phy ana lab- muscular system - copy

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MUSCULAR SYSTEM




Types of Ordinary Body Movements




Flexion

a movement in the sagittal

plane that decreases the

angle of the joint and

brings two bones closertogether

ex. bending of knee or

elbow

bending forward at the

hip




Extension

Movement thatincreases the angle or

the distance between

two bones or parts of

the body

Ex. Straightening of the

knee or elbow




Hyperextension

If extension is greaterthan 180

chin points toward the

ceiling




Abduction

Moving a limb awayfrom the midline or

median plane of the

body

Fanning or movement

of the fingers or toes

when they spread apart


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Adduction

Opposite of abduction

Moving/movement of alimb toward the body

midline



Body Movements

Figure 6.13d



Rotation

Movement of a bonearound its longitudinal

axis

Common movement of

ball and socket joint



Body Movements

Circumduction

Combination of flexion,extension, abduction

and adduction

Commonly seen in balland socket joints

Proximal end is

stationary and distalend moves in circles

Figure 6.13d



Body Movements

Supination

Opposite of pronation



Inversion

Turning the sole of thefoot so that if faces

medially




Eversion

opposite of inversion

turning the sole of the

foot so that if faces

laterally




Dorsiflexion

movement of the anklethat moves the instep of

the foot up

Standing on your heels




Plantar flexion

Straightens the ankle joint causing the toes to

point downward




Types of Muscles Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a

certain movement

ex. Pectoralis majorErector spinae – extends the back

Brachialis – flexes elbow

Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

Ex. Triceps brachii- extend forearm biceps brachii- antagonist

Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement

and helps prevent rotation

ex. Brachioradialis-brachialis (flex forearm)

Pronator teres – assist Brachialis in flexing the forearm

Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover




Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight)

Relative size of the muscle

Example: maximus (largest)

minimus (small)





Location of the muscle

Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis, deltoid )

Number of origins

Example: triceps (three heads)

biceps ( two heads)

quadriceps ( four heads)





Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

Example: sternocleidomastoid

Shape of the muscle

Example: deltoid (triangular)

Action of the muscle

Example: flexor and extensor (flexes orextends a bone)




Origin

Point of attachment whichis more proximal and

more fixed

Insertion

more distal and moremovable (flexible) point

of attachment

Belly Fleshy or middle part of a

muscle




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Epicranius-

•

Frontalis

Origin

cranial aponeurosis

(galea aponeurotica)

Insertion

skin of eyebrows

Action

Draws scalp anteriorly

Raises eyebrows

/ C SC S




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Epicranius-

•

OccipitalisOrigin

Mastoid and occipital

bone

Insertion

Margin of Cranial

aponeurosis (galea

aponeurotica)

Action

Wrinkles forehead

Draws scalp posteriorly

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Orbicularis oculi

Origin

Orbit

Insertion

Circular path of orbit

Action

Closes eye

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Zygomaticus

major

Origin

Zygomatic bone

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Raises angle of the

mouth as in smiling

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Zygomaticus

minorOrigin

Zygomatic bone

Insertion

upper lip

Action

Elevates upper lip

Exposes maxillary teeth

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Buccinator

(trumpeter’smuscle)

Origin

Maxilla and mandible

Insertion

Angle of mouthAction

Compresses cheek as in

whistling and blowing

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Orbicularis oris

(kissing muscle)Origin

Mandible and maxilla

Insertion Angle of the mouth

Action

Closes and puckers thelips

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Levator labii

superiorisOrigin

Maxilla

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Elevates upper lip

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Depressor

anguliorisOrigin

Mandible

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Depresses angle of mouth

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Masseter

Origin

Zygomatic arch

Insertion Mandible

Action

Raises the jawMasseter

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Temporalis

Origin

Temporal bone

Insertion Mandible

Action

Closes the jaw

Elevates mandible

Temporalis

HEAD/NECK MUSCLES




HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Sternocleidomastoid

(prayer muscle)Origin

Sternum and clavicle

Insertion

Temporal bone(mastoid process)

Action

Both muscles:

- Flexes head,

One muscle:

- rotates head toward

opposite shoulder

Sternocleidomastoid

HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES




HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES

Trapezius

Origin

Skull, vertebral column

Insertion Scapula

Action

Extends head and neck

Trapezius

MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK





Erector Spinae

IliocostalisLongissimus

SpinalisOrigin

Vertebrae and pelvisInsertion

Superior vertebrae, ribs

Action

Maintains erect posture

of vertebral column






External

IntercostalsOrigin

Ribs

Insertion Next rib

Action

expands thorax






Internal

IntercostalsOrigin

Ribs

Insertion Next rib

Action

compress thorax






Rectus abdominis

Origin

Pubis

Insertion

Sternum and fifth and

seventh ribs

Action

Flexes vertebral

column increases

pressure of abdomen

Rectus abdominis






External oblique

Origin

Last 8 ribs

Insertion

Iliac crest

Action

Compresses abdomen






Internal oblique

Origin

Iliac crest

Insertion

Last three ribs

Action

Compresses abdomen






Transversus

abdominis

Origin

Last 5 or 6 ribs

Insertion

Pubis

Action

Compresses abdomen






Trapezius

Origin

Skull, vertebral column

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Extends head and rotates

scapula

Trapezius






Rhomboideus

Origin Vertebrae

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Retracts scapula






Levator scapula

Origin Vertebrae

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Raises scapula






Serratus anterior

Origin

Ribs

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Protracts scapula






Pectoralis major

Origin

Sternum, clavicle and

first six ribs

Insertion

Greater tubercle ofhumerus

Action

Prime mover of arm

flexion Adducts and medially

rotates arm

Pectoralis major






Pectoralis minor

Origin

Ribs

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Depresses scapula






Teres major

Origin

Scapula

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Extends shoulders






Latissimus dorsi

(swimmers’s muscle)Origin

Vertebrae

Insertion Humerus

Action

Extends shoulder andadducts arm

Latissimus

dorsi






Supraspinatus

Origin

Scapula

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Abducts the arm






Infraspinatus

Origin

Scapula

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Extends and rotates arm

Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities




Deltoid

Origin

Scapular spine and clavicle

Insertion

Humerus (deltoid

tuberosity)

Action

Abducts the arm

Flexes and extends

shoulder

Deltoid







Biceps brachii

Origin

Coracoid process of

scapula

Insertion

Proximal radius

Action

Flexes elbow andsupinates forearm

Biceps brachii






Brachialis

Origin

Humerus

Insertion Proximal ulna (coronoid

process)

Action

Flexes arm






Brachioradialis

Origin

Humerus

Insertion Styloid process of

radius

Action

Flexes forearm(synergist of brachialis)






Pronator teres

Origin

Humerus and coronoid

process of ulna

Insertion

Radius

Action

Pronates forearm






Flexor carpi radialis

Origin

Humerus (medial

epicondyle)

Insertion

2nd and 3rd metacarpals

Action

Flexes wrist and abductshand






Palmaris longus

Origin

Humerus (medial

epicondyle)

Insertion

Flexor retinaculum and

palmar aponeurosis

Action Weakly flexes hand at

wrist joint






Flexor carpi ulnaris

Origin

Humerus (medial

epicondyle) and ulna

Insertion

Pisiform, hamate and 5th

metacarpals

Action Flexes and adducts hand at

wrist joint

Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities





Triceps brachii

Origin

Humerus and glenoid

fossa

Insertion

Olecranon process of

ulna

Action Extends forearm

(antagonist of biceps

brachii)

Triceps

brachii






Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Origin

Humerus

Insertion

2nd and 3rd metacarpal

Action

Extends and abducts

wrist





pp

Extensor digitorum

Origin

Humerus (lateral

epicondyle)

Insertion

Distal phalanges of 2nd to

5th digits

Action Extends fingers, flare

and adduct fingers





pp

Extensor carpi

ulnaris

Origin

Humerus (lateralepicondyle)

Insertion

5th metacarpal

Action

Extends and adducts

wrist

Antero-Medial Muscles of Hip and LowerE t iti




Extremities

Sartorius

Origin

Iliac spine

Insertion

Tibia

Insertion

Flexes thigh andlaterally rotates it

Flexes knee

n ero- e a usc es o p an owerExtremities




Extremities• Adductors

(magnus, longus,)

Origin

Ischial and pubic

rami,pubis, body of pubis

Insertion

Linea aspera of femur

Action

Adducts, flexes and

laterally rotates thigh

(synergist with thigh

extension)

Antero-Medial Muscles of Hip and LowerE t iti




Extremities

Quadriceps group

Origin Vastus lateralis – greater

trochanter of femur

Rectus femoris – pelvis

V. medialis, intermedius-femur

Insertion

Tibial tuberosity via

patellar ligament

Action

All extends knee, rectus

femoris also flexes thigh



ntero- e a usc es o p an owerExtremities




Extremities

Tibialis anterior

Origin

Tibia

Insertion

First cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

Action

Dorsiflexes foot(primemover); inverts

foot





Extremities Extensor digitorum

longus

Origin

Tibia and fibula

Insertion Distal phalanges

Action

Dorsiflexes foot





Extremities Peroneus (Fibularis)

Origin fibula

Insertion

Tarsals and metatarsals

Action

Plantar flexes and everts

foot

Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities




Gluteus maximus

Origin Sacrum and ilium and

coccyx

Insertion

Greater trochanter of

femur

Action

Extends thigh and laterallyrotates thigh

Gluteus maximus





Gluteus medius

Origin Ilium

Insertion

Greater trochanter offemur

Action

Abduct thigh and medially

rotates thigh

Gluteus medius





Tensor fasciae latae

Origin Iliac crest

Insertion

Tibia

Action

Flexes and abducts thigh


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Hamstring Group

Biceps femoris

Origin

Ishial tuberosity and

femurInsertion

Head of the fibula

Action Extends thigh

Flex knee








Hamstring Group

SemitendinosusSemimembranosus

Origin

Ischial tuberosity

Insertion

Proximal tibia

Action Extends thigh

Flexes knee

Rotates leg medially





Gastrocnemius

Origin Distal femur

Insertion

Calcaneus (heel viacalcaneal tendon)

Action

Plantar flexes foot





Soleus

Origin

Tibia and fibula

Insertion

Calcaneus

Action

Plantar flexes foot

Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum




Superficial

transverseperineus

Origin

Ischial tuberosity

Insertion

Central tendon of

perineum

Action Stabilize central

tendon of perineum





Bulbospongiosus

Origin Central tendon of perineum

Insertion

Male- corpus spongiosum of

penis

Female – pubic arch and clitoris

Action

Male-aids in urine and semen

expulsion

Female- constricts vaginalorifice, assists in erection of

clitoris





Ischiocavernosus

Origin Ischial tuberosity

Insertion

Penis or clitorisAction

Erection





Levator ani

PubococcygeusOrigin

Pubis

Insertion

Coccyx, anal canal

urethra, central

tendon of perineum

Action

Constrict anus,

urethra and vagina Resists intra-abdominal

pressure

Supports fetal head

during childbirth





Levator ani

IliococcygeusOrigin

Iliac spine

Insertion

CoccyxAction

Constrict anus,

urethra and vagina

Supports fetalhead

during childbirth

phy ana lab- muscular system - copy

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