phylum cnidaria jellyfish, coral, sea anemone, and hydroids

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Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

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Page 1: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Page 2: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Cnidarians• Stinging cell animals

• Also Known As: Coelenterates: “Hollow Gut”

• Radial Symmetry: similar body parts surrounding a central axis

Page 3: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Body Plan

• No segments: oral and aboral sides• Hydrostatic Skeleton: fill body cavity with water

to remain upright.• Shrink down as defense• Organized at tissue level. (No true organs)• Epidermis: outer cells (ectoderm)• Gastrodermis: lines stomach (endoderm)• Mesoglea: middle layer of gelatinous material; can

be thick or thin.

Page 4: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 5: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Digestion

• Food is digested in the sac-like digestive cavity (only one opening)

• Extracellular and intracellular digestion

• Extracellular: outside of cells

• Intracellular: inside of cells

• Waste is expelled out of the mouth

Page 6: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Unique Features

• Cnidoblasts: stinging cells• Inside each cell is a nematocyst, coiled thread with

barb at the end.• The nematocyst can be discharged by either

physical or chemical stimulus.• Physical- cnidocil (modified flagella) acts as a

trigger• Contain a poisonous neurotoxin, varies by species

Page 7: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 8: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Cnidoblast

Page 9: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Nematocyst

Page 10: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Nervous System• Nerve cells interconnect to form a nerve net

Page 11: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Life Cycle

• Jellyfish have separate sexes• Both sexual and asexual reproduction• Sexual: external or internal (depending on

species), sperm and egg form a zygote which grows into a swimming larva called the planula.

• In some cases the planula attaches to a hard substrate and develops into a polyp.

Page 12: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Life Cycle cont.

• The polyp resembles an upside-down jellyfish medusa.

• Small umbrella like medusas break off from the polyp by budding (asexual)

Page 13: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 14: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Classification of Cnidarians

• Class Hydrozoa- Hydra, Physalia, and Obelia

• Class Scyphozoa- True Jellyfish

• Class Cubozoa- box jellyfish

• Class Anthozoa- Corals and Sea Anemones

Page 15: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Class Hydrozoa

• Usually colonial, except Hydra

• Composition of colonies- 3 types

1. Gastrozoid- responsible for feeding

2. Gonozoids- responsible for sexual reproduction

3. Dactyliozoids- responsible for defense; have numerous nematocysts.

Page 16: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 17: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 18: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 19: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Class Scyphozoa

• All marine; medusa is dominant life cycle• Mesoglea is a large part of the body (mostly

dead matter)• Gastroderm have nematocysts; food may be

eaten alive• More toxic than hydrozoans• Well developed sensory organs and glands

- eyespot and chemoreceptors

Page 20: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 21: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 22: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 23: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 24: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Class Cubozoa

• Cube-like jellyfish

• Have four flattened, blade-like structures called pedalia

• Complex eyes with lenses and retinas (no brain though)

• Only 16 species: Irukandji and Chironex- deadly box jellyfish. Can kill a human in minutes.

Page 25: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Irukandji: Carukia barnes

• One of, if not the deadliest box jellfish.

• 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter

Page 26: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Box Jellyfish Sting

Page 27: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 28: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Chironex- Sea Wasp

Page 29: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 30: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 31: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Class Anthozoa

• No medusa stage in life cycle

• Polyps produce eggs and sperm that develop into planula larva

• Solitary: sea anemone

• Colonial: coral

Page 32: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Tube Sea Anemone

Page 33: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Sea Anemone

Page 34: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 35: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Soft Coral

Page 36: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Corals and Coral Reefs

• Corals are colonial cnidarians• Dominant form is the polyp• Coral reef is a massive structure composed

of calcium carbonate built by coral polyps and the organisms that live with in them

• The polyps take up calcium in the sea water and zooxanthellae, which live inside the polyp, take up CO2, which make limestone

Page 37: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Zooxanthellae

Page 38: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Hard Coral

Page 39: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Coral Reefs

• Found only in tropical areas

• Warm and clear water

• Shallow water- zooxanthellae require sunlight to photosynthesize

• Zooxanthellae are the primary producers of the coral reef

Page 40: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Coral Reef Formation

• Fringing Reef: occurs when a seamount pierces the sea surface to form an island and provides a base on which the coral can grow

• Barrier Reef: occurs if a seamount subsides slowly enough and the coral continues to grow upward at a rate that is not exceeded by the rising water. A lagoon is formed.

• Atoll- occurs if the seamount disappears below the surface and the coral reef is left as a ring.

Page 41: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 42: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 43: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Atafu Atoll: South Pacific

Page 44: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Symbiosis and Cnidarians

• Symbiosis: literally means to live together

1. Mutualism: both organisms benefit from living together

2. Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

3. Parasitism: one organism benefits, one is harmed.

Page 45: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Clownfish and Anemones

Page 46: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Sea Anemones and Clownfish

• Usually, fish the size of clownfish are stung and eaten by an anemone

• Clownfish become immune to the anemones nematocysts because of a mucus coating

• The mucus inhibits the anemone’s sting• The anemone provides protection and scraps of food

for the clownfish• The clownfish lures prey into the anemone and

cleans the anemone• What kind of relationship is this?______________

Page 47: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Coral and Zooxanthellae

Page 48: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Corals and Zooxanthellae

• Zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates that are taken up by the coral polyps.

• Zooxanthellae contain chloroplasts• Coral use the glucose made by the zooxanthellae

as an energy supplement• The zooxanthellae benefit because they are

protected and receive nutrients from the coral polyp.

• What type of relationship is this? _____________

Page 49: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies

Take notes on your own sheet of paper, only write down what is

underlined.

Page 50: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Ctenophora

Page 51: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Ctenophora

• Group of 100 species• Oval shaped with radial symmetry• Resemble cnidarians but are NOT!• Swim with 8 rows of ciliary combs (long cilia

fused at the base)• Cilia refract light which

cause a rainbow effect.• Body length varies from a few centimeters to 2

m long.

Page 52: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Habitat• Exclusively marine

• Can be found in cold or warm water

Page 53: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Diet

• Carnivores

• Consume fish larvae and plankton

• Can expand stomach to eat organisms twice their size.

• Capture prey with two long tentacles armed with sticky cells called colloblasts

• A few species have nematocysts

Page 54: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction

• Hermaphrodites

• No polyp form; only medusa

Page 55: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Life Cycle

Page 56: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 57: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 58: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

Deep Sea Comb Jelly

Page 59: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids
Page 60: Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemone, and Hydroids

On a sheet of paper do the following

1) Title the paper: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora Lab

2)Number your paper from 1-22

3)Leave space on #11, #14 and #16 for drawings (about 5 lines)

4)Use your Porifera Notes and Cnidaria Notes to answer the questions (answers only, don’t worry about writing the questions)