“physico-chemical & microbiological study of water”
TRANSCRIPT
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A
Rcphrt hm
Zfysikh,kfclikag / Likrhbihghnikag stu`y ho@rimeimn ^atcr im Nwagihr
Bakfcghr ho [kicmkc
Im
Bihtckfmhghny
[ublittc` th @cpartlcmt ho Bihtckfmhghny
I-A-[-K-A Khggcnc' Nwagihr
Aooigiatc` th Diwadi Smivcrsity' Nwagihr
Sm`cr Nui`amkc ho4
Lr- [urcm`ra [imnf Zarifar-Likrhbihghnist
@cpartlcmt ho Gioc [kicmkc'
IPL Smivcrsity' Nwagihr
[ublittc` By4
RAS[FAMI RAD
B-[k- Bihtckfmhghny' 3tf [clcstcr
I-A-[-K-A Khggcnc' Nwagihr
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[kfhhg ho [kicmkc' IPL SmivcrsityNwagihr
Kcrtioikatc
Pfis is th kcrtioy tfat RAS[FAMI RAD[tu`cmt ho B-[k- Bihtckfmhghny3tf [clcstcr' I-A-[-K-A Khggcnc' Nwagihr fas um`crnhmc traimimn
prhnral cmtitgc` Zfysikh,kfclikag / Likrhbihghnikag stu`y ho
^atcrIm hur Smivcrsity orhl 13tf Mhvclbcr th 3tf @ckclbcr@urimn traimimn fis( fcr khm`ukt am` prhnrcss was nhh`-
^c wisf fcr agg sukkcss im fcr outurc cm`cavhrs-
Zrhdckt nui`c4, @cam
Lr-[urcm`ra simnf parifar [kfhhg ho skicmkc
@cpartlcmt ho gioc skicmkcs IPL SMI_CR[IPY
IPL SMI_CR[IPY
IPL SMI_CR[IPY KALZS[4 [IPFHSGI' M-F- >3' DFAM[I RHA@' N^AGIHR &L-Z-) 0>0::1 IM@IA
PCG- 91,>31,200::?:' OAV4 91,>31,20;2966
C-LAIG4khmocrcmkc-itlu2:12Jnlaig-khl' tilsJitlumivcrsity-ak-im' iaskaJitlumivcrsc-im'www-itlumivcrsity-ak-im
2
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.itmuniversity.ac.in/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.itmuniversity.ac.in/ -
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@ckgaratihm
I A`ya Zusfp' stu`cmt ho B-[k- Bihtckfmhghny' 3tf sclcstcr' fcrcby
`ckgarc` tfat tfc prhdckt whre cmtitgc` Zfysikh,kfclikag /Likrhbihghnikag stu`y ho ^atcr
^fikf is bcimn sublittc` th tfc `cpartlcmt ho Bihtckfmhghny' IA[KA
Khggcnc' Nwagihr' is ly hwm whre karric` hut at 13tf Mhvclbcr th 3tf
@ckclbcr 2:11' um`cr tfc nui`amkc ho Lr- [urcm`ra [imnf Zarifar-
I `ckgarc tfat tfc whre fas mht bccm sublittc` th amy htfcr umivcrsity
hr imstitutc ohr tfc awar` ho amy `cnrcc ho `ipghla-
Zgakc4 RAS[FAMI RAD
@atc4
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Akemhwgc`nclcmt
It is a nrcat pgcasurc ohr lc th put hm rckhr` ly apprckiatihm am` nratitu`cthwar`s @r- D-G- Bfat ohr fis vaguabgc supphrt am` sunncstihm ohr tfc
ilprhvclcmt am` c`itimn ho limhr prhdckt rcphrt-
I whug` giec th spckiaggy tfames th @r- Lamhd Zatfae' @r- R-M- Nupta'
@r- Prapti Zatfae' @r- [hmia Dhfari' @r- Rcefa _asfisftfa'
Ls-Mi`fi Anrawag' Lr- Filamsfu Bfatmanar' Lr- [urcm`ra [imnf
Zarifar' Lr- [uefvccr [imnf / Lr- Arbim`ra Eular sanar Oakugty
ho @cpartlcmt ho Gioc [kicmkc IPL Smivcrsity Nwagihr &L-Z-) ohr tfcir
nui`amkc am` lhrag supphrt am` prhvi`imn imsinft th tfis traimimn tilc am`
fcgpc` lc khlpgctimn ly prhdckt rcphrt-
Gast but mht tfc gcast tfis hpphrtumity' I whug` giec th tfames @cpartlcmt
ho Gioc [kicmkc' IPL Smivcrsity' Nwagihr ohr nivimn lc tfis hpphrtumity-
RAS[FAMI RAD
B-[k- 3tf [clcstcr
I-A-[-K-A Khggcnc' Nwagihr
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KHMPCMP[
Imtrh`uktihm
Ails / Hbdcktivcs
Rcvicw ho Gitcraturc
Latcriags / Lctfh`s
Rcsugts / @iskussihmsRcocrcmkcs
Imtrh`uktihm3
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^c givc hm a Zgamct tfat is `hlimatc` by watcr- Lhrc tfam >:# ho tfc Cartfs
suroakc is khvcrc` witf tfis silpgc Lhgckugc- -[kicmtists cstilatcs tfat tfc
fy`rhspfcrc khmtaims abhut 1-;? biggihm kubik Eighlctcrs ho tfis substamkc lhstgy
im tfc ohrl ho a giqui` &watcr) tfat hkkupics thphnrapfik `cprcssihms hm tfc cartf-
^atcr is agsh csscmtiag ohr gioc- ^atcr is tfc ladhr khmstitucmt ho aglhst agg gioc
ohrls- Lhst Amilags am` pgamts khmtaim lhrc tfam ?:# watcr by vhgulc- ^itfhut
^atcr Gioc whug` prhbabgy mcvcr favc `cvcghpc` hm hur pgamct-
^atcr fas a vcry silpgc athlik strukturc- Pfis strukturc khmsists ho twh fy`rhncm
athls bhm`c` th hmc hxyncm athl- Pfc maturc ho tfc athlik strukturc ho watcr
kauscs its lhgckugcs th favc umiquc cgcktrhkfclikag prhpcrtics- Pfc fy`rhncm si`cho watcr lhgckugcs fas a sginft phsitivc kfarnc- Hm tfc htfcr si`c ho tfc lhgckugc a
mcnativc kfarnc cxists- Pfc lhgckugar phgarity kauscs watcr th bc a phwcroug
shgvcmt am` is rcsphmsibgc ohr its strhmn suroakc tcmsihm-
Nrhum` watcr is tfc ladhr [hurkc ho `rimeimn watcr im bhtf urbam am` rurag arcas-
Pfc ilphrtamkc ho nrhum` watcr ohr tfc cxistcmkc ho fulam shkicty kammht bc hvcr
clpfasizc`- Bcsi`cs' it is am ilphrtamt shurkc ho watcr ohr tfc anrikugturag am`
im`ustriag sckthr- Pigg rckcmtgy it fa` bccm khmsi`crc` a `cpcm`abgc shurkc ho
umkhmtalimatc` watcr- Nrhum`watcr krisis is mht tfc rcsugt ho maturag oakthrs- It fas
bccm kausc` by fulam aktihms- Lukf ho igg fcagtf wfikf coockts fulamity'
cspckiaggy im tfc `cvcghpimn khumtrics kam bc trakc` th gake ho saoc am` wfhgc shlc
watcr suppgy-
^atcr pgays a vitag rhgc im fulam gioc- Pfc khmscqucmkc ho urbamizatihm am`
im`ustriagizatihm gca`s th sphig tfc watcr- Ohr anrikugturag purphscs nrhum` watcr is
cxpghrc` im rurag arcas cspckiaggy im tfhsc arcas wfcrc htfcr shurkcs ho watcr giec
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`al am` rivcr hr a kamag is mht avaigabgc- @urimn gast `cka`c' tfis is hbscrvc` tfat
tfc nrhum` watcr nct phggutc` `rastikaggy bckausc ho imkrcasc` fulam aktivitics-
Khmscqucmtgy mulbcr ho kascs ho watcr bhrmc `iscascs fas bccm sccm wfikf a kausc
ho fcagtf fazar`s- [h' basik lhmithrimn hm watcr quagity fas bccm mckcssitatc` th
hbscrvc tfc `clam` am` phggutihm gcvcg ho nrhum` watcr- A nhh` mulbcr ho watcr
amagysis cxpcrilcmts arc rcnugargy khm`uktc` by `ioocrcmt nrhups ho kfclists am`
bihghnists akrhss tfc khumtry-
It is mcc`gcss th clpfasizc tfc ilphrtamkc ho watcr im hur gioc- ^c mcc` watcr ohr
`ioocrcmt purphscs5 wc mcc` watcr ohr `rimeimn' ohr im`ustrics' ohr irrinatihm' ohr
swillimn' ohr oisfimn ctk- Pfus watcr ohr `ioocrcmt purphscs fas its hwmrcquirclcmts ohr tfc khlphsitihm am` purity am` cakf bh`y ho watcr fas th bc
amagyzc` hm a rcnugar basis th khmoirl th suitabigity- Pfc typcs ho amagysis khug`
vary orhl silpgc oicg` tcstimn ohr a simngc amagyzc th gabhrathry basc` lugti
khlphmcmt imstrulcmtag amagysis- Pfc amagytikag prhkcss imvhgvcs salpgimn am`
salpgc sthranc simkc kfamncs im khlphsitihm ho watcr `h mht sthp hmkc tfc
salpgimn fas bccm taecm- Zrckautihm fas th bc taecm th laec surc tfat tfc watcr
rcakfimn tfc gabhrathry fas tfc salc khlphsitihm as it `i` wfcm tfc salpgimn was
`hmc-
Pfc Ecy th imkrcasc fulam prh`uktivity am` ghmn gioc is nhh` quagity watcr- Pfc
prhvisihm ho nhh` quagity fhuscfhg` `rimeimn watcr is hotcm rcnar`c` as am
ilphrtamt lcams ho ilprhvimn fcagtf- Akkhr`imn th ^hrg` fcagtf Hrnamizatihm
&^FH)' tfcrc wcrc cstilatc` 0 biggihm kascs ho `iarrfca am` 2-2 liggihm `catfs
ammuaggy- Pfc khmsulptihm ho umsaoc watcr fas bccm ilpgikatc` as hmc ho tfc ladhr
kauscs ho tfis `iscasc- Lhst nra`uag `ctcrihratihm ho watcr quagity was rcsugtc` by
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tfc imkrcasc im fulam phpugatihms am` urbamizatihm- As watcr phggutihm is ncttimn
scrihus' fhuscs cspckiaggy im tfc urbam arca startc` th cquip witf a watcr oigtcr
systcl- Zchpgc arc khmkcrm witf tfc prcscmkc ho phggutamts sukf as fcavy lctags
am` thxik kfclikag im tfcir `aigy `rimeimn watcr- Oigtcrc` watcr is laim shurkc ho
saoc am` rcgiabgc `rimeimn watcr- Fhwcvcr tfcrc is stigg a `cbatc hm tfc cooickicmky
ho oigtratihm systcl th khlpgy witf tfc rcnugatihms as watcr tfat pfysikaggy ghhes
khghurgcss' h`hurgcss am` cvcm tastcgcss is mht suooikicmt th `ctcrlimc tfat tfc watcr
is saoc ohr khmsulptihm- Im oakt' tfc `rimeimn watcr sfhug` bc cxalimc` hm
likrhbihghnikag am` pfysikhkfclikag quagity- Pfc ^FH im its 2::2 rcphrt'
rckhllcm`c` tfat imkrcasc` clpfasis bc pgakc` hm fhlc watcr trcatlcmt am`
sthranc tfat lhrc rcscarkf sfhug` khm`uktc` th asscss tfc fcagtf bcmcoits ho sukf
imtcrvcmtihms-
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Ails / Hbdcktivcs
Nrhum` watcr salpgcs khggcktc` orhl `ioocrcmt arca ho Nwagihr ohr gabhrathry
amagysis- Khggcktc` [alpgc sthrc` im stam`ar` khm`itihms at 0:k-
Ph asscss pfysikag paralctcrs viz-' Khghr' pF' Pastc' Pclpcraturc' P@[ &Phtag
@isshgvc` [hgi`)' am` Far`mcss ho watcr salpgcs khggcktc` orhl `ioocrcmt rcnihms ho
Nwagihr-
Ph cstilatc kfclikag paralctcrs giec @H am` BH@ ho watcr salpgcs khggcktc`
orhl `ioocrcmt rcnihms ho Nwagihr-
Ph asscss quagitativc am` quamtitativc likrhbiag amagysis' LZM &Lhst Zrhbabgc
Mulbcr)' Phtag Zgatc Khumt ohr likrhbiag assay wigg bc karric` hut im tfc khggcktc`
watcr salpgcs ho tfc stu`y arca-
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Rcvicw ho tfc whre agrca`y
`hmc
Im `cvcghpimn khumtrics' avaigabigity ho watcr fas bckhlc a kritikag am` urncmt
prhbgcl am` is a lattcr ho nrcat khmkcrm th oaligics am` khllumitics `cpcm`imn hm
mhm pubgik watcr suppgy- Khmoirlatihm ho likrhbihghnikag stam`ar` is ho spckiag
nrcat khmkcrm bckausc watcr fas nrcat phtcmtiag th sprca` `iscascs witfim a garnc
phpugatihm- Agtfhunf tfc stam`ar`s vary orhl pgakc th pgakc' tfc hbdcktivc is th
rc`ukc tfc phssibigity ho sprca`imn watcr bhrm `iscascs th tfc barcst limilul'
wfikf ilpgics tfat it lust bc wfhgcshlc am` pagatabgc im agg rcspckt &C`cla ct ag-'
2::1)-
Pfc Zrimkipag hbdcktivcs ho lumikipag watcr arc prh`uktihm am` tfc
`istributihm ho tfc saoc watcr tfat is oit ohr fulam khmsulptihm &Galieamra' 1999)-
A nhh` emhwgc`nc ho tfc kfclikag quagitics ho raw watcr is mckcssary sh as th
nui`c its suitabigity ohr usc- Pfus' rcnugar pfysikh,kfclikag amagysis ho watcr at
shurkc lust bc karric` hut th `ctcrlimc hr kfcke tfc coocktivcmcss ho trcatlcmt
prhkcss-
^atcr ho nhh` `rimeimn quagity is ho basik ilphrtamkc th fulam pfysihghny
am` lams khmtimuc` cxistcmkc `cpcm`s vcry lukf hm its avaigabigity &Galieamra'
1999' OAH' 199>)- Pfc prhvisihm ho phrtabgc watcr th rurag am` urbam phpugatihm ismckcssary th prcvcmt fcagtf fazar`s &Miehga`zc am` Aeastag' 19695 Gclh' 2::2)-
Bcohrc watcr kam bc `cskribc` as phrtabgc' it fas th khlpgy witf kcrtaim pfysikag'
kfclikag am` likrhbihghnikag stam`ar`s' wfikf arc `csinmc` th cmsurc tfat tfc
watcr is pagatabgc am` saoc ohr `rimeimn &Pcbutt' 196;)- Zhtabgc watcr is `coimc` as1:
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watcr tfat is orcc orhl `iscascs prh`ukimn likrhhrnamisls am` kfclikag substamkcs
`cgctcrihus th likrhhrnamisls am` kfclikag substamkcs `cgctcrihus th fcagtf
&Ifcehrhmyc am` Mnh``y' 1963)- ^atcr kam bc hbtaimc` orhl a mulbcr ho shurkcs'
alhmn wfikf arc strcals' gaecs' rivcrs' phm`s' raim' sprimns am` wcggs &Gimscgy am`
Orazimi' 19>95 Ehga`c' 1962)- Smohrtumatcgy' kgcam' purc am` saoc watcr hmgy cxists
bricogy im maturc am` is illc`iatcgy phggutc` by prcvaigimn cmvirhmlcmtag oakthrs
am` fulam aktivitics- ^atcr orhl lhst shurkcs is tfcrcohrc umoit ohr illc`iatc
khmsulptihm witfhut shlc shrt ho trcatlcmt &Raylhm`' 1992)-
Pfc khmscqucmkcs ho watcrbhrmc baktcria am` virus imocktihm5 phgih' fcpatitis'
kfhgcra' typfhi`' `iarrfca' sthlakf kralps' ctk' favc bccm wcgg cstabgisfc` butmitratc khmtalimatihm is dust `ca`gy- Khmscqucmkc th tfc rcagizatihm ho tfc phtcmtiag
fcagtf fazar`s tfat lay rcsugt orhl khmtalimatc` `rimeimn watcr orhl amy shurkc is
tfcrcohrc ho prilary ilphrtamkc bckausc ho tfc `amncr am` rise ho watcr bhrmc
`iscasc &C`cla ct ag-' 2::15 Oapctu' 2:::)-
Pfc prhvisihm ho nhh` quagity fhuscfhg` `rimeimn watcr is hotcm rcnar`c` as
am ilphrtamt lcams ho ilprhvimn fcagtf &Srrbamsey' ct- ag 2::2)- Pfc `rimeimn
watcr sfhug` bc cxalimc` ohr likrhbihghnikag am` pfysikh,kfclikag quagity-
Pfc hrinimag shurkc ho amy `rimeimn watcr is rikf im aquatik likrhbcs' shlc ho
wfikf khug` bc `amncrhus io tfcy cmtcr tfc fulam bh`y akkhr`imngy' tfc trcatlcmt
ho watcr ohr `rimeimn imvhgvcs stancs wfcrc likrhbcs arc rclhvc` hr `cstrhyc`
bcohrc tfc watcr ncts imth fhlcs- Aotcr purioikatihm tfc watcr is subdcktc` th tcst by
baktcrihghnist th cmsurc tfc saocty ohr fulam khmsulptihm- A ghmn scrics ho `igutihm
is mht mckcssary by shlc salpgc bckausc lhst watcr suppgic` arc oatty ghw im
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baktcria khmtcmt' wfigc htfcrs rcquirc ghmn scrics ho `igutihms &Oawhgc am` Hsh'
2::1)-
Akkhr`imn th ^FH &^FH' 199?)' tfc pfysikag paralctcrs tfat arc giecgy th
nivc risc th khlpgaimts orhl khmsulcrs arc khghr' tastc' h`hur' am` turbi`ity wfigc
ghw pF kauscs khrrhsihm am` finf pF rcsugts im tastc khlpgaimts- Pfcrcohrc tfc
hbdcktivc ho tfis stu`y is th `ctcrlimc tfc likrhbihghnikag am` pfysikhkfclikag
quagity ho watcr salpgcs khggcktc` bcohrc am` aotcr tfc oigtratihm trcatlcmt nivcm-
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Zrhphsc` Lctfh`hghny ho tfc
rcscarkf whre
Khggcktc` nrhum` watcr salpgcs orhl Nwagihr ohr amagysis ho ohgghwimn pfysikh,
kfclikag / likrhbihghnikag ^atcr Quagity paralctcrs,
1- @ctcrlimatihm ho khghr4 _isuag khlparishm Lctfh`' BI[-I[4;:23&part,0),196;-
2- Lcasurclcmt ho Pclpcraturc by Gabhrathry am` Oicg`s Lctfh 5 AZFA
;- @ctcrlimatihm ho pF by Cgcktrhlctrik Lctfh`' BI[-I[4;:23&part,2),196;-
0- @ctcrlimatihm ho Pastc by Burcau ho Im`iam stam`ar`s- I[4 ;:23 &Zart,1?),1960-
3- @ctcrlimatihm ho Phtag @isshgvc` [hgi` by Burcau ho Im`iam stam`ar`s- I[4 ;:23&Zart,1?),
1960-
?- @ctcrlimatihm ho Far`mcss ho ^atcr4 C@PA Prilctrik lctfh` by AZFA' Nammhm
Smivcrsity [il-
>- Lcasurclcmt ho @H by Azi`c Lh`ioikatihm5 AZFA-
6- Lcasurclcmt ho Bihghnikag hxyncm `clam`4 3,@ay BH@ Pcst orhl AZFA-
9- LZM ohr Zhrtabigity tcstimn ho watcr salpgc-AZFA-
1:- Phtag Zgatc Khumt &PZK)- By Burcau ho Im`iam [tam`ar`s4 I[ 30:24 2::2' I[H
06;;41991-
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LCPFH@[4
Khggcktihm ho salpgc4
@rimeimn watcr salpgc was khggcktc` im pgastik khmtaimcr orhl Nhvim`puri' Nhgc ea
lam`ir am` Amupal manar Nwagihr L-Z Im`ia- Illc`iatcgy aotcr khggcktihm ho tfc
watcr salpgc was bhunft th tfc gabhrathry am` amagyzc` ohr tfc pfysikh kfclikag /
likrhbihghnikag prhpcrtics-
[alpgc
Mh-
Ghkatihms Pypc
[1 Nhvim`puri Bhrc wcgg
[2 Nhgc ea Lam`ir Lumikipag suppgy
[; Amupal Manar Bhrc wcgg
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Lc`ia / Rcancmt usc`4,
Mutricmt anar4,
Zcpthmc 3-:nl
Bcco cxtrakt ;-:nl
[h`iul kfghri`c 3-:nl
Anar anar 2:nl
2-6nl ho mutricmt anar was `isshgvc` im 1::lg ho `istiggc` watcr am` pF was
a`dustc` th >-?-
Zgatc khumt anar&ZKA)
Prypthmc 3-:nl
Ycast cxtrakts 2-3nl
@cxtrhsc 1:-:nl
Anar anar 13-:nl
2-;3nl ho ZKA was `isshgvc` im 1::lg ho `istiggc` watcr am` Zf was a`dustc` th
>-?
Gakthsc Brhtf4
Bcco cxtrakt ;-:nl
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Zcpthmc 3-:nl
Gakthsc 3-:nl
2-6nl ho gakthsc brhtf was `isshgvc` im 1::lg `istiggc` watcr am` pF a`dustc` th
?-9-
LakKhmecy brhtf
Zrhtchsc pcpthmc hr phgypcpthmc ;-:nl
Zcpthmc 1>-:nl
Gakthsc 1:-:nl
Bigc sagts mh- ; 1-3nl
MaKg 3-:nl
Mcutrag rc` :-:;nl
Krystag vihgct :-::1nl
2-6 nl ho LakKhmecy brhtf was `isshgvc` im 1:: lg `istiggc` watcr / pF was
a`dustc` th >-1
[taimimn Rcancmts4
Nrals Ih`imc
Ih`imc 1-:nl
Zhtassiul ih`i`c 2-:nl
1?
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@istiggc` watcr ;:: lg
Ctfyg Agkhfhg
Ctfyg agkhfhg &1::#) 1-:nl
@istiggc` watcr 3-: lg
[aoramim
[aoramim &2-3# shgutihm im 93# ctfyg agkhfhg) 1:-: lg
@istiggc` watcr 1:: lg
1-Zfysikh,kfclikag amagysis
Agg tfc khggcktc` `rimeimn watcr salpgcs wcrc illc`iatcgy cxalimc` am` tfc
pfysikh,kfclikag prhpcrtics ho salpgcs wcrc rckhr`c`- Ohgghwimn lctfh`s wcrc
a`hptc` ohr tfc varihus tcsts th cxalimc tfc pfysikh,kfclikag prhpcrtics ho
`rimeimn watcr as `cskribc` by BI[&196?)'AZFA-
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1- Khghur4 Pfc khghur ho tfc watcr salpgc was hbscrvc` hm tfc basis ho its
appcaramkc(tramsparcmky hr kgarity-
2- Pclpcraturc4Pfc tclpcraturc ho tfc watcr salpgc lcasurc` by ngass
tfcrlhlctcr-
;- pF &Fy`rhncm, ihm khmkcmtratihm)4
-ZF was rckhr`c` by @initag pF lctcr& CI' Lh`cg iiiC) sct at rhhl tclpcraturc-
-Ph lcasurc pF' Cgcktrh`c was rclhvc` orhl tfc watcr am` rimsc` witf `istiggc`
watcr-
-Cgcktrh`c was `ric` by ncmtgc wipimn witf a shot tissuc papcr-
- Imstrulcmt was stam`ar`izc` witf a buoocr shgutihm ho pF >-:-
- Aotcr scttimn tfc pF lctcr cgcktrh`c was rclhvc` orhl tfc buoocr shgutihm' rimsc`
am` `ric` am` pgakc` im tfc salpgc th bc tcstc`-
- pF ho tfc salpgc was rckhr`c`-
0- Pastc4Agg tfc khggcktc` `rimeimn watcr salpgcs wcrc tastc` am` hbscrvc tfc
tastc ho tfc watcr salpgcs-
3- Phtag `isshgvc` shgi`s &P@[)4
-1:: lg ho oigtcrc` salpgc was taecm im tfc prcvihusgy wcinfc` cvaphratimn
`isf hm a watcr batf &96:
k)-
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-Rcsi`uc was fcatc` at 1:;,1:3:k im am hvcm ohr hmc fhur-
- Oimag wcinft ho `isfcs was mhtc`- Pfc oimag wcinft was taecm aotcr khhgimn im
`csikkathrs- Phtag `isshgvc` shgi`s wcrc kagkugatc` by ohgghwimn ohrluga4
Phtag `isshgvc` shgi`s ln(G< &A,B1:::1:::)(_
A< oimag wcinft ho tfc `isf im nl-
B< imitiag wcinft ho tfc `isf im nl-
_< _hgulc ho salpgc taecm im lg-
?- Phtag Far`mcss4
-Paec 3: l g :o salpgcs' 1-: lg ho buoocr shgutihm am` 2:: ln ho Crihkfrhlc Bgake P,
Im`ikathr wcrc a``c`-
-Pfc shgutihm turmc` wimc rc`- It was titratc` anaimst :-:1L,C@PA shgutihm- At tfc cm`
phimt khghur kfamnc` orhl wimc rc` th bguc-
-Phtag far`mcss was kagkugatc` by ohgghwimn ohrluga4
Far`mcss as ln(G kakh; ) @isshgvc Hxyncm &@H)1) Khggckt ;:: lg- watcr salpgcs im BH@ bhttgc-
2) 1lg- Lm[h0 a``c`' ohgghwc` by 1lg- Ageagi Azi`c rcancmt-
;) [thppcr karcouggy th cxkgu`c air bubbgcs / lix by imvcrtimnbhttgc a ocw tilcs-
0) ^fcm ppt- fas scttgc` suooikicmtgy th gcavc kgcar supcrmatamtabhvc tfc lamnamcsc fy`rhxi`c-A``1 lg- khmk- F2[h0-
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3) Rcsthppcr am` lix by imvcrtimn scvcrag tilcs `isshgutihm iskhlpgctc-?) Pitratc 2:: lg- hrinimag salpgcs- Aotcr khrrcktihms ohr salpgcghss by `ispgakclcmt witf rcancmt- Pfus ohr a thtag ho 2lg & 1lgcakf ) ho Lm[h0 / Ageagi Ih`imc Azi`c rcancmts im ;:: lg bhttgc'
Pitratc 2::$;::(&;::,2)< 2:1lg ) Pitratc witf :-:23 Lm2[2H; shgutihm th pagc straw khghur- A``ocw `rhps ho starkf shgutihm- Bguc khghur appcars titratihm th oirst`isappcaramkc ho Bguc khghur-
6) Bihghnikag Hxyncm @clam` &BH@)
1) Khggckt ;:: lg- watcr salpgc im BH@ bhttgc' tfam a``c` 1 lg`igutihm watcr' Imkubatc it 2::k at BH@ imkubathr ohr 3 `ays- Aotcrimkubatc a``-
2) 1lg- Lm[h0 a``c`' ohgghwc` by 1lg- Ageagi Azi`c rcancmt-
;) [thppcr karcouggy th cxkgu`c air bubbgcs / lix by imvcrtimn
bhttgc a ocw tilcs-
0) ^fcm ppt- fas scttgc` suooikicmtgy th gcavc kgcar supcrmatamtabhvc tfc lamnamcsc fy`rhxi`c-A``1 lg- khmk-F2[h0-
3) Rc,sthppcr am` lix by imvcrtimn scvcrag tilcs `isshgutihm iskhlpgctc-
?) Pitratc 2:: lg- hrinimag salpgcs-Aotcr khrrcktihms ohr salpgcghss by `ispgakclcmt witf rcancmt- Pfus ohr a thtag ho 2lg & 1lgcakf ) ho Lm[h0 / Ageagi Ih`imc Azi`c rcancmts im ;:: lg bhttgc'
Pitratc 2::$;::(&;::,2)< 2:1lg ) Pitratc witf :-:23 Lm2[2H; shgutihm th pagc straw khghur- A``ocw `rhps ho starkf shgutihm- Bguc khghur appcars titratihm th oirst
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`isappcaramkc ho Bguc khghur-
9) Zrcsulptivc Khgi ohrl Khumt &Lugtipgc tubctckfmiquc)WLZM Pcst 4
3: lg / 1: lg ho `hubgc strcmntf lakKhmecy brhtf lc`iul 5 3 lg ho simngc
strcmntf LakKhmecy brhtf lc`iul was stcrigizc` im skrcw kappc` bhttgc khm,
taimimn @urfals tubc ohr im`ikatimn nas prh`uktihm-
^itf stcrigc pipcttcs tfc ohgghwimn alhumt ho watcr salpgc was a``c` th cakftubc4
3: lg ho watcr th hmc 3: lg tubc khmtaimimn `hubgc strcmntf lc`iul-
1: lg watcr th cakf oivc 1: lg tubcs khmtaimimn `hubgc strcmntf lc`iul-
1lg ho watcr cakf th oivc 3 lg tubc khmtaimimn simngc strcmntf lc`iul-
:-1 lg ho watcr cakf tubc oivc 3 lg tubc khmtaimimn simngc strcmntf lc`iul-
Agg tfc skrcw kappc` bhttgcs wcrc imkubatc` at ;>K
Ishgatihm ho patfhncmik hrnamisls im `rimeimn watcr4Ohr patfhncmik hrnamisls ohgghwimn lc`ia am` lctfh`s wcrc appgic` as `cskribc`
by Kruikesfame ct ag- &19>:)-21
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Ishgatihm ho Khgi ohrls4
a) Zrcsulptivc tcst ohr khgi ohrl baktcria4
Ascptikaggy 1: lg ho salpgc was sfaecm imth stcrigc ogase- 9-: lg`igucmts &mhrlag sagimc) was a``c` / sfaecs vinhrhusgy th hbtaim1:,1 `igutihm-
Orhl tfis `igutihm 1 lg was tramsocrrc` im 9-: lg ho `igucmts &mhr,lag sagimc 1:,2)- Agg `ckilag `igutihms &1:,2' 1:,0' 1:,3 am` 1:,?) wcrcprcparc` by tfis lctfh`- Orhl cakf `igutihm 1 lg was tramsocrrc`th ; tubcs khmtaimimn Gauryg trypthsc brhtf &khmtaimimn a @urfal,s tubc ohr im`ikatimn nas prh`uktihm)-
Pubcs wcrc imkubatc` ohr 06 fhurs at ;3K- Pubcs wcrc cxal,imc` aotcr 06 fhurs-
A khmoirlatihm tcst was pcrohrlc` hm agg prcsulptivc phsitivc
&nassimn) tubc
b) Khmoirlatihm Pcst ohr Khgi ohrls
Cakf nassimn tubc khmtaimimn gauryg trypthsc brhtf was ncmtaggy an,
itatc` am` ghhpoug ho suspcmsihm was tramsocrrc` th tubc khmtaimimn
briggiamt nrccm gakthsc Bigc &BNGB) brhtf-
Pfc tubc khmtaimimn briggiamt nrccm gakthsc bigc &BNGB) brhtf was
imkubatc` ohr 36 fhurs at ;3:%X 2K-
Rcsugts wcrc rckhr`c` aotcr 06 fhurs-
Khmoirlatihm tcst ohr C- Khgi
Cakf nassimn tubcs khmtaimimn Gauryg trypthsc brhtf was ncmtag,
gy anitatc` am` ghhpoug ho cakf suspcmsihm was tramsocrrc` th
tubc khmtaimimn CK brhtf-
CK brhtf khmtaimimn tubcs wcrc imkubatc` at 06frs at ;3:%X 2K-
Nas prh`uktihm was cxalimc` aotcr 20 Frs-
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Ghhpoug ho suspcmsihm orhl cakf nassimn tubc was strieec` th
Gcvimcs Chsim,lctfygcmc bguc &G,CLB) anar-
Zgatcs wcrc cxalimc` aotcr 20 fhurs-
Khghmics wcrc pikec` orhl cakf G,CLB pgatc am` tramsocrrc`
xyghsc gysimc `cshxykfhgatc &VG@) anar' lhtigity' saglhmcggasfincgga anar am` LakKhmecy anar ohr lhrpfhghnikag am` bih,
kfclikag tcsts-
Zgatcs wcrc imkubatc` ohr 16,20 frs at ;3:K-
Kugturag am` likrhbihghnikag kfaraktcristiks ho tfc khghmics wcrc
rckhr`c`-
Nral staimimn am` bihkfclikag tcst ho kugturcs wcrc pcrohrlc`-
Nral staimimn4 Pfim slcar ho baktcria was prcparc` hm a sgi`c am` air `ric`-
Pfc slcar was fcatc` hm ogalc ohr a sckhm`-
Pfc slcar was fcatc` hm ogalc ohr a sckhm`-
Pfc slcar was khvcrc` witf krystag vihgct ohr ;: sckhm`s-
Pfc sgi`c was wasfc` witf `istiggc` watcr ohr ocw sckhm`s-
Pfc slcar was khvcrc` witf Ih`imc shgutihm ohr ;: sckhm`s-
Pfc sgi`c rimsc` witf 93# ctfyg agkhfhg-
Pfc sgi`c was rimsc` witf `istiggc` watcr ohr ocw sckhm`s-
[aooramim was appgic` th slcar ohr ;: sckhm`s-
Pfc sgi`c was rimsc` witf `istiggc` watcr am` air `ric`-
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1:) Phtag &acrhbik) Zgatc Khumt4 Ascptikaggy 1: lg salpgc was taecm imth stcrigc ogase-
9-: lg `igucmts &mhrlag sagimc) wcrc a``c` am` sfaec vinhrhusgy th hb,
taim 1:X1 `igutihm-
Orhl tfis `igutihm 1 lg was tramsocrrc` th 9 lg `igucmts &mhrlag sagimc1:,2 )-Agg tfc `ckilag `igutihms &1:,2' 1:,0' 1:,3' 1:,?) wcrc prcparc` by
tfis lctfh`-
1 lg ho cakf `igutihm was scparatcgy pipcttc` imth apprhxilatcgy
larec` Zctri `isfcs im tripgikatcs- Illc`iatcgy witfim 13 lim- 13lg
pgatc khumt anar &khhgc`) was a``c` th cakf pgatc am` lixc` tfhr,
hunfgy am` umiohrlgy-
Zgatcs wcrc imkubatc` ohr 06 frs at ;3:k 2:K
Khghmics wcrc khumtc` by khghmy khumtcr-
Rcsugts / @iskussihm
Pfc cxalimc` pfysikh,kfclikag am` likrhbihghnikag paralctcrs sfhwc`khmsi`crabgc variatihms orhl salpgc th salpgc- Pfc hbscrvatihms ho tfc
stu`y arc `cpiktc` im Pabgc nivcm bcghw-
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PclpcraturcPfc tclpcraturc was ohum` im tfc ramnc ho 2;,23: K im lhmtf ho
@ckclbcr- Pfc variatihm im tfc watcr tclpcraturc lay bc `uc th `ioocrcmttilimn ho khggcktihm am` imogucmkc ho scashm- ^atcr tclpcraturc varics witfkfamnimn kgilatik khm`itihm- Futkfimshm statc` tfat tclpcraturc is ilphrtamtim khmtrhggimn bhtf tfc quagity am` quamtity ho pgamethm oghra-
23
^atcr[alpgc
Cxpcrilcmt
[r-Mh-
[alpgcOrhl
pF Pclpcraturc
Khghur
Pastc
P@[ Far`mc
ss
@H BH@
PZK LZM
[1- Nhvim`p
uri
>-20 2>-3:K Khghu
rgcss
Pastc
gcss
:-:>
nl
13
2
0-? 0-: 1?3: 1-?
[2- AmupalManar >-0? 2?-3
:
K Khghurgcss Pastcgcss :-:;nl 2;6 3-2 0-? 93: :-91
[;- Nhgc Ea
La`ir
>-1: 2;-;:K Khghu
rgcss
Pastc
gcss
:-11
nl
;;
2
3-? 0-: 126 :-;:
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pF
Pfc pF is aoocktc` mht hmgy by tfc rcaktihm ho karbhm `ihxi`c but agsh byhrnamik am` imhrnamik shgutcs prcscmt im watcr- Amy agtcratihm im watcr pF isakkhlpamic` by tfc kfamnc im htfcr pfysikhkfclikag paralctcrs- pF
laimtcmamkc &buoocrimn kapakity) is hmc ho tfc lhst ilphrtamt attributcs hoamy aquatik systcl simkc agg tfc bihkfclikag aktivitics `cpcm` hm pF ho tfcsurrhum`imn watcr- It was khmkgu`c` tfat tfc pF ho watcr wcrc sginftgyageagimc &>-1: th >-0?) am` wcrc witfim tfc laxilul gilit sct ohr `hlcstikusc as pcr AZFA- Pfc finf pF im tfis kasc lay bc attributc` th scwanc`iskfarnc by surrhum`imn fulam phpugatihm-
Far`mcss
Far`mcss is am ilphrtamt paralctcr im `ckrcasimn tfc thxik coockt hophishmhus cgclcmt- Pfc far`mcss was ohum` th bc im tfc ramnc ho 132, ;;2ln(git- It is witfim `csirabgc gilit- Pfc far`mcss ho watcr imkrcascs im tfcphggutc` watcrs by tfc `cphsitihm ho kagkiul am` lanmcsiul sagts-
P@[
Pfc lhst rclareabgc hbscrvatihm ho imvcstinatihm was tfc agarlimngyfinf gcvcg ho thtag `isshgvc` shgi`s &P@[)- Pfc P@[ ho agg tfc salpgcs wcrcim ramnc ho 2::, 11:: ln ( git- wfigc tfc laxilul pcrlissibgc gilitimn vagucho P@[ ohr phtabgc watcr is 3:: ln( git-' akkhr`imn th ^FH- Finf gcvcg hoP@[ im watcr usc` ohr `rimeimn purphscs gca`s th lamy `iscascs wfikf arcmht watcr,bhrmc but `uc th cxkcss sagts- Pfc prcscmt imvcstinatihm fasprhvi`c` a nhh` pgatohrl ohr ourtfcr stu`y th amagyzc tfc typcs am` alhumtho katihmik( amihmik sagts-
@isshgvc` Hxyncm@H is a vcry ilphrtamt paralctcr ho watcr quagity am` am im`cx ho
pfysikag am` bihghnikag prhkcss nhimn hm im watcr- Im tfc prcscmt stu`y' tfclaxilul khmkcmtratihm ho `isshgvc` hxyncm was hbscrvc` im tfc lhmtf hoDugy aotcr fcavy raimoagg' wfikf oavhurs shgubigity ho hxyncm alhmn tfc stu`y
2?
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sitcs- Pfc finfcst khmkcmtratihm &3-? ln(g) was rckhr`c` hm [, 2 but tfcramnc was mht marrhw ohr htfcr sitcs- @H is ho nrcat ilphrtamkc th agg givimnhrnamisls- It lay bc prcscmt im watcr `uc th `irckt `ioousihm orhl air am`pfhthsymtfctik aktivity ho authtrhpfs- Khmkcmtratihm ho @H is hmc ho tfclhst ilphrtamt paralctcrs th im`ikatc watcr purity am` th `ctcrlimc tfc`istributihm am` abum`amkc ho varihus agnag nrhups-
BH@ &Bihghnikag Hxyncm @clam`)BH@ is tfc alhumt ho hxyncm rcquirc` by
tfc givimn hrnamisls cmnanc` im tfc utigizatihm am` ugtilatc `cstruktihm hrstabigizatihm ho hrnamik watcr &Fawecs' 19?;)- It is a vcry ilphrtamt im`ikathrho tfc phggutihm status ho a watcr bh`y- Finfcst BH@ ohum` im salpgc,2 am`ghwcst vaguc wcrc ohum` salpgc ,;-
LZM am` thtag pgatc khumtPfc likrhbihghnikag amagysis ho tfc watcr is agsh sfhwc` im tfc tabgc,2-
Pfc thtag pgatc khumt &PZK) im`ikatc tfat tfc finfcst likrhbiag gha` 102:kou(lg im [,1 aotcr 20 / 06 f imkubatihm am` limilul gha` 126 kou(lg im [,2- LZM im`cximn ho amagyzc` watcr salpgcs sfhwc` wi`c variatihm am`wcrc im ramnc ho :-;:' :-91 th 1-?- Nral mcnativc rh` sfapc` bakiggi archbscrvc` im nral staimimn- Pfc khgiohrl baktcriul is tfc prilary baktcriagim`ikathr ohr oackag phggutihm im watcr-
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Oin- [fhwimn Zrcsultivc tcst ohr Khgiohrl-
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Oin- [fhwimn phsitivc tubc ho prcsulptivc tcst &Aki` / Nas Zrh`uktihm)
;:
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Khmkgusihm4
Pfc prcscmt imvcstinatihm is csscmtiaggy a prilary whre am` mcc`s th bcourtfcr imvcstinatc` th arrivc at spckioic` khmkgusihm witf rcspckt th kgimikag
ilpgikatihms- Pfc hbscrvatihm ho stu`y strhmngy sunncst tfat watcr hoNwagihr rcnihm is ho vcry finf P@[ am` mcc`s th bc ghwcrc` `hwm witfimprcskribc` gilits bcohrc usimn it ohr `rimeimn purphscs- Agsh' tfc watcrsalpgcs wcrc sfhwimn likrhbiag khmtcmt bcyhm` tfc phrtabigityRamnc'wfikf mcc`s th bc `isimocktc` bcohrc khmsulptihm th avhi`
watcr,bhrmc `iscasc-
;1
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Rc ocrcmkcs4
1- Ab`ug Dalccg A' Zhgg- Rcs-' 1996' 1>&2)' 111,110-
2- @csai Z _' Zhgg- Rcs- 1993 &0)' ;>>,;62-
;- Nui`cgimcs ohr `rimeimn watcr quagity, ^FH' Ncmcva' 1999' 2m` C`-'
9>,1::-
0- Ifcehrhmyc Ag' Mnh``y ZH &1963)- Imtcnratc` Ohh` [kicmkcs am`
Pckfmhghny ohr tfc Prhpiks- LakliggamZrcssGhm`hm' Hxohr`-Zp-93,
193-
3- Ecgear F Z [ ct ag- D- I^^A' 2::1' Dam ,Lar- ;9,0;-
?- Ehga`c HA &1962)- [fagghw wcggs as suppgclcmtary [hurkcs ho watcr
im Masarawa- Nwhm-Dhs &L-sk Pfcsis)-@cpartlcmt ho Nchnrapfy am`
Zgammimn' umivcrsity ho Dhs' Mincria' pp-6,11-
>- Galiearma A &1999)- Csscmtiag Likrhbihghny ohr stu`cmt am`
Zraktitihmcr ho Zfarlaky' Lc`ikimc am` Likrhbihghny-2m` c`- Alera
bhhes Ganhs'p-:-
6- [tam`ar` lctfh`s ohr cxalimatihm ho watcrs am` wastc watcrs' 1963'
1?tf C`-' AZFA' A^^A am` ^ZKO Imk-
9- _idcm`cr [imnf' Rcs- D- Kfcl- / Cmv-' 2::?' 1:&;)' ?2,??-
1:- ^FH &^hrg` Fcagtf Hrnamizatihm)- 2::2- Rcphrt-
;2
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11- [fyalaga R-' [famtfi L- am` Gagitfa Z-' Zfysikhkfclikag Amagysis ho
Bhrc wcgg ^atcr [alpgcs ho Pcgumnupagayal Arca im Khilbathrc @is,
trikt' Paligma`u' Im`ia'-
12- Dayaralam Z-R-' Namna`cvi P- am` _asucma M- P-' ^atcr quagity stu`,
ics hm Easlamc rivcr' Pfiruvamtfapural' `istrikt' [hutf Ecrcga' Im`ia-Zhgg- Rcs-' ;2&1)4 69,1:: &2::;)-
1;- Futkfimshm N C-'A trcatisc hm gilmhghny' Nchnrapfy' pfysiks am`kfclistry' Kfaplam / Fagg' Ghm`hm ' ^igcy' Mcw Yhre ' _hg- 1' 1:13&193>)-
10- ^ctzcg R-N-' Gilhghny' ^-B-' [aum`crs Kh-' Zfiga`cgpfia' S[A'>0;&19>3)-
13- Bfatt G-R-' Gakhug F-@-' Gcefae F- am` Dfa Z-E-' Zfysikhkfclikagkfaraktcristiks am` pfythpgamethm ho Pau`afa gaec' Eatflam`u- Zhgg-Rcs-' 16&0)' ;3;,;36 &1999)-
1?- [abata B-K- am` Mayar L-Z-' Rivcr phggutihm im Im`ia4 A kasc stu`y hoNamna rivcr' ;; &1993)-
1>- Zarifar _- G-' [farla L-[- am` [farla G-G-' Stigity ho baktcrihghnikagparalctcrs ohr asscssimn bcst usc am` trhpfik status ho scashmag wa,tcr4 A kasc stu`y orhl S`aipur' Rdastfam- Zhgg- Rcs-' 22&2)' 1?;,1?>&2::;)-
16- Lhfam @-' Naur A- am` Kfh`fary @-' [tu`y ho gilmhghny am` likrhbi,hghny ho Maya Pagab' Dh`fpur' Radastfam- Zrhkcc`imn Matihmag [ylph,siul hm Gilmhghny' ?0,?6 &2::>)-