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PHYSICAL SECURITY MEASURES FRAMEWORK FOR MARIB POWER PLANT
ANAS MUSTAFA MOHAMMED AL-AGHBARI
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Computer Science (Information Security)
Faculty of Computing
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2013
iii
This project report is dedicated to my parents for their endless support and
encouragement. Also I dedicated my wife and my kids who supported me
emotionally during my study.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to Ministry of
Defense in Yemen that sponsored me in my study and to my supervisor Dr.
Norafida Bint Ithnin for her constant support during my study at UTM. She
inspired me greatly to work in this project. Her willingness to motivate me
contributed tremendously to our project. I have learned a lot from him and I am
fortunate to have him as my mentor and supervisor
Besides, I would like to thank the authority of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) for providing me with a good environment and facilities such as Computer
laboratory to complete this project with software which I need during process.
v
ABSTRACT
Power plants infrastructure is very important infrastructure because electricity
related with all aspect in our life. To be success infrastructure Power Plant must has
good security protection from the attacks. Physical security is the most important
because it is the first layer in security. In Yemen there are 18 power plants and
generate around 1268.05MW of electricity 835.5MW Using steam and gas and
432.55 using Diesel. Marib Power Plant the largest station in Yemen Republic and
cost $159.016000, it is include 341 MW and cover 27% from electricity in Yemen
while 73% come from others 18 power plants. Moreover, Marib Power Plant
supplies electricity to the capital city in Yemen Sana’a and other neighboring areas.
However, Marib Power Plant faces many physical attacks, the high risky attacks was
local armed tribesman, bombing and sabotage. According to the reports from
ministry of electricity, the attacks that happen caused a lot of problems for the
government (Social, political and economic). Therefore, this study aims to design
physical security measures framework for Marib Power Plant to reduce the physical
security attacks. The framework included many measures (Deterrence, Detection,
Delay, Response and Army role). Validation of this framework conducted by two
types: firstly, by conduct the interview with expert in Marib Power Plant, secondly,
by the hypotheses testing between the components of the framework. The results
from this study showed that, very important to reduce the attacks on Marib Power
Plant.
vi
ABSTRAK
Infrastruktur loji kuasa merupakan infrastruktur yang sangat penting kerana
ia melibatkan tenaga elektrik sekaligus mengaitkan semua aspek dalam kehidupan
kita. Untuk menjadi infrastruktur yang berjaya, Loji Kuasa mesti mempunyai
perlindungan keselamatan yang baik dari serangan. Keselamatan fizikal adalah yang
paling penting kerana ia adalah lapisan pertama keselamatan. Di Yaman terdapat 18
loji kuasa yang menjana sekitar 1268.05MW daripada 835.5MW elektrik
menggunakan wap dan gas serta menggunakan 432.55 MW Diesel. Stesen Loji
Kuasa Marib adalah yang terbesar di Republik Yaman dan kosnya adalah $
159.016000 ini adalah termasuk 341 MW dan meliputi 27% daripada tenaga
elektrik di Yaman, manakala 73% datang daripada 18 loji kuasa yang lain. Selain
itu, Stesen Loji Kuasa Marib membekalkan elektrik ke ibu kota Sana'a di Yaman
dan kawasan-kawasan jiranya. Walau bagaimanapun, Stesen Loji Kuasa Marib
menghadapi serangan fizikal yang banyak, serangan berisiko tinggi adalah dari puak-
puak tempatan yang bersenjata, pengeboman dan sabotaj. Menurut laporan daripada
kementerian elektrisiti, serangan yang berlaku menyebabkan banyak masalah
kepada kerajaan (sosial, politik dan ekonomi). Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk
mereka bentuk rangka keselamatan fizikal iaitu langkah-langkah untuk
mengurangkan serangan keselamatan fizikal keatas Loji Kuasa Marib. Rangka kerja
ini termasuk banyak langkah-langkah (Pencegahan, Pengesanan, Penangguhan,
Tindak Balas dan Peranan Tentera). Pengesahan rangka kerja ini dijalankan dengan
mengguakan dua kaedah: pertama, dengan mengadakan temu bual dengan pakar
Loji Kuasa Marib, kedua, dengan ujian hipotesis antara komponen rangka kerja
tersebut. Hasil daripada kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa, amat penting untuk
mengurangkan serangan keatas Loji Kuasa Marib.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
1 PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Background 3
1.3 Problem Statement 5
1.4 Aim of The Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Objectives of the Study 6
1.6 Scope of the Study 7
1.7 Significant of the Study 7
1.8 Thesis organization
8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 9
viii
2.2 Physical Security 9
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
Importance of Physical Security
Threats and Vulnerability
The Categories of Threats
Component of Physical Security
Threats and Vulnerability Control
Physical Security Models and Process
Concept of Physical Security Measuring
Physical Security Plan
10
10
11
14
15
16
18
25
2.3 Risk Assessment 26
2.3.1
2.3.2
Risk Assessment Framework
Risk Assessment Model
28
29
2.4 Power Plant in Developed Countries 30
2.4.1 Japan Power Plant 30
2.4.2 America Power Plant 33
2.4.3 U.K Power Plant 37
2.5 Power plants in Yemen 38
2.5.1
2.5.2
Marib Power Plant
Physical Threats on Marib Power Plant
41
41
2.6 Mapping Between Threats in Power Plant 44
2.7 Discussion 47
2.7.1 Deterrence 49
2.7.2 Physical Protection System Functions 50
2.7.3 Army Role 53
2.8 Summary
54
3 RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Operational Framework 55
ix
3.2.1 3.2.2
First Phase (Analysis Previous Studies on Physical Security
Second Phase (Propose New Elements and Propose physical security Framework for Marib Power Plant)
58
60
3.2.2.1
Design the Interview and Questionnaire
60
3.2.3 Evaluate the Framework and Final Framework
62
3.3 Summary
64
4 CHAPTER4 FRAMEWORK
IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Proposed Framework For Marib Power Plant 66
4.2.1 Deterrence 66
4.2.2 4.2.3
Physical Protection System Functions
Army Role
67
69
4.3 Proposed Framework Implementation 70
4.4 Proposed Framework and Hypotheses Development
72
4.5 Summary
74
5 ANALYSIS AND RESULT
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Validation the Components of the framework in Marib Power Plant
75
5.2.1 Personal Interview 76
5.2.2 Questionnaire 78
5.2.2.1 Demographic 78
5.2.2.2 Descriptive Analysis 79
5.2.2.3 Hypotheses Testing 86
5.3 Physical Security Measures Framework for Marib Power Plant
91
5.4 Summary 93
x
6
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction 94
6.2 Study Achievement 94
6.2.1 Interview with Expert 95
6.2.2 Hypotheses Testing 95
6.2.3 Contribution of the Study 96
6.3 Study Limitation 97
6.4 Future Study 98
6.5 Summary
99
REFRENCES 100
APPENDIX
Interview 104
Questionnaire 105
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE
1.1 Effects and Impacts of Electricity 2
2.1 Framework for Protection of Critical Infrastructure 17
2.2 Framework for Protection of Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
18
2.3 Layers of Physical Security 19
2.4 Elements of Design Physical Security 19
2.5 Procedures of Physical Security 20
2.6 Concepts of Physical Security 20
2.7 Detection Terminology Showing Element Level Hierarchy
21
2.8 Delay Terminology Showing Element Level Hierarchy
22
2.9 Response Terminology Showing Element Level Hierarchy
22
2.10 Measures For Prevent Attacks On Power Plants 23
2.11 Concepts Of Physical Security 23
2.12 Summary Of Physical Security Planning Cycle 26
2.13 Risk Assessment Overview 27
2.14 Risk Assessment Process 27
2.15 Framework Control Threats And Vulnerability 28
2.16 Risk Assessment Model 29
2.17 Total Rate Unified Power 40
xii
2.18
2.19
2.20
Physical Threats On Marib Power Plant
Level of Risk threats and Control In Marib Power Plant
Actions Comprising Detection Function
42
44
50
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
The Research Operational Framework
Deterrence to Reduce the Attacks in Marib Power Plant
Physical Protection System Function to Reduce the Attacks in Marib Power Plant
Army Role to Reduce the Attacks in Marib Power Plant
55
66
68
70
4.4
5.1
Proposed Framework
Final Physical Security Measures Framework For Marib Power Plant
72
92
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITEL
PAGE
2.1 Guidelines For Physical Security 24
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Threats On Power Plant In Japan
Threats On Power Plant In USA
Threats On Power Plant In Japan
List Of Power Plants In Yemen
33
36
37
39
2.6
2.7
2.8
Physical Security Threats And Control In Marib Power Plant In Yemen
Common Threats between Three Developed Countries and Marib Power Plant
Shearing Threats and Control Used in Three Developed Countries
43
45
46
2.9 Comparing The Physical Security Measures Between Six Studies
47
2.10 Effective Measures Used With Six Studies 48
3.1 Summary Of Research Methodology 57
3.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mapping Threats With Components
Mapping Threats With Components
Demographic Characteristics` Of Respondents
Deterrence Results
Detection Results
The Result Of Delay Component
The Result Of Response Component
Army Role Results
Correlation Between Deterrence and Physical Security
61
76
78
80
81
82
84
86
87
xiii
2.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
Correlation Between (Detection, Delay And Response) With Physical Security
Correlation Between Army Role And Physical Security
Correlation Army Role and Deterrence
Correlation Army Role and Physical protection System Functions
88
89
89
90
1
CHAPTER 1
RESEARCH INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Information security has become of great significance today because of the
extensive dissemination of information. This, in addition to the expansion of
computers and technology, has made attack on information easier to carry out.
Therefore, security must develop in sophistication along with advanced technology.
The threats may be logical or physical but as Weingart (2000) stated, a physical
attack occurrence is easy as opposed to logical. Also, Norman (2007) said that there
is no security without physical security.
So, focusing on physical security is very important because it is the first layer
of defense. Also, physical security for buildings and infrastructure is very important
to protect the information and assets from the threats and risks, because secured data
and media in storage could be damaged or stolen if the building is not well-secured.
So, secured entrance and access points can prevent potential threats and along with
this is the consideration of environmental and terrorist attacks that will damage the
building or infrastructure. So, physical security can help to maintain the building and
infrastructure to detect the attacks before they occur and to responnd as soon as
possible after their occurrence.
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3
• Business problems: the daily shut down lead to destroy many of the
merchandise, especially in retail, and stopped many of the daily
businesses
• Tourist Problems: lead to giving a bad picture of the infrastructure in
Yemen and thus, decline in tourism and investments,
• Problems investments: many investors escape from Yemen as a result
of poor infrastructure - some might say that most of the investment
projects have their own sources of electricity
• Security problems: repetitive shut down of electricity at night leads to
the risk of theft and burglary and increase of various crimes in the dark
alleys of the streets.
So, all these bring a lot of problems to the government. In other words, the
provision of good physical security will reduce the impact of threats and will
introduce good protection. This project focuses on physical security for a major
power plant in Yemen (Marib power plant).
1.2 Background of the Problem
Power plants are very important to provide electricity for in countries.
Undoubtedly, electricity is one of the most vital elements without which human
cannot proceed with the activities related to all aspects of life; for instance, in
hospital, factories and interruption in internet.
Marib faced significant security issues even before 2011. In addition to
having one of the highest levels of tribal conflict, because of the lack of government
control, militant groups used Marib as a staging ground for attacks. AQAP was
responsible for several high-profile attacks on electricity and oil resources in Marib
in 2010, as well as frequent attacks on government officials and security forces
(Gaston and al-Dawsari, 2013). Power plants in Yemen have been experiencing a
big obstacle concerning the infrastructure and some facilities in the past few years as
4
its towers, facilities and power plants became the target of attacks, specifically in
Marib province. This resulted in impacting the every aspect of Yemeni citizens’
lives.
Marib gas station is the largest station in Yemen Republic which costs around
$159.016000, provides 341 MW and provides 27% of electricity in Yemen - 73% are
provided by 18 power plants. So any problems in this station causes interruptions in a
lot of cities which means a huge area will be plunged in darkness. In addition, a lot of
companies, factories and government organization will stop working. So that will
cost the government huge spatial loss in all sides, especially in the economy.
The Yemeni news Agency reported that, Eng. Khalid Rashed said in a press
conference in Sana’a that the total attacks that affected the power transmission lines
Merib - Sana’a, reached 141attacks which costs over 33YR billion consisting of cost
of spare parts, repairs and interrupted power (Fox, 2012).
The minister of electricity and power of Yemeni stated that the ministries
agreed on Friday 22 June 2012 to stop work in Marib gas- operated power station
and draw attention toward president Hadi and the government to bring complete
protection for transmission lines.
Dr. Saleh Somai told Yemen Fox that “the ministry chose to stop Marib gas
plant because of repeated attacks by vandals and will remain out of service until the
army and security do their duties in protecting the lines. The electrical national grid
would be destroyed completely if the repeated attacks on electric power transmission
lines continued and we did nothing”. Power plants in Yemen have been experiencing
a big obstacle concerning the infrastructure and some facilities in the past few years
as its towers, facilities and power plants became the target of attacks, specifically in
Marib province. This resulted in impacting the every aspect of Yemeni citizens’ lives
(Fox 2012).
So, each building and infrastructure must have physical security, to detect and
prevent attacks from happening. Also, all the staff inside the building should be
5
familiar with physical security, by providing them with courses and seminars
(Longinow and Mniszewski, 1996), because physical security is the first phase in
protecting devices and data (Caddy, 2005) and should not be ignored in any
organization, either governmental or private. That is because successful attacks or
physical access means getting access to the information easily (Vesperman, 2002).
In addition, physical security plays an important role in protecting all the
assets responsible for the storage and data processing and operation systems
(Stallings, 2009). Although there are many types of assets that are essential for
continuity of organizational work, the most important one is the buildings because all
of the components of the organization are inside the building. Securing the building
strongly ensures weakness of the threats. The building threats include natural
disasters, criminal and terrorist attacks, political issue and accidental events (Renfroe
and Smith, 2011).
To implement a good protection for Power Plants, the facility managers
should be involved in developing a good physical security plan. That is because their
duties are planning and managing the building and infrastructure security, and thus,
they are able to identify the real risks and take the appropriate reaction that reduces
or eliminates such risks (Then and Loosemore, 2006; Lavy and Dixit, 2010).
1.3 Problem Statement
As reported by the Ministry of Electricity, more than 141 attacks were
attempted on Marib power plants and the outcome of the attacks cost the government
is over $153 Million in 2012-2013 (Fox, 2012) and there is no physical security for
frequent attacks can be protect Marib Power Plant.
Therefore, the problem statement is concerned with the need to propose
physical security measures framework to protect Marib Power Plant from the attacks.
6
1.4 Aim of the Study
The current study aims to reduce the attacks on Marib Power Plant by
proposing physical security measures framework based on the previous studies on
physical security measures and the collection of data from Marib Power Plant.
1.5 Research Questions
Due to the security risks faced by Marib power plants infrastructures and
buildings in Yemen, this project attempts to answer the following questions:
i. What are the countermeasures used in physical security and what is the
risk ranking in Marib Power Plant?
ii. What are the measures needed to be used in the framework to mitigate the
risks?
iii. How can the proposed framework be evaluated?
1.6 Objectives of the Study
This study is conducted to achieve the following objectives:
i. To study and analyze previous studies on physical security measures to get
suitable strong measures to be used, and to examine the risks in Marib
Power Plant to come up with the risk ranking.
ii. To propose physical security measures framework in Marib Power Plants.
iii. To validate the proposed framework of Marib Power Plant.
7
1.7 Scopes of the Study
To able to achieve the project objectives that have been already mentioned in
the earlier section, it is very crucial to determine the research focus boundaries that
will guard and lead in achieving the research objectives which are stated in the
following:
• The research focuses only on Marib power plants in Yemen.
• Data is collected from the top management by interviewing experts in Marib
Power Plant and distributing the questionnaire to staff in Marib Power Plant.
• The questionnaire answers are analyzed in terms of the relationship between
the security obstacles (deterrence, , detection, delay, response and defense)
and physical security measures.
• The current study is also based on the observation that the electricity was
shut down around 15 hours per day.
1.8 Significance of Study
This study contributes to reducing the attacks that happened in Marib Power
Plant. Also, the study can be applied in other critical infrastructure in Yemen to
protect it from the same attacks.
8
1.9 Thesis Organization
This project contains six chapters. Chapter one explains the problems and
significance of this project and establishes the objectives that should be achieved
from this project. Chapter two contains the literature review which discusses
previous studies dedicated to this area. In addition, the overview of Marib power
plant is also provided in Chapter two. Chapter three explains the research
methodology that is followed in completing the project while chapter four contains
the initial findings. Chapter five provides an overview of the results and chapter six
contains recommendations.
100
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