physical properties of halogens
DESCRIPTION
Physical properties of halogens. Electronic configurations. Halogens are in group VII of the periodic table and so have seven electrons in their outer shell. F 1s2 2s2 2p5 Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5 Br 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5 4s2 (3d10) 4p5 I 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5 4s2 (3d10) 4p5 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Physical properties of halogens
Electronic configurations
• Halogens are in group VII of the periodic table and so have seven electrons in their outer shell.
• F 1s2 2s2 2p5• Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5• Br 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5 4s2 (3d10) 4p5• I 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5 4s2 (3d10) 4p5 5s2 (4d10) 5p5
Bonding• Halogens require one electron to
complete their outer shell.
• This can be obtained by gaining an electron to form a halide anion.
• Eg: Cl + e- → Cl-
• Alternatively they can share electrons in a single covalent bond;
•Clx + Hx → ClxxH
Diatomic molecules
• The halogens are found in their native states as diatomic molecules.
• F:F
• Cl:Cl
• Br:Br
• I:I• Halogens form simple molecular lattices held
together by weak van der Waals forces.
Chlorine is a pale green gas at room temp and pressure.
Bromine is an orange brown liquid at room temp and pressure.
It has a low BP and is highly volatile.
Iodine is a grey, silvery solid at room temperature and pressure.
Iodine will not melt, on heating it sublimes, forming a purple gas.
MPs and BPs
MP (oC) BP (oC)
F -220 -188
Cl -101 -35
Br -7 59
I 113
Plot the MPs and BPs and explain the trend in terms of structure/bonding.
MPs and BPs of halogens
• The MPs and BPs increase down the group.
• This is because there are more electrons in the atoms.
• Which means that the van der Waals forces between molecules become stronger.
• So more energy is required to break them and melt or boil the sample.
Solubility of halogens
Organic layer non-polar solvent.
Aqueous layer polar
solvent
Halogens are more soluble in non-polar than in polar
solvents.
The bond between
atoms is not polarised.
Bromine water shaken with hexane.
Chlorine is more soluble in organic
solvents.
Aqueous layer
Chlorine is not very soluble in
water, but reacts to form pale
green chlorine water.
Solubility of chlorine
Solubility of bromine
Bromine readily dissolves in
water to give an orange brown
solution.
Bromine is more soluble in organic
solvents.
Solubility of iodine
Iodine is not very soluble in water.
But it is much more soluble in
KI, giving a yellow brown solution.
Iodine is much more soluble in
organic solvents.
Aqueous layer
Organic layer