photosynthesis chapter 10. plants – autotrophs (provide own food given certain circumstances) need...
TRANSCRIPT
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Photosynthesis
Chapter 10
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• Plants – autotrophs (provide own food given certain circumstances)
• Need CO2, other inorganic (non-carbon based) materials obtained from environment.
• Autotrophs - producers of biosphere - provide food to rest of food chain.
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Structure
• Green parts have chloroplasts - leaves where most photosynthesis takes place.
• Green because of chlorophyll (green pigment inside of chloroplasts)
• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to drive making of food in chloroplasts.
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http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg
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• Chloroplasts found mostly in mesophyll (tissue in interior of leaf)
• CO2 enters, O2 leaves through stomata (microscopic pores in leaf)
• Leaves have veins - transfer water from roots to leaves.
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*
• Within chloroplasts - dense fluid (stroma)
• Thylakoid basic unit of photosynthesis.
• Each thylakoid stacked on top of each other (called a grana)
• Stroma fills in between grana.
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• Formula for photosynthesis: 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light energy ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
• Water, carbon dioxide, and light combine to make glucose (sugar) and oxygen (waste)
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http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/irrigation-photosynthesis.gif
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• Photosynthesis divided into 2 stages.
• 1Light reactions (part controlled by light) and 2Calvin cycle (also called dark reactions)
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/psoverview.gif
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Light reactions
• Solar energy (sun) converted to chemical energy.
• Solar energy is in the form of waves, (electrochemical waves)
• Distance between peak of 2 electrochemical waves - wavelength.
• Wavelengths vary in distance from gamma rays to radio waves.
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http://www.tortuga.com/science/Life%20is%20the%20Transformation%20of%20Solar%20Energy.jpg
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• Entire range of radiation - electromagnetic spectrum.
• Visible light provides us with color scheme.
• Light can be absorbed, reflected or transmitted when it meets matter.
• Pigments absorb light.
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• All wavelengths absorbed - black.• Chlorophyll a - pigment found in
chloroplasts.• Works best for blue and red light,
least with green.• Accessory pigments work with
chlorophyll a to absorb light.
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/chlorophyll.jpg
Structure of chlorophyll
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• One accessory pigments - chlorophyll b (yellow colors)
• Chlorophyll b will transfer energy to chlorophyll a when it absorbs sunlight.
• Carotenoids dissipate light that may be harmful to chlorophyll a (also found in human eye)
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Light reactions
• Pigments absorb all wavelengths of visible light except green (why chloroplasts appear green; does not absorb this color, reflects it)
• Chlorophyll used by 2 systems in plant (photosystem I and photosystem II)
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http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/Chlorophyll.jpg
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• Photons of light strike pigments - electrons excited, transported through photosystems.
• Reaches specific chlorophyll - molecule (reaction center) - light reactions begin.
• Photosystem I absorbs wavelength best at 700nm (dark red); photosystems II - 680nm (lighter red colors)
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http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/da/Photosystems.png
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• When excited electrons reach reaction center, some electrons enter electron transport chain (ETC) - generate energy (either reduced NADPH or ATP).
• 2 processes make that happen - 1cyclic photophosphorylation; 2noncyclic photophosphorylation.
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/treatmts/ebuffer/f_j13electtrans.jpg
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Cyclic photophosphorylation
• Occurs in photosystem I - make ATP.• ATP used to make glucose during
dark reactions.• Electrons in cyclic process move
from reaction center through ETC, than back to reaction center.
• Does not make oxygen or NADPH.
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/cyclicphos.gif
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Noncyclic photophosphorylation
• Starts in photosystem II.• Electrons passed to reaction
center.• Then passed through ETC.•Not returned to reaction center;
sent to photosystem I.
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Photosystems II Photosystem I
http://www.und.ac.za/und/icd/citte/paper/net2/fig1a.gif
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• They lose electrons (not recycled like in cyclic process) but get them from water.
• Produce oxygen as waste.• Electrons sent to photosystem I
used to make NADPH.
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• As electrons make their way through ETCs, protons pumped out of stroma into thylakoid membranes.
• Creates proton gradient.• Protons flow back into stroma
and produce ATP.• NADPH and ATP used in Calvin
cycle (with CO2) to make sugars.
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http://www.bioloj.ca/12U_Biology/img/12U_Biology/photosynthesis/Fig8_14b.jpg
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The Calvin cycle
• CO2 fixed into carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH from light reactions as energy.
• 1st step - CO2 fixed into 6 C sugar with 2 phosphate groups (ribulose biphosphate (or RuBP) )
• Done through enzyme - rubisco.
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• RuBP 6 C compound - then split into 2 molecules (3-phosphoglycerate) which are both 3 C compounds.
• Each are phosphorylated by ATP, then reduced by NADPH - forms substance called G3P (form of sugar).
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• For every 3 molecules of CO2 - 6 molecules of G3P.
• At end - 6 molecules of G3P.• 1 used by plant cell, other 5
recycled to regenerate RuBP to start process again.
• To make 1 G3P for plant, 9 molecules of ATP used, 6 molecules of NADPH used.
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Alternate forms of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis - C3 plants.• 1st product made is 3 C compound
(3-phosphoglycerate).• Rice, wheat, and soybeans - C3
plants.• Produce less food on hot, dry days
(stomata closed)
• No CO2 - no Calvin cycle.
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• Instead of CO2 being used, rubisco adds O2 to Calvin cycle.
• No ATP generated no food produced.
• Called photorespiration.• Wasteful product - not known
why it still occurs in plants.
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C4 plants
• C4 plants - alternate form of carbon fixation before Calvin cycle.
• Plants like sugarcane, corn, members of grass family.
• Have different anatomy.• 2 different types of photosynthetic
cells: bundle-sheath cells and mesophyll cells.
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• Bundle-sheath cells tightly packed and found around veins of leaf.
• Mesophyll cells found between bundle sheath and surface of leaf (loosely packed).
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• In bundle sheath cells, CO2 produced as well as pyruvate.
• Pyruvate sent back to mesophyll cells; CO2 used in bundle sheath cells to go into Calvin cycle.
• Then fixes CO2 with rubisco, like in C3 plants.
• C4 plants fix CO2 twice.
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• Plants live in hot, dry environments (like corn and crab grass) where stomata have to close often.
• C3 plants - causes photorespiration; C4 plants - still able to fix carbon.
• At cooler temperatures, C3 plants much more effective.
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CAM plants
• CAM plants found in hot and dry environments where stomata are closed during the day.
• Plants open stomata at night, fix carbon during this time.
• Store products of carbon fixation for Calvin cycle which happens during the day.
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• http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf