phy 102: waves & quanta topic 7 diffraction john cockburn (j.cockburn@... room e15)
TRANSCRIPT
PHY 102: Waves & Quanta
Topic 7
Diffraction
John Cockburn (j.cockburn@... Room E15)
•Interference re-cap
•Phasors
•Single slit diffraction
•Intensity distribution for single slit
Electromagnetic Waves
)sin(0 tkxEEy
)sin(0 tkxBBz
Where E0 and B0 are related by: E0 = cB0
INTENSITY of an EM wave E02
NB. we will see later that EM radiation sometimes behaves like a stream of particles (Photons) rather than a wave………………
Interference
First, consider case for sound waves, emitted by 2 loudspeakers:
Path difference =nλConstructive Interference
Path difference =(n+1/2)λDestructive Interference
(n = any integer, m = odd integer)
Interference
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
•Demonstrates wave nature of light
•Each slit S1 and S2 acts as a separate source of coherent light (like the loudspeakers for sound waves)
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Constructive interference:
Destructive interference:
nd sin
2
1sin nd
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Y-position of bright fringe on screen: ym = Rtanm
Small , ie r1, r2 ≈ R, so tan ≈ sin
So, get bright fringe when:
d
nRym
(small only)
Young’s Double Slit Experiment:Intensity Distribution
For some general point P, the 2 arriving waves will have a path difference which is some fraction of a wavelength.
This corresponds to a difference in the phases of the electric field oscillations arriving at P:
tEE sin01
tEE sin02
Young’s Double Slit Experiment:Intensity Distribution
Total Electric field at point P:
tEtEEEETOT sinsin 0021
Trig. Identity:
2
1sin
2
1cos2sinsin
With = (t + ), = t, get:
2sin
2cos2 0
tEETOT
2sin
2cos2 0
tEETOT
So, ETOT has an “oscillating” amplitude:
2cos2 0
E
Since intensity is proportional to amplitude squared:
2cos4 22
0
EITOT
Or, since I0E02, and proportionality constant the same in both cases:
2cos4 2
0
IITOT
differencepath
2
difference phase
sin
2
d
2cos4 2
0
IITOT
sin
cos4 20
dIITOT
For the case where y<<R, sin ≈ y/R:
R
dyIITOT
20 cos4
Young’s Double Slit Experiment:Intensity Distribution
R
dyIITOT
20 cos
2-slit intensity distribution: “phasor” treatment
•Remember from Lecture 1, harmonic oscillation with amplitude A and angular frequency can be represented as projection on x or y axis of a rotating vector (phasor) of magnitude (length) A rotating about origin.
Light•We can use this concept to add oscillations with the same frequency, but different phase constant by “freezing” this rotation in time and treating the 2 oscillations as fixed vectors……
•So called “phasor method”
2-slit intensity distribution: “phasor” treatment
Use phasor diagram to do the addition E1 + E2
tEE cos01
tEE cos02
Using cosine rule:
cos2 20
20
20
2 EEEETOT
cos2 20
20
20 EEE
cos12 20 E
2cos4 22
02
EETOT
Another way: Complex exponentials
)sin(cos iAAei
)sin(cos00 titEeE ti
))sin()(cos(0)(
0 titEeE ti
tieEtE 00 Re)cos(
)(00 Re)cos( tieEtE
Another way: Complex exponentials
Single Slit Diffraction
“geometrical” picture breaks down when slit width becomes comparablewith wavelength
Single Slit Diffraction
observed for all types of wave motion
eg water waves in ripple tank
Single Slit Diffraction
Single Slit Diffraction
•Explain/analyse by treating the single slit as a linear array of coherent point sources that interfere with one another (Huygen’s principle)…………………….
All “straight ahead” wavelets in phase → central bright maximum
Destructive interference of light from sources within slit for certain angles
Fraunhofer (“far-field”)case
Single Slit Diffraction
•From diagram, can see that for slit of width A, we will get destructive interference (dark band on screen) at angles which satisfy…..:
2sin
2
a
2sin
4
a
a
sina
2sin
Choice of a/2 and a/4 in diagram is entirely arbitrary, so in general we have a dark band whenever;
a
m sin (m=±1, ±2, ±3………..)
Position of dark fringes in single-slit diffraction
a
m sin
If, like the 2-slit treatment we assume small angles, sin ≈ tan =ymin/R, then
a
Rmy
min
Positions of intensity MINIMA of diffraction pattern on screen, measured from central position.
Very similar to expression derived for 2-slit experiment:
d
nRym
But remember, in this case ym are positions of MAXIMA
In interference pattern
Width of central maximum
•We can define the width of the central maximum to be the distance between the m = +1 minimum and the m=-1 minimum:
a
R
a
R
a
Ry
2
Ie, the narrower the slit, the more the diffraction pattern “spreads out”
image of diffraction pattern
Intensitydistribution
Single-slit diffraction: intensity distribution
To calculate this, we treat the slit as a continuous array of infinitesimal sources:
Can be done algebraically, but more nicely with phasors………………..
Single-slit diffraction: intensity distribution
E0 is E-field amplitude at central maximum
2
0 2/
)2/sin(
II
= total phase difference for “wavelets” from top and bottom of slit
2/
)2/sin(0
EETOT
Single-slit diffraction: intensity distribution
2
0 2/
)2/sin(
II
How is related to our slit/screen setup?
Path difference between light rays from top and bottom of slit is
sinax
differencepath
2
difference phase
sin
2
d
From earlier (2-slit)
sin2 a
Single-slit diffraction: intensity distribution
2
0 2/
)2/sin(
II
sin2 a
2
0 /)(sin
)/)(sinsin(
a
aII