Phrase – a group of two or more words

Noun phrase – a group of words that represents a person, place, or thing

Verb phrase – a group of words that represent an action

Clause – a group of words with both a noun and a verb which may or may not be a complete sentence

Subject – what performs the action in a sentenceVerb – what the subject does in a sentenceObject – what the verb is acting on in a sentencePredicate – the main verb phrase in a sentence

My teacher assigns fascinating works of literature.

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

An independent clause consists of a subject and a verb and can exist by itself as a simple sentence:• Eric enjoys the books of Stephen King more

than those of Dan Brown. • English is Lu’s favorite subject in school. • Salad is my favorite food.

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause is not a complete sentence by itself, and often contains a subordinating conjunction that signifies more information is needed to finish the sentence: • Even though he loved The DaVinci Code• Despite the fact that her major is Civil

Engineering• Although I love hamburgers

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause needs an independent clause in order to form a complete sentence. A comma is used to combine the two: • Even though he loved The DaVinci Code, Eric enjoys

the books of Stephen King more than those of Dan Brown.

• Despite the fact that her major is Civil Engineering, English is Lu’s favorite subject in school.

• Although I love hamburgers, salad is my favorite food.

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

However, a comma is not always needed if the independent clause precedes the dependent clause: • Eric enjoys the books of Stephen King more than

those of Dan Brown even though he loved The DaVinci Code.

• English is Lu’s favorite subject in school despite the fact that her major is Civil Engineering.

• Salad is my favorite food, although I love hamburgers.

Copy each of these sentences in your notebook.

1) since she laughs at diffident men2) I despise individuals of low character3) when the saints go marching in4) Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon5) because she smiled at him

Are the following independent or dependent clauses?

1) since she laughs at diffident men2) I despise individuals of low character3) when the saints go marching in4) Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon5) because she smiled at him

Identify any dependent markers (subordinating conjunctions) that you can find below.

1) since she laughs at diffident men2) I despise individuals of low character3) when the saints go marching in4) Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon5) because she smiled at him

Identify two noun phrases that you can find below.

1) since she laughs at diffident men2) I despise individuals of low character3) when the saints go marching in4) Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon5) because she smiled at him

Identify two verb phrases that you can find below.

1) since she laughs at diffident men2) I despise individuals of low character3) when the saints go marching in4) Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon5) because she smiled at him

Identify the subject, predicate, and object in each of the following sentences.

• I despise individuals of low character.

• Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon.

A compound sentence is a sentence that contains at least two independent clauses.Compound sentences can be formed:(1) using coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) (2) using the semicolon

"They may take our lives, but they will never take our freedom.”"The drought had lasted now for ten million years, and the reign of the terrible lizards had long since ended.""Always go to other people's funerals; otherwise, they won't go to yours.""Feasts must be solemn and rare, or else they cease to be feasts."

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when (and many others) or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.“When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.” “After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.”“Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.”

An appositive is a noun phrase inserted into a sentence that gives extra meaning or identifying information about the nouns in the sentence.“My school, Brooklyn Tech, is in Fort Greene.” “When I get home I play League of Legends, my favorite game.” “This summer I read The Hunger Games, a book about a violent dystopian future.”

Add an appositive:

Yesterday my best friend threw snowballs at my head.

We went to Rockaway Beach on Wednesday.

The musicians yelled at the crowd and refused to play.

Participles are verb forms ending in –ing or –ed that can serve as adjectives. “My favorite food is fried fish.”“The running boy left us all behind.”“His story was chilling and disturbing.” “They are too obsessed with One Direction and never get any work done.”

A participial phrase contains a participle and is also inserted into a sentence to add information about the subject of that sentence. “Whistling a tune, Janie skipped down Penny Lane.” “We all saw him sitting there alone, dejected and depressed.”“Thinking that the test was on Tuesday, Alan had not studied over the weekend.”

Add a participial phrase:

Jack did not know what day it was.

Beth showed everyone else that she was the best employee.

Beyonce dazzled the audience.

Combine into one sentence:I have a cat. My cat’s name is Matt. Matt is fat. Matt is wearing a cravat. Matt is lazy. Matt is sitting on my head. Matt shed his fur all over my bed.

Sentence Combining

There several strategies: • Use a semicolon.• Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction:

FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).• Make sure you know the difference between

dependent and independent clauses.• Of course, you can revise the sentences in

other ways.

Sentence CombiningUse a semicolon OR a conjunction to separate two related independent clauses: • The students at Apex University have oceans of school

spirit. • The professors at Apex university have the time and

resources to give the students the attention they need. • Combined: The students at Apex University have oceans of

spirit; their professors have the time and resources to give them the attention they need.

• Combined: The students at Apex University have oceans of spirit because their professors have the time and resources to give them the attention they need.

Sentence Combining

Use a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to combine two clauses. • Tracy was looking forward to seeing Pacific Rim.• Tracy’s friends wanted to see The Lone Ranger.• Combined: Tracy was looking forward to seeing

Pacific Rim, but her friends wanted to see The Lone Ranger.