PHYLOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

GROUP 2

1. Nana Apriliana2. Primadina Cahyati3. Simon Petrus Kita Ngatu

The difference between knowledge (pengetahuan), commonsense (pengetahuan sehari-hari) and

science (ilmu pengetahuan)

Knowledge

commonsense science

The differences between commonsense and science

Factor Commonsense Science

Purpose Useful for daily life

Find the truth, expand the understanding of knowledge,Description, Explanation,Interpretation, Prediction, Retrodiksi, discovery, Application, control

Method Without method •Qualitative •Quantitative

Language Ambiguous/vague •accurate•Verification/falsification

Brian Fay (2002:9)

Identifying

Having same experience

Deciphering

Keraf and Dua

(2001:34-39)

“knowing that”

“knowing will”

“knowing why”

“knowing how”

characteristics of the philosophy of science

• Berlaku umum(universal)

• Objective

• Systematic

• There is justification

• Autonomy

Berrling

• Universal

• Objective

• Systematic

• Methodist

• selfless

• Progresif

• Can be used

Van Melsen• Universalism

• Communism

• skepticism

• Organized

• Selfless

Robert Merton

Examples of some critics toward the characteristics of philosophy of science

Universal

• Especially for the social sciences, culture and humanities

Objective

• Social-cultural phenomenon

• Objective become intersubjective

Selfless

• science (and also technology) are required to improve human dignity/prestige right now

Methodology and Philosophy of Science

• What is Methodology?• Methodology Logic inductive &

deductive

a. Methodology

• What is Philosophy of science?• Group philosophy of science :• - Philosophy of general science• - Philosophy of specific science

b.Philosophy of

Science

Aspects of philosophy of science

1. Study of concept,

supposition, and methodology of

science, extension and reconstruction

2. Study and justify the conclusion

process

3. Study of the diversity of

science

4. Study of the consequence of

science

5. Analyze various conceptsand issues used in the scientific

method

Terminologies in philosophy of science

1. Evidence

2. concept

3. definition of

conceptual and

Operational

4. Postulate

5. Assumption

6. Hypothesis

7. theory

The scientific method and scientific assumptions:

The scientific method is scientific process that is used to get knowledge sistematically and empirically by looking at the phisical evidance

“Tidak ada temuan penelitian yang lebih bagus daripada metode yang digunakan untuk memperolehnya” (Chadwick Cs., 1991:6)

Assumptions in the scientific method:

a. There are events that occur repeatedly by following a certain pattern or plot

b. There is a belief that science is more important than foolishness

c. There is belief that experiences give a reliable basis

d. There is order of causality in the natural phenomenon, social, and human

e. There are assumptions that related to the researcher:

• - Encouragement to acquire knowledge

• - Capable to pull the essence of investigated phenomena

• - The scientific community supports an empirical method as a search of science

Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

What is epistemology?

What is philosophy of science?

Karl Raimund Popper physics professor and logician paradigm positivism “he

did not discriminate clearly between epistemology and philosophy of science”

Epistemology = Philosophy of Science

LOGIC AND METHODOLOGY

A. LOGIC

In term of philosophy how to draw conclusion : rightly and exactly.

Inductive and deductive logic.

B. METHODOLOGY

Ethimology methodos and logos. Methodos meta: overcome and hodos: way (how).

the way of how to acquire or develope knowledge.

Clasifiction of Science

Logic tells about the process of drawing conclussion in general.Methodology focus on the steps of conducting research inspecific. Because of that methods are parts of logic.

The classification of science generally depands on thedefference of the characteristics or features of the objeck ofscience.

What are they ?????????

Clasification of Science

No Science Subject -Object

Method Aim

1 Formal Science (a priori)

Objeknyadunia IIIUniversal

Deductive axiomatic

certaintyUniversality

2 Natural Science

Object: inorganic

EmpiricDeduktiveInduktive

Causal-mecanic explanationPredictionRetrodictionNomotetic

3 Ilmu Hayat Object: organic EmpiricDeduktifInduktif

ExplanationFungsional

Continue......

4 Social Science

Human being and Society

Empiric, deduktive, induktive, intuitive, phenomenologic and hermeneutic

explanationQualitativeVerstehen

5 Culturalscience

Human being and their activities and their creation

Empiric, Phenomenologi, Hermeneutika, semiotika

DeskripsiVerstehenQualitative

Natural science Socio and cultural Science

=physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology. (the aims of this science is Nomothetic)

=Human being dan society (social science)

= Human being and their creation (cultural science)

Views of Science

1. Faris BaconHe emphasized the importance of new method (novumorganum), that is experiment method in developing science. Science is developed for human welfare, so science is power.

2. Copernicus GalileoHe found the theory of “heliocentric” in which the sun at the center in our solar system. The geocentric view has changed to heliocentric.

3. NewtonHe initiated the theory of gravitation, calculus and optic. He applied the scientific principal in conducting his research.

4. Rene DescratesHe initiated the Cartesian revolution. He placed racionalaspect as a dominant factor in searching the concept of truth. So he proposed his idea of “cogito ergo sum”.

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