• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

ATPATP• Universal

Energy Molecule

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• Consist of – a sugar called

ribose– N containing

Adenine– Three

phosphate groups

DRAW A SKETCH!

ATP ADP• ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate• The Phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH

ENERGY.• When a phosphate group is removed-energy is

released.• So, energy is STORED in the bonds of ATP.• This energy can be used to do cellular activities.

• To obtain energy to do cellular work, the cell hydrolyzes the ATP, releasing the stored energy and forming ADP and phosphate once again.

• The energy can then be used to drive reactions.

• Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates.

• This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells

• This process is known as phosphorylation.

• Phosphorlation: The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.

• Draw it!

ATPAdenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

• ATP is converted into ADP

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 23-4

Epidermis

Stomata

Guardcells

The Internal Structure of a LeafCO2 enters through the stomata

Chloroplasts

• Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are capable of harnessing energy from the sun's rays of light.

• Using this energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts are able to form ATP as well as synthesizing sugars from water and carbon dioxide.

ChloroplastChloroplast• OrganelleOrganelle where photosynthesisphotosynthesis takes place.

GranumThylakoid

Stroma

Outer Membrane

Inner Membrane

ThylakoidThylakoid

Thylakoid Membrane

Thylakoid SpaceGranum

• Chloroplast Picture

Things to know about Chloroplasts

• have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane

• have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes

• have their own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes these are used to synthesize proteins (the enzymes) from amino-acids

• make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose

• contain chlorophyll this green chemical "traps" sunlight energy

• The chloroplast is made up of 3 types of membrane: 1.A smooth outer membrane which is freely

permeable to molecules.

2.A smooth inner membrane which contains many transporters

3.A system of thylakoid membranes

• Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light

• ______ and _______.

• ______ are molecules that absorb light.

• The main pigment is ___________.

• Two types: ____ ______.

• When they absorb light, they are absorbing _________.

b

a

Photosynthesis Products and Reactants• Products and reactants

of photosynthesis are:• Reactants: _______

_______ ________• Products: ________

________

CO2 + H2O ChloroplastSugars + O2

Light Energy

Formula For Photosynthesis

• 6 _____ + 6 ______ ______ + ______

• Write it in words here:

The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at Once; rather it occurs in  Once; rather it occurs in  TWO STAGESTWO STAGES: :

STAGE 1: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS. – Energy is Capture from Sunlight.  Water is Split into

Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and Oxygen (O2).  The O2 Diffuses out of the Chloroplasts (Byproduct).

– The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy, which is Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH.

STAGE 2: DARK REACTION (CALVIN CYCLE). – The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH

powers the formation of Organic Compounds (Sugars), Using Carbon Dioxide, CO2.

– This is a light Independent reaction. It can happen during the daylight, it just does NOT need to light be completed.

Chloroplast

Light

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Photosynthesis: An Overview

Go to Section:

LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION

Thylakoid Membrane Stroma

Photosynthesis Overview: Photosynthesis Overview: Concept MapConcept MapPhotosynthesis

Occurs in two Occurs in two StepsSteps

Light Reactio

n

Dark Reactio

n

Oxygen ATP

NADPH

Thylakoid Membran

e

Glucose Stroma

Produces

Produces

Occurs (location)

Occurs (location)

Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Light-dependentreactions

Dark Reaction

Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from

sunlight

ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Glucose

Go to Section:

Photosynthesis Concept MapPhotosynthesis Concept Map

Cellular Respiration

• We get our energy from the _____ we eat.• The unit for energy is the ______.• _______ are producers and make ______ by the

process of photosynthesis.• Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy.• There are two important ways a cell can harvest

energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration.

Glycolysis

• Means “_________________”Means “_________________”• Both pathways start with Both pathways start with

Glycolysis.Glycolysis.• Glycolysis starts with ________.Glycolysis starts with ________.• Glucose is broken down into 2 Glucose is broken down into 2

molecules called Pyruvate.molecules called Pyruvate.

Cellular Respiration

• (Aerobic) In the presence of oxygen: Glycolysis and Electron Transport.

• (Anaerobic) In the absence of oxygen: Glycolysis

• Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar called _______.

• In the process, two molecules of ATP and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules are produced called NADH.

• Glycolysis can occur ______ or _________oxygen.

• Summary of Glycolysis

• 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C).

• 2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell.

• 3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+. (Are used later)

REVIEW

• Glycolysis is the first step of reactions that break glucose apart to liberate the energy it holds in its C-H bonds.

• Glycolysis occurs in the_______________.• As a set of reactions, Glycolysis does not need

___________________.• Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic (_________)

and anaerobic (____________) respiration!

Aerobic Respiration

• Glycolysis does not need oxygen as part of any of its chemical reactions.

• It serves as a first step in a variety of both aerobic (______)and anaerobic (_______) energy-harvesting reactions.

• Glycolysis happens in the _______of cells, not in some specialized organelle.

Cellular Respiration:   the process which occurs within mitochondria in which cells use oxygen to burn sugar for fuel   

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

RespirationSection 9-1

Go to Section:

With oxygen

With out oxygen

• In the presence of oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water in the Krebs cycle.

• After the Krebs cycle, 36 ATP are created in the electron transport chain.

FlowchartSection 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

Go to Section:

Cellular Respiration

• Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation.

• Lactic Acid-Muscle cells

• Alcohol- Yeast

FlowchartSection 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

Glycolysis Fermentation Lactic AcidOr

Alcohol

Go to Section:

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose Pyruvic acidLactic acid

Lactic Acid FermentationSection 9-1

Go to Section:

Respiration Formula

• 6_______ + _________ forms _______ and 6________ + 6_________ + 36 ATP