1.A Review Of Chemical And Physical Principles For Human Physiology This review is provided as a basic minimum coverage of the physical and chemical organization of matter in living systems

2. The Atomic Theory

All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms

Atoms are, in turn, made up of three fundamental particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons

3. THE CARBON ATOM + - PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON ORBIT OR SHELL NUCLEUS 4. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE IN THE NUCLEUS

ELECTRONSARE IN ORBITS AROUND THE NUCLEUS

THERE ARE EQUAL NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

5. THE CARBON ATOM ORBIT OR SHELL NUCLEUS There are 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons in this atom 6. ATOMIC MASS

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE FAR MORE HEAVY THAN ELECTRONS

THE UNIT OF ATOMIC MASS IS THE MASS OF A PROTON OR NEUTRON

CARBON HAS AN ATOMIC MASS OF 12, THE TOTAL OF PROTONS PLUS NEUTRONS

7. ATOMIC NUMBER

ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS N THE NUCLEUS

THE ATOMIC NUMBER IDENTIFIES THE ELEMENT AND DISTIGUISHES IT FROM ALL OTHER ELEMENTS

THUS CARBON IS THE ELEMENT WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 6

8. THE CARBON ATOM CARBON HAS ATOMIC NUMBER 6 AND ATOMIC WEIGHT 12 ORBIT OR SHELL NUCLEUS There are 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons in this atom 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS 10. Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds

The shells or orbits which contain the electrons have characteristic occupancy capacity

The first three are 2, 8, and 8 respectively

Atoms tend to combine chemically forming either ionic or covalent bonds so that the outer orbits are complete

11. THE IONIC BOND Na Cl SODIUM HAS AN EXCESS ELECTRON, CHLORINE LACKS ONE 12. THE IONIC BOND Cl ORBITS BECOME COMPLETE BY DONATION OF AN ELECTRON POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION Na 13. THE COVALENT BOND ORBITS BECOME COMPLETE BY SHARING ELECTRONS C H H H H = C H H H H 14. CHEMICAL REACTIONS PROCESSES IN WHICH CHEMICAL BONDS ARE FORMED OR BROKEN ARE CALLED CHEMICAL REACTIONS CH 4+2O 2 CO 2 +2H 2 O 15. ENZYMES

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

CATALYSTS MAKE REACTIONS GO FASTER

THEIR NAMES USUALLY END IN ASE

EXAMPLES: ATPASE, KINASE, OXIDASE, ETC.

16. MOLECULAR WEIGHTS

THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS THE SUM OF THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE MOLECULE

EXAMPLE: WATER (H 2 O), THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS 16 + 1.01 +1.01= 18.02 ATOMIC MASS UNITS

17. THE MOLE

THE WEIGHT IN GRAMS EQUIVALENT TO THE ATOMIC OR MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN ATOMIC MASS UNITS

A MOLE OF WATER HAS A WEIGHT OF 18.02 GRAMS

A MOLE OF ANY SUBSTANCE CONTAINS AVAGADROS NUMBER OF PARTICLES (6.02 x 10 23 )

18. SOLUTIONS

A SOLUTION IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

IT CONTAINS A RELATIVELY LARGE AMMOUNT OF ONE SUBSTANCE, CALLED THE SOLVENT

IT MAY CONTAIN ANY NUMBER OF SOLUTES IN A FAR LESSER QUANTITY

19. WATER AS SOLVENT

WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT

WATER HAS UNIQUE PROPERTIES UNEQUALED IN NATURE

WATER IS A POLAR COMPOUND AND IS A GOOD SOLVENT FOR IONS

WATER DOES NOT MIX WITH NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES SUCH AS OILS

20. ELECTROLYTESOLUTIONS METAL SALTS FORMIONS UPON DISSOLVING IN WATER NaClNa + +Cl - CaCl 2Ca + +2Cl - 21. MACROMOLECULES

LARGE MOLECULES CAN BE FORMED WITH COVALENT BONDS BETWEEN SMALLER SUBUNITS

IN CHEMISTRY THESE ARE CALLED POLYMERS

22. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

HIGH ENERGY BIOMOLECULES (ATP)

23. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF REACTIVE PARTS OF THE MOLECULES CALLED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

ONE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS THE ORGANIC ACID

24. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDSCAN BE PROTON DONORS OR ACCEPTORS

PROTON DONORS ARE ACIDS

PROTON ACCEPTORS ARE BASES

ACIDS AND BASES REACT TO NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER FORMING SALTS

25. ACID/BASE REACTIONSHCl+NaOHNaCl+H 2 O ACID+BASESALT+WATER 26. CARBOHYDRATES

CONTAIN C, H AND O (nCH 2 O)

SIMPLE SUGARS ARE MONOSACCHARIDES (GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE)

SUGARS FORM POLYMERS: STARCH OR GLYCOGEN (USUALLY A STORAGE FORM)

SIMPLE SUGARS ARE WATER SOLUABLE

27. LIPIDS

FATTY ACIDS

TRIGLYCERIDES

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

STEROIDS

CHOLESTEROL

28. PROTEINS

POLYMERS MADE FROM 20 AMINO ACIDS JOINED IN PEPTIDE BONDS

MANY IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING ENZYMES

THE RESULT OF THE GENETIC CODE IN DNA

29. PROTEIN STRUCTURE

PRIMARY: THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS CODED IN DNA

SECONDARY: FOLDING INTO HELICAL OR SHEET STRUCTURES DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDING AND OTHER FACTORS

TERTIARY: SIDE CHAINS INTERACT

QUATENARY: AGGREGATES FORM

30. NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA: A DOUBLE HELIX FORMED BY TWO POLYMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

RNA: A SINGLE POLYMER OF NUCLEIC ACID

COMPLEMENTARYPAIRS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ENABLE MOLECULES TO DUPLICATE OR COPY EACH OTHER, THE BASIS FOR THE GENETIC CODE

31. ENERGY CURRENCY ATP, ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE,IS A HIGH ENERGY COMPOUNDWHICH STORES AND TRANSFERSENERGY A-P-P-PA-P-P+P+ENERGY