whena warm topcd image is required. Slow plates havehigh nunrbers in the table on y'age 201.'l l lxposures may be made either by conta.ct in a printing

frame or by reduction in a lautern. The s l ide is thendeveloped as if it were a bromide or gaslight printand fixed and washed like a negative. Any developerrecornmended on lages 39 and 4l for gaslight or bromidepapers may be used, as we l i as 'Tab lo id ' Hydroquinonea n d ' Ta b lo id ' Py ro -So d a '

The following are two selected Lantern Slide' fo rmu la : -

Warnz Black Tones-' T a b l o i d ' ' R y t o l ' . . O n e' Ta b lo id ' ' Ry to l ' Ac c e le ra to r . O n e' Ta b lo id ' An - rmo n iu m B r o m i d e . T w o. Water 2| ounces

Give twice normal exposure.Brozun Black to Chocolate Tones-

Developer as for Warm Black above . ' * ounceWater l| ouncestTab lo id ' Ammoniu rn Bromide . Two

Five times normal exposure.Formule for other developers are given on th e

labe ls and cartons o f a l l su i tab le 'Tab lo id ' developingagents, and a spec ia l dark-room card , en t i t led t tCo lourson Lantern Slides b1' Development " (sent gratis onrequest to Burroughs Wellcome & Co.), gives furtherinformatiou to those interested in this class of work.

H O W T O M A K E P . O . P . P R I N T STo make per fec t p r in ts on P'O.P. (p r in t ing -ou tpaper) it is necessary to have a suitable negative.l f your negat ive is th in or lack ing in con t ras t , do nota t tempt to pr in t i t on P.O.P' , bu t use gas l igh t paper.For day l igh t p r in t ing , shade is be t te r than directsun l igh t ; only when negatives are vety dens e shouldthey be printed in sunlight.Print rather deeper than required in the finishedphotograph. The exact depth of p r in t ing var ies wi tbdifferent papers and nust be learnt by experience.l\{att paper requires to be ntore fully printed thangross)' paper.Ord inary P.O.P. has e i ther to be tonec l in a specia lton ing so l -u t ion be fo re i t is f ixed , o r toned arrd f ixe i l in acombined l-:ath. Self-Toniug Paper requires fixing only

in hypo so lu t ion .S e p a r a t e T o n i n g a n d F i x i n g' T a b l o i d ' G o l d C h l o r i d e w i t h S u l p h o c y a n i d eCompound.-Th is ba th works we l l u ' i th a l l papersintend-ed for sulphocyanide toning.' Ta b lo id ' P l a t i n u m To n in g Co mp o u n d . -Ea c hp ro d u c t c o r r t a i n s o n e - t l I i r ( [ o f a g r a i r r o f p o ta s s iu mih lo roo la t in i te . with c itr ic acid and sodium ch lo r ide .Tb is La th is most su i tab le fo r mat t -su r faced P.O.P.and fo r Co l lod i -Ch lo r ide Paper .C o m b i n e d T o n i n g a n d F i x i n g' Ta b lo id ' G o l d Ch lo r id e w i t h Th io s u lp h a teCompound.-Th is ba th is fo r go ld toning and f ix ing inone opera t ion . I t works we l l w i t i r a l l makes of P.O.P.

Imrnerse the pr in ts in the nr ixed solut ions, wi thou tprevious wash ing , and tone f rom 7 to 10 mir - ru tesor more . Shor t ton ing gives warm brown I longtoning, cold purples.NorB,-The 20 per cen t . Hypo So lu t ion is thestock so lu t ion of p la in hypo (1 lb . in 80 ounces of water,o r f ive 'Tablo id ' Hypo in two-and-a-ha l f ounces) .

S e l f T o n i n g P . O . P .In this class of paper the necessary toning saltsare incorporated in the emulsion. Transfer the printsto a f ix ing ba th , rv i th o r wi thou t p re l i rn inary rvash ing ,according to the d i rec t ions issued by the makers '

4 6 4 7


26/44

T O N I N G

T O N I N GPrints, lantern slides, transparencies and cin6 positive

6lms can often be considerably improved, from apictorial point of view, by toning. Providing th efollowing important points are borne in mind, theprocess will be found to be quite simple, and success.fui results certain.

(1) The material to be toned must be correctlexposed for the particular toning process chosenand fully developed.

For blue toning rather lighf prints give the bestresults, For sepia and other toning baths, prints mustbe fully exposed and fully developed. Over-exposedand under-developed prints yield weak washed-out tones.

(z)P.rles En1q9 __34q thorou h wash ia lso a re most essen t ia l .

Partially fixed or imperfectly washed prints, etc., arefrequently the cause of patchy toning and stains.

Particular attention should be paid to double weightbromide paper.

S E P I A T O N I N Gt Tab lo id ' Sep ia Toner produces a r ich 'permanent

sepia tone.Each car ton contains t Tab lo id ' B leach ing Com-

pound and 'Tab lo id ' Su lph id ing Compound.The instructions that follow apply to cin films,

lantern slides and transparencies as well as bromideand gaslight prints, unless otirerwise indicated.Fon Bnouros . lNp Gesr- rcn t PnrNrs . -To secure

the best results, it is advisahle to use fresh developer4 8

T O N I N G

for each print or enlargement, develop fully, thoroughlyfix and wash. The prints should be first immersed in aso lu t ion made by d isso lv ing one 'Tab lo id ' B leach ingCompound in two to four* ounces of wate r an dthorough ly bleached to a l igh t co lour ,

I t is impor tan t tha t the pr in ts , e tc . , should beentirely free from hypo, otherwise uneven bleach-ing may result.

Af te r r ins ing in runn ing wate r , p r in ts should beimmersed in a so lu t ion made by dissolv ing one ' l ab lo id 'Su iph id ing Compound in two to fourx ounces of wate r .l -he pr in ts wi l l g radua l ly acquire a r ich sepia co lou l , ev ,in the case of gaslight prints, a somewhat \4'armertone . Do not remove them from the ton i r - rg ba th tooquickly, but give them time to acquire full strength,then wash them in runn ing water fo r abou t 10 minutes.Co lder brown or brown-black tones can be obtainedby subsequent t rea tment wi th 'Tab lo id ' Brown ' Ioner(see fage 50).

A pre l im inary soaking in the sulphid ing ba th be fo reb leach ing wi l l a lso give a darl


27/44

T O N I N G

Fon LeNtsRN Sr,rors, Crnf Frr.nrs ero Tnlr.rs-rARENcIES a stronger so lu t ion (one 'Tab lo id ' ts leach ingCompound in two ounces of wate r ) may be used , asbleaching is somewhat s lower owing to extra th icknessof emulsion, and to the lact that the support does notallow the solution to act from both sides, as in th ecase r ; f p r in ts .

The resu l ts obtained by 'Tablo id ' Sep ia Toner arepermanent.'Tab lo id ' Brown Toner . -Th is spec ia l fo rmu la

is designed for the purpose o f : ton ing sepia pr in tson bromide or gas l igh t papers, to the co lder r icherbrown which is preferred for. certain subjects. Itis also suitable for use with sepia-toned ianternslides.

'lhis iforruula zuill not tone a llack image, SepiaToner mast be used i6rst.The process is very simple. Take a print or slideprev ious ly toned wi th the sep ia toner and immerse i t ina solut ion of one 'Tab lo id ' Brown Toner in one ounceof 10 per cent. hypo so lu t ion .x The warm sepia changes

first to a cold brown and finally to a rich brown-black.Time of immersion, 2 to 10 minu tes , according to tonedesired, bearing in mind that prints become colder ondrying. Af te r ton ing , wash in ' running water fo r30 minutes.In the course of toning the whites become slightlyt in ted to a cream tone , wh ich is par t icu la r ly su i ted tothe colour of the image and enhances the artistic effecf.If undue discoloration of the whites occurs, it is due to -(f) Insufficient washing after sepia toning,(2) Insuffi'cient washing after brown toning.

To remove discoloration, soak the print for a fewminutes in a weak solution of nitric acid (four drops tothe ounce), then wash as usnal.Var ia t ion in Tone.-As i t is des i rable to havet _ :f::jfj."d:::1 cold brown tones on bromide

* l0 per cent. hypo .o t r , io f f i'Tab lo id ' . H-ypo in one ounce of wate r . o r ' l ,y d ih r t in } theusual .stock 20 per cent, hypo solution with an -equal vo=lumeot Dlarn water.5 0

and gaslight papers' research was undertaken, and th efo l lo rv ing s imp le method worked out : -

B leach the pr in t in -'Tab lo id ' Rleaching Cornpound One'Tab lo id ' N le rc t r r ic Iod ide andSod ium Sulph i te One'Water Four ounces

and then proceed to darken i t in the o rd i r la ry so lu t ionof ' Iab lo id ' Su lph id ing Compound.' Ihe greater the propor t ion of 'Tab lo id ' \ le rcur icIodide and Sod ium Sulph i te in the bleaching ba th thecoldi:r will be the final tone.

I t shou ld be noted tha t in the above bleachingbaths the image of the print or slide changes colour'brrt does not disapPear.It is possible also to varlz the tone of the final resultby (a) Nloclifyinq the time of bleaching' or (b )Re-developing the fu l ly -b leached image in a very d i lu tedeveloper before sulphiding. By method (a) vety darkbrowns are obtained, for the f ina l image is produced by. the blending of the o r ig ina l b lack tone rv i th the brownprodrrced by the toner ; and by (b) a wide range ofp leas ing warm tones is secured according to the extento f re-development.

B L U E A N D G R E E N T O N I N GVarious formule have been suggested fronr time to

t ime fo r ob ta in ing blue and green tones on bromideand gas l igh t p r in ts and lantern s l ides , but they havebeen uncertain in effect, troublesome to compoutrd, orunsatisfactory from the point of view of the coloursproduced.

Al l these d i f f icu l t ies are now ren loved by the in t ro 'duction of 'Tab io id ' Blue and Green Toners, wh ichyield satisfactory baths by simple solution in water'

' Tab lo id ' B lue Toner provides the means of ton ingbromide and gas l igh t p r in ts , lan te rn s l ides , c in6 f i lmsand transparencies to a very pleasing b lue , spec ia l ly

T O N I N G

T O N I N G


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suitable for marine and s6me stilll ife subiects ancl fordecorative purposes. Each carton contaiirs a tube of'Tab lo id ' IJ lue Toner (A) and a rube of ,Tab lo id ,ts lue Toner (13) .Drnnc t roN.-Disso lve one A product in one ounceof wa te r , * and one R product in a separate ounce , andmix the two so lu t ions . Immerse t i re pr in ts or s l idesfo r f ro rn th ree-quar te rs to one-and-a-half minutes;according to temperature, in the green solution thusfo rmed, keeping pr ints nrov ing , and rocking the d ish inthe case of s l ides. Wash i r r runn ing wate r un t i l ye l lowstain disappears. IJe careful not to wash too long, orthe blue colour may disappear wi th cer ta in wate rs .It can, however, be restored by a bath of very dilutehydroch lo r ic acid. When dry , the co lour is permanent.As 'Tab lo id ' B lue Toner s l igh t ly in tens i f ies theimage it is best to start with rather light prints.Nore . -Shor t toning gives a better co lour thanlong ton ing and leaves the whites purer . T in tedh igh l igh ts a re a s ign o f over - ton ing . A very weakalkalirre bath may be used to clear high lights degradedby over-toning.'Tab lo id ' Green Toner is very su i tab le fo r ton ingbromic le or gas l igh t p r in ts , lantern s l ides , c in6 f i lms an dtransparencies of iandscapes, studigs of grasses, moon-l igh t scenes, seascapes, e tc , I t g ives a very p leas inggreen tone which may be varied s l igh t ly a t wi l l to su i tthe subject.l lach carton con ta ins a tube of , Tab lo id ' GreenToner (A) and a tube of 'Tab lo id ' Green Toner (B) .Drnncr rox . -Disso lve one A produc t in two ouncesof wate r , then add one B product and al low the so lu t ionto stand fo r a few minu tes . Tone the pr in ts or s l ides inthe green so lu t ion thus ob ta ined fo r f rom three-quartersto one-and-a-half minu tes , according to tempera tu re ,when they wi l l assume a blue tone , wh ich , upon washing

in running water for about 4 minu tes , changes to green.Longer ton ing g ives a ra ther b r igh te r green; longerwashing, 7 to 8 minutes, gives a yellower green.* Caution "t ta te r , as i t may be unsu i tab le .

R O

T O N I N G

Norr . -Shor t ton ing gives the most pleasing colourand does not stain the high lights (see note under BlueToner, lages 5l and 52). For certain subjects, abrighter blue or green tone may be desirable, which ma ybe effected by reducing the toned pr in t wi th 'Tab lo id 'Potassium Ferr icyan ide or wi th 'Tab lo id ' R leach ingCompound, fo l lowed by f ix ing .

C O P P E R T O N I N G' T a b l o i d ' B r a n d C o p p e r F e r r o c y a n i d e T o n i n g

Compound.-Th is prepar : r t ion enables the photo-grapher to ava i l h imself of the Ferguson process o fcopper ton ing wi thou t the necess i ty of encunrbering hi sshe lves wi th th ree add i t iona l bo t t les o f so lu t ion . Th isprocess is suitable for bromide, chlorobrornide and gas-l igh t paper and lan te rn s l ides .

D tn rc t ro x . -D is s o lv e e a c h ' Ta b lo id ' p ro d u c t inone ounce of wate r . The pr in ts or lan te rn s l idesto be toned mllst be well freed from hypo, andshould be first soaked in water for fir 'e minutes toensure an even act ion of the toning bath. When thedesired colour is reached, wash in the ordinary wayfor ten minutes.

A black, greeny-black or rusty-looking print or coldblack lantern slide can be changed in colour to apleasing warm black by an immersion of frorn one-halfto one minu te , wh i ls t , i f the ton ing ac t ion is a l lowedto con t inue , a f ine red chalk co lour wi l l be ob ta ined .If i t be desired to secure th is red co lour a t i ts bes t , i ti s a d v i s a b l e o s t a r t w i t h v e r y v i g o r o u s p r i n t sa n d s l i d e s . Re twe e n th e s e e x t re me s , v a r io u s s h a d e sof purp le , brown and red are ob ta inab le . The bath isn o t s u i ta b le f o r to n in g g lo s s y b ro m id e p r i n t s . T h ebr i l l iance and permanence of toned sl ides are enhancedby coating with ord inary negat ive varnish.

Nors.-This bath works more slowly in coldweather .

5 3

R E S T R A I N E R S


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D O U B L E T O N I N GThe employment of 'Tes t -o ro ' Touuns fo r producing

two or more colour effects adds a new fascination tophotography. The multiple toning is accomplished withthe aid of a spirit varnish or masking varnish as used byaerograph workers, which is used to cover those portionsof the print which are not intended to take the colourof the par t icu la r ton ing ba th in use , one colour beingproduced at a time. I3y the merhod described below,it is easy to achieve first-rate results.

DrnncrroN.-A good, plucky print is made from asu i tab le sub jec t . Assuming the colours selected ar esepia and green, apply the varnish with a camel-hairbrush to those par ts of the pr in t which i t is no t des i redto tone sepia. When the varnish dries, proceed to tonesepia in the usual way, dry the print and remove thbvarnish with cottor-r v'ool dipped in methylated spirit.Carry out the green toning by vaniishing the parts ofthe print already toned sepia. Judicious selection ofsub jec t and co lour wi l l resu l t in many p leas ing e f fec tsby this method.

S U P P L E M E N T A R YI N F o R M A t ' T o N

In this section is included information as to th euse of certain chemicals, which cannot be dealtwith conveniently under the chapter headingsof Exposure , Deve loprnen t , Pr in t ing , Ton ing , e tc .

R E s T R / \ I N E R SRestrainers are used to prevent chemical fog, and to

retard development. tT lsLoro ' Dnvrr -opBns conta insumc ien t res t ra iner fo r norma l use . For developing veryrap id p la tes in warm weather or in ho t c l imates , an dfor lantern-slide making, additional restrainer may berequ i red .

' Ta b lo id ' Ammo n iu m Bro m id e i s c h ie f l y u s e din lan te rn -s l ide work , when warm tones a re requ i red ,5 4

P R E S E R V A T I V E S

' Ta b lo id ' Po ta s s iu m Bro m id e i s g e n e ra l l yemployed rv i th ' Ry to l , ' Hydroquinone and Meto l .Qu ino l T)evelopers.' Ta b lo id ' So d iu m C i t ra te fo r u s e w i t h M e t o land Amido l .

DrRncrtoN.-If less than a grain of restrainer berequired, d i ssolve one 'Tab lo id ' product in a drachmof water and add a portion of this to the developer.I f one or more gra ins o f res t ra iner are needed, thenecessary number of 'Tab lo id ' p roduc ts may be addedd i rec t to the developing so lu t ion .

P R E S E R V . A T I V E St Tabloid' Developers contain sufficient preservative

to ensure proper ac t ion o f the so lu t ion in normal use.W h e n th e n o rm : i l d e v e lo p e r i s d i l u t e d , o r i st o b e k e p t i n s o l u t i o n f o r s o m e t i m e b e f o r e u s e ,a d d i t i o n a l p re s e rv a t i v e ma y b e re q u i re d . Fo rth is purpose add one 'Tablo id ' Sod ium Sulph i te toevery one or two ounces o f so lu t ion . No at temptshould be made to keep a solution of amidol. It mustbe freshly prepared to obtain the best results.

' T a b l o i d ' S o d i u m S u l p h i t e , D r i e d , B r . 6 ,possesses great advantages over the ordinary crystals,especially in keeping quality. lt may be used in exactlythe same rvay, either for compounding the photographer'sown formu la , o r for adding to 'Tab lo id ' Developerswhen dilution necessitates prolonged immersion in th edeveloping so lu t ion . Five grains o f the 'Tab lo id ' sa l tare equivalent to 10 grains of the ordinary crystals.

' Ta b lo id ' Po ta s s iu m Me ta b is u lp h i te , g r . 1 0 ,may be conveniently used in compounding any formulain which potassium nretabisulphite is indicated.

To shorten the washing of plates or prints afterbleaching with t Tabloid' Chrcmium Intensifier (seelages 33 arul 34), a solution of one ' Tabloid ' I)otassiumMetabisulphite to each ounce of water may be rapidlypoured on and off the plate, or print, until the yellowsta in disappears. Then wash fo r a minu te or two .

} I A R D E N E R A N D C L E A R I ' R S E N S I T I S E R


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trt is also the best chemical to add to hypo solutionto make an acid-fixing bath (see y'age 30),A L K A L I

The alkali generally used in making acceleratingsolutions is common soda, which is indefinite in strengthand frequently impure.

' Ta b lo id ' S o d i u m Ca rb o n a te , g r . i t 4 , p ro v id e sthe photographer with a pure, reliable, portabie alkaliin convenient ready-weighed quant i t ies .

One in an ounce of wate r . fo rms approx imate ly al0 per cent. solution of sodiurn carbonate. a little ofwhich may be added, if desired, to the norrnal developerto acce le ra te i ts ac t ion . The 'Tab lo id ' product maybe emplol'sd also in compounding developers of specialformula, and for any other purpose for which th dordinary crystals are used.

H A R D E N E R A N D c L E A R E RWhen a hardening and clearing bath for plates, films,lan te rn s l ides , gas l igh t or bromide pr ints is required:' Ta b lo id ' A l u m a n d C i t r i c A c i d Co mp o u n dwill be found convenient and serviceable (one product inach ounce of water). This bath is used after develop.

ing and before fixing. No washing is necessarybefore immersion, but 10 minutes' washing before6xing is advisable. It is not suitable for use withP . O . P . p r i n t s .

H A R D E N E RIn very hot weatber or in warrn climates when itis impossible to control the ternperatures of the various

solutions used, a plain alum bath is serviceable fo rhardening the film. In such circumstances the followingwi l l prove use fu l : -' Ta b lo id ' A l u m , g r . 1 0 . T h i s p ro d u c t ma y b eused for plates or prints, a useful formula being:-'Tab lo id ' A lum, gr . 10 One to two

Water One ounceThe exact strength depends on the amount of harden-

ing desired. Time of immers ion , about 10 minu tes .c o

S E N s t r t s E R F o R C A R B o N A N DO I L P I G M E N T P R O C E S S E g

Hi ther to a so lu t ion of po tass ium b ichromate , rerrderedalkal ine by the add i t ion o f s t rong so lu t ion of ammonia,has been employed for the purpose of sensitisingcarbon t issue . The 'Tab lo id ' preparat ion of thedouble chromate of po tass ium and ammoniunr s imp l i -fies the operation by obviating the necessity of usingammonia so lu t ion . Th is prepara t ion is equa l ly su i tab lefor the Oil Pigment process' and therefore is preferredto stock solutions by amateurs who make occasionalcarboq and oitr prints.' Ta b lo id ' Po ta s s iu m Ammo n iu m Ch ro ma te ,g r . 24

Drnncrro*.-To sensitise carbon tissue for use withn o r m a l n e g a t i v e s . -" Iab lo id ' Po tass ium Ammonium Chromate , OneW a te r . . Ou e o u n c e

If p r in t ing f rom sof t negatives, d issolve one 'Tab lo id 'product in two ounces of wate r ; o r , i f f rom very hardnegatives, one in six drachms of water.

Soak the carbon tissue in the sensitising solution, orfloat it on the surface for two or three minutes, as directedby the manufacturers of the tissue used; squeegee toremove excess of moisture, and then dry in the dark.

To sensitise oil pigment paper-use as above, and soakthe paper in the sensitising solution for two or threeminutes, coated side upwards, taking care no air-bellsare formed. Hold up to drain, and dry in the dark.

J

C O V T P E T I T I V EH t q | . I e s r A W A R D S. T A B L O I D ' P H O T O G R A P H I C M I T N R T I I . Swere awardedA G R A N D P R I Z Eat the Franco-BritishExhibition,London,1908A G R e t l D P R I z Eat the Japan-BritishExhibition, London,1910A G R A N D P R I Z Eat the Brussels International Exhibition' 1910A G R A N D P R T Z Eat the Turin hrternational Exhibition, 1911

6 7

S T A I N I N G C o T o u R P H o T o G R A P H Y


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To extend the range of colour on bromide andsimilar prints, cin6 films and lantern slides beyond thatproduced by the usual toning methods in vogue, a serieso f ' So r -o rD ' Ph o to g ra p h ic S t a i n s h a s b e e n in t ro d u c e d .For f i re l igh t and fo rge scenes, ,so lo id ' photographicSta in (Red) .g ives a rea l is t ic impress ion ; fo r sun l i tscenes ( Ye l low) ; fo r landscapes and woodlands c e n e s ( Grc e n ) .

.For Bromide, Gaslight, P.O.P. or Platinun prints.The prints selected for staining should possess goodcontrast. llhey should not be hardened, and, if dry,should be soaked in water un t i l f lacc id .

After removing excess of moisture, place the printsin a solution of the desired colour, which may beprepared in the fo l lowing manner: Dissolve one ,so lo id 'Photographic Stain of the selected colour in four ouncesof water. For stronger colour effects, use less water;for weaker colour effects, use more water.

Keep the prints in the solution for a few minutes,then r inse them for 15 or 20 seconds in run ning rva te r .Dry off excess of moisture by placing them betweenblotting paper and hang them up to dry in th eusual way.

All solutions can be used over and over again untilexhausted. Modifications in colour may be obtainedbj ' d i lu t ing the so lu t ions wi th varying proport ionso f wa te r .

For Lantern Slides, Tranq5arencies antl Cini Films.Disso lve one 'So lo id 'Photographic Sta in in one ounceof wa te r , and immerse the s l ides o r f i lm in the so lu t ionun t i l the desired t in t is ob ta ined .

lf a very pronounced colour is required, the strengtbo f the solut ion may be s t i l l fu r ther increased,

.For List, see 5age 725 9

Natural colour photographs may be nrade direct fromthe snbject by using the Lumibre Autoclrrome plate orfilm, the Agfa plate, or the Finlay Colour process, Th eAutochrome and Agfa plates have the colour screenincorporated ; the lrinlal' Colour p.rocess employs apanc l r romat ic p la te and a separate taking screen.In addition, a compensating fi1ter which must bespecially made for use with the colour plate selected isnecessary, and cannot be employed with success withplates of another nake.The colour plate is exposed in the camera as dilectedby t\e makeri of the particular plate in use. Th eexposure can be calculated by means of the 'Wellcome'Ilxposure Calculator. The plate factor given in TableB (fage 204) make5 due allora'ance for the increasedexpcrsure necessitated by the conrper-rsating filter.t he manner in which the coloured transparency isgloduced differs according to which process is-employed.The combined method is adopted with the Asfa and

the Autochrome plates, i.e., tlne positive is produced bythe reversal of the negative. in the Fiirlav colou'rprocess the positive is-printed from the moriochromenegative; rvhen bound .up . in cor rec , reg is te r wi th av ie iv ing screen the pos i t ive is seen in the colours of theor ig ina l , As many coloured pos i t ives as one wishes mayLebbta ined f rom-the or ig in i t nega t ive in . the Fin la l 'process provided a sepalate vierving screen is used witheach. By using ' l ' ab lo id ' Pho tograph ic Chemica ls thedifficulty. and expens.e of pr.eparing special solutions forcolorrr photography ls avoldeLl.

C o M B I N E D M E T H o DD e

photographic exposure calculator 1933 01

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