phys 2850 t19 earth observation applications a smith 2014 march_2014

1Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 1

Physics 2850Imaging Science and

Technologies in Todays World

Earth Observation Applications

Anne M. SmithDepartment of Geography, University of Lethbridge

Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, Alberta

Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications

Passive Active

Types of remote sensing

e.g. AVHRR, MODISSPOT, Landsat, ASTER, AWiFS,QuickBirdIKONOS, Hyperion, Aircraft, UAV

e.g. Radarsat-1, Radarsat-2, SSM/I. AMSR-E, TerraSAR-X

Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 2Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications

2Remote sensing

Acquisition of information about the Earths surface from a distance.Variety of platforms

http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html


Satellite sensors

SensorSwath width(km)

Spatial resolution

(m)

Spectral bands

Temporal resolution

(Days)Cost

AVHRR 2399 1100 4 1 $0.00 /km2

MODIS2330

250500

1000

25

291 $0.00 /km2

Landsat-5 Landsat 7 ETM+

185 306061 16 $0.00/km

2

SPOT-5 60 510-2014 26 $4.00

#/km2

RapidEye 77 5 5 5.5 $1.40#/km2

Quickbird/ Worldview 16.5

0.5/0.62.0/2.4

14 3.5 $22.00

#/km2

Airborne/UAS Variable Variable Variable As required $4.00-$7.00 /acImaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 4Spring 2014


3Page 5


Ocean and ice monitoring ship detection, wind and surface-wave field estimation,

sea ice monitoring, ocean blooms, climate change Disaster monitoring oil spills, earthquakes, tsunami, hurricanes, nuclear

accident, flooding, fire Land use change Vegetation, minerals, hydrology, urbanization

Vegetation health Disease, insect damage, moisture, nutrients, yield

Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldSpring 2014Earth Observation Applications

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Who can use this information?Relief agenciesPolicy makers and land managers GovernmentsIndustry ScientistsPublic Impact assessment, risk analysis, habitat analysis


4Sea Ice Monitoring


Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 7

Sea Ice MonitoringSeptember/March

(min/max)Septemberave extent (106 km2)

Marchave extent (106 km2)

1979-2000 7.0 15.7

1999/2000 6.2 15.3

2000/2001 6.3 15.6

2001/2002 6.8 15.4

2002/2003 6.0 15.5

2003/2004 6.2 15.1

2004/2005 6.1 14.7

2005/2006 5.6 14.4

2006/2007 5.9 14.7

2007/2008 4.3 15.2

2008/2009 4.7 15.2

2009/2010 5.4 15.1

2010/2011 4.9 14.6

2011/2012 4.6 15.2

2012/2013 3.6 15.0



Special Sensor Microwave/Imagers (SSM/Is) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E)

Exploits different microwave emissions from sea ice and open water

Implications for Climate Change

September 14, 1984

September 13, 2012

5Sea Ice Monitoring

The Canadian Ice Service analysts use the Radarsat images on a daily basis to monitor the ice flows in Canadian waters

Petermann glacier, northern Greenland August 4, 2010 enormous chunk

of ice (250 km2) largest iceberg in the last 50

years.

Radarsat-2 ScanSAR Wide mode July 31, 2010 August 7, 2010 August 14, 2010 August 17, 2010.



Greenland

Nunavut

EllesmereIsland

Sea Ice Monitoring



The Canadian Ice Service analysts use these Radarsat images on a daily basis to monitor the ice flows in Canadian waters

Petermann glacier, northern Greenland August 4, 2010 enormous chunk

of ice (250 km2) largest iceberg in the last 50

years.

Radarsat-2 ScanSAR Wide mode September 9, 2010 September 11, 2010 September 13, 2010

Petermann fjord

13 km long fragment 1.9 km/h

6Sea Surface Temperature

Sea surface temperature measured by the AVHRR sensor on a NOAA Polar Orbiting Satellite.

The Gulf Stream is very visible as the red filament separating the yellow and blue regions.

Knowledge of the location of this very strong current is important for ship routing, and for the commercial fishing industry.

Red = warm, Blue = cold



Sea Algal Blooms

Vancouver Island, BC

MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

June 25, 2006 Wind and ocean currents Phytoplankton

photosynthesis and support fish populations.


Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldPage 12

7Page 13

Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion Gulf of Mexico. April 21, 2010

Landsat 7 ETM+Optical sensor

Oil spills


ALI, April 25,2010

Page 14

Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion Gulf of Mexico. April 21, 2010

Oil spill monitoring

Original oil rig location

TerraSAR-X radar sensor

Launched June 15, 2007


Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World

8 April 24, 1986 Ukraine, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Reactor #4 exploded Radioactive fallout

http://earthshots.usgs.gov.Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications


Chernobyl

fallouthttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/02/chernobyl-25-years-after-_n_816902.html#s233577

Chernobyl

Spring 2014T19: Earth Observation Applications A

Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldP.M. Teillet

Page 16

>400 x radioactive material released by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

released 1/100 to 1/1000 of the total amount of radioactivity released by nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s and 1960s.[

~100,000 km of land was significantly contaminated with fallout, the worst hit regions being in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.

9City of Pripyat, Ukrainebefore and after Chernobyl Nuclear Plant disaster as seen using Landsat TM

May 31, 1986

Landsat 5 TM image, false colour composite

26 July 1992

Landsat 4 TM image, false colour compositehttp://earthshots.usgs.gov.



Page 17

Chernobyl

Before and after Chernobyl Nuclear Plant disaster as seen using Landsat TMhttp://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots



April 29, 1986 July 26, 1992 June 5, 2011

Chernobyl

10

Mt. St. Helens

Yakima

Pullman

Volcanic eruption



Mount St. Helens WA, USA May 18th, 1980, 08:32

Volcanic eruption: Mount St. Helens WA, USA Landsat images over three decades.

Aug 29th 1979 Sept 24th 1980 Aug 23rd 1981

Jul 22nd 1985 Sept 22nd 1990 Aug 19th 1995

Aug 16th 2000 Aug 14th 2005 Aug 12th 2010

11

RADARSAT-1 September 2, 2006, S6 May 5, 2008, S1 submerged ground = red partially submerged vegetation

areas = pale blue

Flooding

Saint John River in New BrunswickMay 2008



2000 2005 2010

Shrinking of the Aral Sea

Time series of Landsat true colour composite images.B=Band 1 (450-520 nm), G=Band 2 (520-600 nm) and R=Band 3 (630-690 nm)

1960 shoreline



Year Area (cubic kilometers) Salt content (g/liter)

1960 >700 14

2007 75 100

12



Shrinking of the Aral Sea

Aralsk, Kazakstan

September 1977 September 1998 September 2010

Landsat 2 Landsat 5 Landsat 5

Aralsk to Aral Sea0 km



Urban Development


20002002200320042005200620072008200920102011

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) False Colour Composite Images (15 m spatial resolution)

13



Urban Development

Las Vegas

Time series of Landsat satellite images shows development.

True colour images Blue band (450-520 nm) = BGreen band (520-600 nm) =GRed band (630-690 nm) = R

19721986199220002011

Year Population (x 1000)

1972 2731986 6081992 8632000 13762010 1951


Urban Development

Las Vegas Landsat time series Analysis and classification Land cover Land use Changes over time

1994

19941972

14

Athabasca oil sands



Landsat true colour composite images (30 m spatial resolution) Athabasca oil sands

Spring 2014T19: Earth Observation Applications A


Page 28

Athabasca oil sands

1984

2001

2011

Classification of images or simple digitization can be used to estimate growth from over time Substantial growth 2001-2011

15

Oil and Gas-GIS Analysis 2001 NWA Infill Project

29Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development

CFB Suffield NWA (pre-infill--1997)

30Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and sustainable Resource Development

16

CFB Suffield NWA (post-infill--2001)

31Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and sustainable Resource Development

Lost grazing (by area): loamy (12.5%), sands (11.1%), choppy sandhills (1.8%)32

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Canadian grasslands

Grassland Cultivated crop

C emission 26 Mg ha-1

C sequestration0.5 Mg ha-1 year-1 Photographs courtesy of

G. Bourgeois, M. Didkowsky,R. Bourchier, J. Nicholsen, G. Larson, C. Kloppenburg.

2



Grassland spatial extent and fragmentation

Page 34

18


Newell, Taber, Cypress and Forty Mile County.

Highlights areas of change

Validation? lack of historic

ground data Local

knowledge

County Unchanged To crop To grassland Total area in ha (% change)

Newell 590714 (95) 23241 (4) 9867 (2) 623823Cypress 884880 (95) 34339 (4) 9961 (1) 929180Taber 413384 (96) 11185 (3) 4439 (1) 429009Forty Mile 424616 (98) 4724 (1) 3638 (1) 432978

Grassland change (1999-2005)


Native Prairie Vegetation Inventory 1990-1993 1:30,000 aerial photography section based % ground cover of tree, shrub, graminoid,

riparian, lake or wetland

Grassland Vegetation Inventory (GVI) colour infrared digital airborne imagery 0.5 m comprehensive biophysical, anthropogenic and land use inventory polygon-based, 5.0 ha for upland site types and 1.0 ha for wetland

site types. accuracy estimated at >90%

Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development14

19

15Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development


Updated GVI

2007 SPOT Image2006 GVI

GVI updates through satellite imagery?

DatabaseRecordAdd/edit/delete Slides courtesy of Barry

Adams AESRD

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Crop Condition Assessment Program (CCAP)

Statistics Canada Longest crop monitoring program in Canada (1987) Western Canada and US Northern Plains Crop and pasture/rangeland condition (relative measure) Based on AVHRR/MODIS satellite imagery from Early July mid-

August NDVI

Spring wheat yield based on, seeded acres and linear regression analysis

Accuracy within 5.6% of published estimates for 10 of the 13 years Federal, provincial and private stakeholders Integration remote sensing, GIS and Internet.



Spring 2014T20A: Earth Observation Applications


Page 40NDVI =(NIR-red)/(NIR+red)

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Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 41Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World

P.M. TeilletPage 41

Crop Condition Assessment

Program


Page 42

Amalgamate Values to Census of Agriculture

Regions

Spring wheat yield estimate using linear

regression and weighting by area

seeded


22



P.M. TeilletPage 43


Regions

Spring wheat yield estimate using

linear regression and weighting by

area seeded



P.M. TeilletPage 44


Regions

Spring wheat yield estimate using

linear regression and weighting by

area seeded

Year CCAP Forecast1

Statistics Canada official

estimate2

Forecast versus Statistics Canada

1989 28.8 26.8 7.4%1990 34.9 33.7 3.6%1991 31.3 33.1 -5.5%1992 31.0 31.3 -0.9%1993 29.0 32.0 -9.4%1994 29.5 30.7 -3.9%1995 29.4 32.3 -9.0%1996 35.2 36.1 -2.6%1997 33.2 36.1 -2.6%1998 31.8 33.4 -4.8%1999 36.7 37.7 -2.7%2000 34.6 36.1 -4.2%2001 28.8 27.4 -4.8%

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Anne M. SmithDepartment of Geography, University of Lethbridge

Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, Alberta

[email protected]



phys 2850 t19 earth observation applications a smith 2014 march_2014

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