physical geography: weather and climate chapter 4 dr. emily berndt
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Physical Geography:Weather and Climate
Chapter 4
Dr. Emily Berndt
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I. Weather and Climate
A. Weather:
B. Climate:
C. Geographers
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Figure 4.2
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II. Air Temperature
A. Why do temperatures vary from place to place?
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II. Air Temperature
B. Earth Inclination
Figure 4.3
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II. Air Temperature
iv. What if Earth’s axis was not tilted?
Figure 4.6
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II. Air Temperature
v. Effects of Inclination
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Figure 4.5
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Figure 4.7
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Figure 4.7
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II. Air Temperature
C. Reflection and Reradiation
i. Reflection
ii. Reradiation
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Figure 4.8
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• How does the ocean temperature compare with the land temperature?
• What can you say about marine and continental environments?
Figure 4.9
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• How does the ocean temperature compare with the land temperature?
• What can you say about marine and continental environments?
Figure 4.9
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II. Air Temperature
D. Lapse Rate
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Figure 4.10
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Figure 4.11
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Figure 4.12
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
A. How do differences in air pressure from place to place affect weather conditions?
B. Why does air pressure change?
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Figure 4.13
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
C. Pressure gradient force:
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
Figure 4.14
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
Figure 4.14
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
F. The Friction Effect
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
G. The Coriolis Effect
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Figure 4.15
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
H. Global Air-Circulation Patterns
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Figure 4.16
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
Consider the type of climate at the Equator, 30°, 60° and 90°latitude.
Figure 4.16
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III. Air Pressure and Winds
iii. Jet Stream
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Global Air-Circulation Patterns
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Global Air-Circulation Patterns
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IV. Ocean Currents
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Figure 4.17
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
A. At any given time there is water vapor in the atmosphere
B. Relative Humidity: a percent representing the moisture content of the air
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
C. Precipitation:
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Consider a Rising Parcel of Air
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
D.
Figure 4.20
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
E. Types of PrecipitationFigure 4.21
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
Figure 4.22
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
Figure 4.24
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Figure 4.25
L
•Describe the clouds and precipitation at the cold front.
•Describe the clouds and precipitation ahead of the warm front.
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
F. Mid-latitude cyclone
formation
Figure 4.26
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
G. Hurricane
Figure 4.27
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Supercell
How does a rotating updraft form?
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Formation of a Mesocyclone50% of Mesocyclones produce tornadoes
Paul Markowski (STL AMS Meeting, 2008)
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V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
H. Tornado
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VI. El NinoA. Normal
Condition:
B. El Nino:
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VI. El NinoC. Southern
Oscillation:
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