phys102 lecture 9 electric currents and resistancemxchen/phys1021124/p102lec09.pdf · •...
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Phys102 Lecture 9
Electric Currents and Resistance
Key Points
• Ohm’s Law
• Resistivity
• Electric Power
• Alternating Current
References
18-1,2,3,4,5,6,7
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Electric current is the rate of flow of charge
through a conductor:
Unit of electric current: the ampere, A:
1 A = 1 C/s.
Electric Current
The instantaneous current is given by:
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The ratio of voltage to current is called the
resistance:
Ohm’s Law
1.8kW
1.5V RL VL
IL
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The resistance of a wire is directly
proportional to its length and inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional area:
The constant ρ, the resistivity, is
characteristic of the material.
Resistivity
A
l
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Resistivity This table gives the resistivity and temperature
coefficients of typical conductors, semiconductors,
and insulators.
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Power, as in kinematics, is the energy
transformed by a device per unit time:
Electric Power
or
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The unit of power is the watt, W.
For ohmic devices, we can make the
substitutions:
Electric Power
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Electric Power Example: Headlights.
Calculate the resistance of a 40-W
automobile headlight designed for 12 V.
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Current from a battery
flows steadily in one
direction (direct current,
DC). Current from a
power plant varies
sinusoidally (alternating
current, AC).
Alternating Current
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The voltage varies sinusoidally with time:
as does the current:
Alternating Current
, ,
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Multiplying the current and the voltage gives
the power:
Alternating Current
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Usually we are interested in the average power:
Alternating Current
.
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The current and voltage both have average
values of zero, so we square them, take the
average, then take the square root, yielding the
root-mean-square (rms) value:
Alternating Current
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Alternating Current Example: Hair dryer.
(a) Calculate the resistance and the peak current in a 1000-W hair dryer
connected to a 120-V line. (b) What happens if it is connected to a 240-
V line in Britain?