Implement the light effect as seen in KIT, the Knight Rider car from the 80'sTV series with David Hasselhoff.

The sequence should be activated when a user presses a button

HOMEWORK: KNIGHT RIDER

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HOMEWORK: SOLVING IT

Besides wiring the breadboard, you had to write the program needed to make it work.The “clever” solution makes use of arrays, we iterate through them using a FOR loop.

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PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING

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Lab 2: Analog & Digital

With the Arduino prototyping board

for(counter=0; counter<end; counter++){}

1)The FOR loop is a software construct that will execute a block of code a number of times.

2)The code will be looped until a certain condition is met

3)FOR loops are constructed with an initialization value, a condition statement, and a counting statement4)We use them to iterate a certain action a determined amount of times

counter initialization

FOR LOOP

condition counterincrement / decrement

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ARRAYS1) ARRAYS are sets of indexed values arranged in order in

the processor's memory

2) All the elements in an array have an unique identifier3) The different “positions” in the array are addressed through

numerical index values between squared brackets

4) Array constructors include the type, and the size of the array (the number of elements they consist of)

5) The elements of an empty array are NULL (nothing)

6) It is possible to initialize an array with a specific set of values:

E.g. int theList[] = {1, 3, 'e', 19};

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WHAT IS “ANALOG”?

The real world is NOT digital.

Temperature fluctuation, for example, involves a range of values and generally does not changes abruptly over time.

Using analog sensors we measure environmental parameters like temperature, light intensity, etc.

These are a set of analog values

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Are sensors which transform environmental parameters into a multi-level voltage value (between 0 and 5 volts)

There are many types of sensors that provide us with analog voltage values:

LDR (or CDS): light dependent resistors aka light sensors

NTC and PTC: temperature dependent resistors aka temperature sensorsPotentiometers and sliders: angle and position dependent resistors

ANALOG SENSORS

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READING ANALOG VALUES Microprocessors cannot handle analog values as humans

do. They need to be translated into digital data, something the microchip can understand.

Sensors transform real world data like the temperature into a voltage value between 0 and 5 volts. These values are different from the HIGH (1) and LOW (0) that characterize digital signals, because they can take any value between 0 and 5 volts. E.g: 0.3 volts, 3.27 volts, 4.99 volts are possible values.

The readings resolution depends on the capabilities of the processor/microcontroller you are using. Arduino can distinguish 1024 different levels between 0 and 5 volts.

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Are devices which change resistance (and thus the voltage) when you twist or slide them.

Arduino can measure the voltage which flows through them.

We can use this data to control other things, like LED’s.

We call potentiometer those that rotate around one of their axis We call sliders those that move linearly along one of their axis

POTENTIOMETERS vs SLIDERS

A circuit using a potentiometer

A circuit using a slider

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CONNECTING THE POTENTIOMETERPotentiometers are useful for improvising quick interfaces. The recommended resistive value is 10 Kilo Ohms. (10K)

On the Arduino board there are 6 Analog Input pins, they are numbered from 0 to 5. Analog inputs are not declared in the setup of the programs, unlike the Digital Inputs.

We will use this easy circuit to control the oscillation speed of the basic Blink-LED example

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analogRead(pin number); Returns the value from a specific analog

port Values from 0 to 1023 0v = 0 5v = 1023

READING THE SENSOR

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int potPin = 2; // select the input pin for the potentiometer

int ledPin = 13; // select the pin for the LED

int val = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the // sensor

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT

}

void loop() {

val = analogRead(potPin); // read the value from the sensor digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the ledPin on

delay(val); // stop the program for some time

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the ledPin off

delay(val); // stop the program for some time

}

EXAMPLES ► ANALOG ►ANALOG INPUT

LDR

Light dependent resistor

We call the resistor a “pull up” resistor It is usually 10K You can use exactly the same code as in the previous example

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FADING LEDS1) LEDs are Light Emmitting Diodes, and can only be turned on or off.

2) However, it is possible to fake their level of intensity through the use of a mathematical trick called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) which will be explained later.

3) In essence, what you need to know for making the next experiment, is that there is a function called analogWrite(pin, intensity) that will write an analog value to one of the PWM-labelled pins on your prototyping boards.

4) PWM runs in parallel to the rest of Arduino, which means it will not stop any of the other processes which are running.

5) Hook up one LED with it's correspondent resistor to e.g. pin 10, and execute the following example.

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EXAMPLES ► ANALOG ► FADING LEDint value = 0; // variable to keep the actual value

int ledpin = 9; // light connected to digital pin 9

void setup() { // nothing for setup

}

void loop() {

for(value = 0; value <= 255; value+=5) // fade in (from min to max) {

analogWrite(ledpin, value);

delay(30); // waits for 30 milliseconds

}

for(value = 255; value >=0; value-=5) // fade out (from max to min) {

analogWrite(ledpin, value);

delay(30);

}

}

SERIAL COMMUNICATION

USING THE SERIAL LIBRARY

Serial.xxxxSerial defines a method to use the serial port

Serial.begin(baud); Placed in setup to initiate serial communication ”baud” is baudrate (”communication-speed”)

Serial.print();Writes (sends) something to the serial port

Serial.println();Writes (sends) with cr and lf

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PROGRAMMING SUMMARY

Commonly used Arduino methods:

int analogRead(pin);reads an analog value from an analog pin number

analogWrite(pin, value);writes a time-dependant signal through the use of the so-called PWM pins

Serial.println(data);sends data back to the computer to be seen through the serial monitor

Serial.begin(baud);opens the serial communication at baud speed

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