physics física chemistry química · 2020-04-16 · carlos lobato fernÁndez myriam quijada...

Física y Química

3ESO

algaida ANDALUSIA

Physics & ChemistryEUGENIO MANUEL FERNÁNDEZ AGUILARCARLOS JAVIER REINA JIMÉNEZMANUEL GARCÍA DÍAZCARLOS LOBATO FERNÁNDEZMYRIAM QUIJADA SÁNCHEZDIEGO CASTELLANO SÁNCHEZ

Adapted by:MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN REYES MERLO

Learn in English

TEACHER’S BOOK

SAMPLE

ANDALUSIA

Física y Química

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Physics & ChemistryEUGENIO MANUEL FERNÁNDEZ AGUILARCARLOS JAVIER REINA JIMÉNEZMANUEL GARCÍA DÍAZCARLOS LOBATO FERNÁNDEZMYRIAM QUIJADA SÁNCHEZDIEGO CASTELLANO SÁNCHEZ

Adapted by:MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN REYES MERLO

Learn in English

TEACHER’S BOOK

© Of the original text: Alberto Ayuela Muñoz, Francisco Bermejo Laguna and Juan Pedro Parra Luna.

© Of this adaptation: Macarena Benot Ferrón, Luis Las Heras García and Elena Martín Gordón.

© Of this edition: Algaida Editores, S. A. 2020. Avda. San Francisco Javier, 22. Edif. Hermes, 5ª, 3-8. 41018 Sevilla.

ISBN: 978-84-9189-223-6

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication are protected by law, which establishes prison sentences and / or fines, as well as the corresponding compensation for damages, for those who copy, plagiarise, distribute or publicly disseminate in part or in whole, a literary, artistic or scientific publication, or who transform, perform or produce it artistically in any format or through any channel, without prior permission. This publication may only be copied, distributed, publicly disseminated or transformed with the permission of the authors, save where otherwise provided by law. If you need to photocopy or scan any part of this publication, please contact CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org).

Publishing coordination: Luis Pino García.

Editor: María Prior Venegas.

Design and layout: Alegría Sánchez G. and Aurora Tristán López.

Cover design: Alegría Sánchez G.

Translator: Owen Howard.

Corrections: Marina Temprano Benítez.

Illustrations: Isabel Correa, Joaquín González, Kaffa, Juan Pablo Mora, Juan Venegas and Luis Domínguez.

Picture editing: Olga Sayans.

Photographs: ge Fotostock (Ann Ronan Pictures, Artepics, BABAK TAFRESHI, Bridgeman Images, De Agostini / Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Edward Kinsman, EMILIO SEGRE VISUAL ARCHIVES/AMERICAN INSTITUTE, Giphotostock Images, INTERFOTO / Sammlung Rauch, Jack Fields, LAWRENCE LAWRY, LOUISE BARKER, Mary Evans Picture Library, Mary Evans/AF Archive/Cinetext/Richter, NYPL, Science Museum/SSPL, Science Photo Library, Science Source, See caption, SHEILA TERRY/SCIENCE, SM/SSPL, Ted Kinsman, The Granger Collection, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, World History Archive/Ann Ronan Picture Library), Agencia EFE (EFE/lafototeca.com), Alamy (Eden Breitz, EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE / UPI, Pictorial Press, Science History Images, The History Collection), Album Archivo Fotográfico (akg-images), Archivo Anaya (Candel, C., Cosano, P., García Pelayo, Á., Hernández Moya, B., Lezama, D., Martin, J., Martín, J.A., Marín, E., Ortega, Á., Osuna, J., Ramos, A., Rivera Jove, V., Ruiz, J.B., Steel, M., Sánchez, J., Valls, R.), Enresa, Getty Images (Bettmann, Bill Oxford, Chris McGrath, Cynthia Johnson/The LIFE Images Collection, Hero Images, Leigh Vogel, Ulf ANDERSEN/Gamma-Rapho, UniversalImagesGroup, yacobchuk), Teresa Valdés-Solís Iglesias (INCAR-CSIC), NASA, NASA Ozone Hole Watch, 123RF, 2018 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

This book has been published according to present legislation on education in Andalusia for Educación Secundaria Obligatoria.

The contents of this book and the working procedures have been selected and prepared taking into account criteria of care, protection and conservation of the environment.

Our educational materials are published with the commitment to promote the equality of all people and the respect for diversity.

All of the activities from the Student´s book that require writing should be completed in the student’s notebook.

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Unit 1: The scientific method 1 Ficha técnica y programación 2 Answers to the activities in the student’s book 3 Teaching resources

• Unit summary • Extra activities • Exam • Answers to the extra activities • Answers to the exam • Audio scripts • My portfolio

Unit 2: The atom 1 Ficha técnica y programación 2 Answers to the activities in the student’s book 3 Teaching resources


Unit 3: Elements and compounds 51 Ficha técnica y programación 52 Answers to the activities in the student’s book 63 Teaching resources 9

• Unit summary 9• Extra activities 10• Exam 14• Answers to the extra activities 16• Answers to the exam 17• Audio scripts 18• My portfolio 20

Unit 4: Chemical reactions 1 Ficha técnica y programación 2 Answers to the activities in the student’s book 3 Teaching resources


Unit 5: Chemistry in our live 1 Ficha técnica y programación 2 Answers to the activities in the student’s book 3 Teaching resources


Unit 6: Force of nature 1 Ficha técnica y programación 2 Answers to the activities in the student’s book 3 Teaching resources


Index

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Unit 7: Electrical forces

1 Ficha técnica y programación

2 Answers to the activities in the student’s book

3 Teaching resources

• Unit summary

• Extra activities

• Exam

• Answers to the extra activities

• Answers to the exam

• Audio scripts

• My portfolio

Unit 8: Electromagnetism




• Unit summary


• Exam



• Audio scripts

• My portfolio

Unit 9: Electric current




• Unit summary


• Exam



• Audio scripts

• My portfolio

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``1. FICHA TÉCNICA Y PROGRAMACIÓN

Guion temáticoEn esta unidad vamos a estudiar la tabla periódica de los elementos. Se explicará, además, la configura-

ción electrónica de los átomos. También se conocerán los distintos grupos en los que pueden unirse los

átomos y finalmente se comenzará a poner en práctica la formulación inorgánica.

Competencias clave adaptadas a la modalidad

bilingüe

• Comunicación lingüística (CCL): comprensión oral y escrita de la actual ordenación de los elementos en grupos y periodos en la tabla periódica. Lectura y producción de textos con el uso del vocabulario y la gramática relacionados.

• Competencia matemática y competencias básicas en ciencia y tecnología (CMCT): capacidad de representación de fórmulas de los elementos químicos inorgánicos binarios. Aplicación de los conocimientos adquiridos a la hora de construir diagramas y gráficos que representen los distintos modelos atómicos.

• Aprender a aprender (CAA): conocimiento sobre cómo se unen los átomos para formar estructuras más complejas y explicación de las propiedades de las agrupaciones resultantes.

Contenidos lingüísticos

• Léxico: periodic table, atomic number, periods, groups, metals, non-metals, semi-metals, noble gases, electron configuration, orbital, energetic level, diagram, valence, ionic, covalent, metallic, crystal, octet rule, occupy, molecular, lattice, proportionate, amount, solid, liquid, gaseous, melting point, solubility, conductivity, alloy, binding forces, nomenclature, prefixes, unsigned, oxides, hydrides, binary salt, hydroxides, anion, symbol, brackets, stack flask.

• Gramática: present simple and present continuous; comparative sentences and modal verbs; communicative sentences and structures to express opinion; quantities; relative pronouns.

Modelos discursivos

• Diálogos entre compañeros y con el docente. • Textos argumentativos para expresar opiniones e ideas en debates. • Textos divulgativos de libros científicos y páginas especializadas. • Textos expositivos.

Tareas específicas de la modalidad bilingüe

• Actividades de verdadero y falso para corregir errores. • Comprensión de una lectura a través de preguntas. • Completar tablas: ordenar ideas, construir frases o clasificar elementos. • Lectura e interpretación de datos con los puntos de fusión y la densidad de elementos. • Desarrollar experimentos y comentar los resultados. • Resolución de problemas y exposición de las soluciones. • Lectura e interpretación de ilustraciones del grafito y el diamante. • Observación y descripción de imágenes. • Audición: escuchar, contestar y completar textos. • Reordenar palabras para formar frases con sentido. • Construir textos relacionando elementos y ordenando sintagmas. • Sopas de letras y crucigramas. • Definir conceptos clave. • Búsqueda de información y tratamiento de la misma.

Criterios de evaluación de la modalidad bilingüe

• CCL: interpreta la ordenación de los elementos en la Tabla Periódica y reconoce los más relevantes a partir de sus símbolos. Expresa adecuadamente las diferencias entre átomos y moléculas, y entre elementos y compuestos en sustancias de uso frecuente y conocido.

• CMCT: formula y nombra compuestos binarios siguiendo las normas IUPAC. • CAA: diferencia entre átomos y moléculas, y entre elementos y compuestos en sustancias de uso

frecuente y conocido.

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``2. ANSWERS TO THE ACTIVITIES IN THE STUDENT’S BOOK

1. Answer the following questions using these expressions: In my opinion…; From my point of view…; I think gases are made up of…; The main characteristics of...; It is said that…

a) From my point of view, it is called the periodic table because it classifies, organises and distributes the chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics.

b) It is said that Mendeleev was the first person to order the elements in a table.

c) I think noble gases are made up of the elements of group 18.

d) The main characteristics of semi-metals are that they have properties intermediate between metals and non-metals. They are solid at room temperature and can only form positive ions with difficulty.

2. Complete the following sentences in your notebook:

a) The periodic table is composed of 18 groups and 7 periods.

b) Moseley ordered the periodic table based on the atomic number of the elements.

c) In the periodic table we find metals, non-metals, semi-metals and noble gases.

d) The elements of a given group have the same number of valence electrons.

e) Group 18 of the periodic table is made up of the noble gases.

3. In your notebook match each element with its symbol and the group to which it belongs.

a) 9., C.b) 10., D.c) 8., A.

d) 1., B.e) 4., F.f) 2., H.

g) 3., J.h) 7., I.i) 6., G.

j) 5., E.

4. In pairs, identify the main differences between the different types of orbitals and energy levels. Use the following expressions: Level 1 of energy only has…, Orbital p has a maximum of…, Orbital d has more electrons than…, Level 5 has the same number of orbitals as…

Open answer, for example:• Level 1 of energy has two electrons at most.• Orbital p has a maximum of six electrons.• Orbital d has more electrons than orbitals s and p.• Level 5 of energy has the same number of orbitals as

level 4. Both contain orbital f.

5. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect sentences in your notebook:

a) Electrons occupy the energy levels in order of decreasing energy. False. Electrons occupy the energy levels in order of increasing energy.

b) The electronic configuration of an atom is the distribution of its atomic number in order of increasing energy. False. The electronic configuration of an atom is the distribution of its electrons in order of increasing energy.

c) Each energy level can contain one or several orbitals. True.

d) The valence electrons are the electrons of an atom that occupy the lowest energy level. False. The valence electrons are the electrons of an atom that occupy the highest energy level.

e) All atoms, except noble gases, lose or gain electrons to obtain eight electrons in their highest energy level. True.

6. icono de audio Listen to the audio recording and, in your notebook, fill in the spaces using the following words: diagram, periodic table, elements, model, columns, atomic weight, rows, periodicity.

‘[…] In early 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev spent a few months trying to order the elements. He wondered if, by placing them according to their atomic weight or otherwise, a model would appear. He was so obsessed with the problem, that one day he cancelled all his engagements and began to write the names of the elements on the backs of cards. Then, he tried to arrange the cards in rows and columns, ordering the elements according to their atomic weight. His success was limited: there seemed to be some “periodicity”, but there were also many misalignments. Dimitri fell asleep obsessed with his problem and, while he was playing cards in his dreams, he had an idea. What if he left gaps in the grid for the undiscovered elements? When he woke up, he found that if he fitted the rows of cards, they made a diagram that worked perfectly to show the relationships between all known elements: the first version of the periodic table had been born.’

Text adapted from: Science: The Definitive Visual Guide, by Adam Hart-Davis.

7. In your notebook, answer these questions about the text in the previous exercise.

a) Mendeleev ordered the elements according to their atomic weight.

b) He wrote the names of the elements on the backs of cards.

c) He tried to order the cards in rows and columns. d) While he was playing cards in his dreams, he had an

idea about these elements. He wondered what could happen if he left gaps in the grid for the undiscovered elements. In fact, he predicted some of them.

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Answers to the activities in the student’s book

8. In your notebook, write the electron configuration of the following elements using the Moeller diagram.

Name Symbol Z Electron configuration

Lithium Li 3 1s22s1

Calcium Ca 20 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Iron Fe 26 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

Oxygen O 8 1s22s22p4

Chlorine Cl 17 1s22s22p63s23p5

9. In pairs, compare the main characteristics of ionic substances, covalent substances and metals. Use the following expressions: As you can see…; The main difference between…; Metals are better conductors than…; Covalent substances are less… than…; Ionic substances have the same… as…

Open answer:• As you can see, covalent substances can be molecules

and lattices formed by neutral atoms.• The main difference between covalent molecules and

covalent crystals is the melting point.• Metals are better conductors than covalent substances.• Covalent substances are less soluble in water than

ionic substances.• Ionic substances have the same natural state as

covalent crystals.

10. In your notebook, order the words to make sentences.

a) Molecular elements are composed of two or more atoms of the same element.

b) Molecular compounds are composed of two or more atoms of different elements.

c) The state of molecular substances depends on the strength of the binding forces between their molecules.

d) The elements that form the crystal lattice are combined in fixed proportions.

e) In metallic bonding, each atom contributes electrons to the electron cloud.

11. Complete the sentences using this table for reference and write them in your notebook.

a) Mercury is the most dense substance, even though it exists in a liquid state at room temperature.

b) SiO2 has a covalent bond because its melting point is the highest of the substances in the table.

c) Nitrogen is not solid at room temperature because its melting point is -210.0°C. It is a gas at room temperature.

d) All substances sink in water except for nitrogen, which is less dense than water.

e) CaCO3 melts at a lower temperature than SiO2 because its melting point is lower.

12. Read the following text and fill in the gaps using the following words:

Three of every four elements are metals, but apart from iron, aluminium and a few others, most did not fulfil any function before the Second World War, other than occupying spaces in the periodic table. However, since about 1950 a use has been found for every metal. Gadolinium is ideal for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neodymium generates lasers of unprecedented power. Scandium (element 21), now used as an additive in aluminium baseball bats and in bicycle structures, was used by the Soviet Union to manufacture light helicopters in the 1980s and was allegedly used in the tips of Soviet ICBM missiles that were stored beneath the Arctic ice, allowing them to penetrate the ice sheet. Molybdenum and tungsten (or wolframium) are hard metals that can withstand high temperatures and, when added to steel, become even stronger. Even the most modest missiles with tungsten tips were sufficiently strong to destroy tanks.

Adapted text from The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World

from the Periodic Table of the Elements, by Sam Kean.

13. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence and write it in your notebook.

a) An ionic / covalent bond is created by electrostatic attraction between elements of equal / different electrical charge.

b) Molecular / crystalline covalent substances are solid at room temperature.

c) Ionic / Metallic substances only conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

d) A metallic / ionic bond is formed between metal atoms that contribute electrons to the electron cloud.

e) Metal / Covalent substances are soluble in other metals.

14. In your notebook, match the type of bond with its main characteristics. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. a), e), k), l) 2. b), c), g), j)

3. a), d), g), i) 4. a), f), h), k)

15. Match each definition with the corresponding word and a relevant example. Name each compound in your notebook.

1. g) B. Calcium oxide.2. e) C. Silver peroxide.3. b) G. Tin dihydride.4. d) E. Selenhydric acid. 5. c) A. Sodium chloride.6. f) D. Dibromine pentoxide.7. a) F. Potassium hydroxide.

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Answers to the activities in the student’s book

16. Listen to the story of Friedrich Wöhler and answer the following questions in your notebook.

a) Friedrich Wöhler was a doctor born in Eschersheim, Germany.

b) He discovered aluminium, beryllium, yttrium, titanium, and silicon.

c) Radicals are very important because they allow us to understand molecular bonds.

d) He synthesised urea in the laboratory.

17. Does water conduct electricity? Perform the following experiment to show that water conducts electricity when common salt is added and answer the questions in your notebook.

a) No, it does not light up. b) It lights up if salt is added. This is because salt is

an ionic compound that conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

c) It is a binary ionic compound. d) Students should write a report including a small

diagram of the procedure, describing the formulas of both water and salt and the type of bond found in salt and its properties.

18. Solve the following crossword and write the answers in your notebook.

1H Y D R 10I D E

O8C N

H I2V A L E N C E

L L

C 3S A L T

O T 11O

G T X4O C T E T I I

N 9A C D

S 5M O E L L E R

M

O6M E T H A N E

I7M E T A L S

19. Copy and complete this chart in your notebook:

Form

ula

Mul

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r pr

efixe

s

With

ox

idat

ion

num

ber

Hydr

ide

prec

urso

rs

Trad

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PbH4

Lead tetrahydride

Lead (IV) hydride

Plumbane --

Al2O3

Dialuminium trioxide

Aluminium oxide

-- --

CH4

Carbon tetrahydride

-- Methane --

HBr --Hydrogen bromide

BromaneHydrobromic

acid

O5I2Iodine

pentoxide-- -- --

FeSIron

monosulfideIron (II) sulfide

-- --

HIHydrogen

iodideIodane

Hydroiodic acid

Li2O2

Dilithium dioxide

Lithium peroxide

-- --

CaF2

Calcium difluoride

Calcium fluoride

-- --

NaOHSodium

hydroxideSodium

hydroxide-- --

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``3. TEACHING RESOURCES

Unit summary

` The table of elements is called periodic because it classifies, organises and distributes the chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics.

` The table is structured into seven rows or periods, and eighteen columns or groups.

` The electron configuration of an atom is the distribution of its electrons in ascending order of energy according to their different orbitals and energy levels.

` All substances in nature can occur as isolated atoms or joined together in molecules or crystals.

` A chemical bond is a bond between the atoms or molecules of a substance. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic.

` Formulation indicates the elements that form a compound as well as the proportions in which they are found.

` Oxides and oxygen halides are combinations of oxygen with another element, metal or non-metal.

` Hydrides are binary combinations of hydrogen with another element of the periodic table.

` Binary salts are combinations of a metal and a non-metal.

` Hydroxides are compounds formed by a hydroxide group (OH–) and a metal.

H He He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

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Name:

Class: Group: Date:

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1. Complete the following diagram.

2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect sentences in your notebook.

a) Elements of the same period have similar chemical properties since they have the same number of valence electrons.

b) The periodic table has 18 periods and 7 groups.

c) Ionic substances are soluble in water.

d) Covalent crystals have a very low melting point.

e) Metals are malleable and fragile.

f) Electron energy depends on the energy level they occupy.

``EXTRA ACTIVITIES

a) Periodic table


Electronic configuration

Grouping of atoms

Molecules

f) Crystals

Chemical bond

The way they join

Structure they form

Covalent bond

h) bond

i) bond

Taking into account

d)

b)

c) Inorganic formulation

Elementary substances

Simple ions

Oxygen halides

Peroxide

e)

g) atoms

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Extra activities

3. Read the following biography of Henry Moseley and answer the questions related to the text.

Moseley was born in Weymouth, England, in 1887 in the bosom of a family of scientists. He studied physics at Trinity College University of Oxford, where he graduated in 1910. From there he went to the University of Manchester to work with Ernest Rutherford. Moseley focused his work on the study of X-rays. He based his activities on other works that had demonstrated that the rays came from the metals used as anti-cathodes in X-ray tubes […]. In 1913, Moseley was trying to find the exact measurement of the wavelength of X-rays. He tried more than thirty different metals such as anti-cathodes, discovering that X-ray waves regularly vary their position as they pass through different elements, but always follow the order in which they are found in the periodic table. In this way he was able to establish that the charge of the nucleus was equal to what Moseley himself referred to as the ‘atomic number’. […] The existing relation between the frequency of the X-rays and their atomic number was baptised Moseley’s Law. In 1914, on the outbreak of the First World War, he departed for Australia and enlisted in the Royal Engineers as a communications officer. […] He died during the Gallipoli Campaign, during the landing at Suvla Bay, from a shot to the head […]. Many historians believe that he should have been awarded a Nobel Prize, but this is impossible so far as the award is only given to researchers that are alive. It is speculated that the death of Moseley is the reason why, during the Second World War and until this day, the British government has banned the enlisting of scientists in the army during wartime. Moseley died at just twenty-seven years old, and could have contributed much more to the knowledge of the structure of matter if he had lived longer.

Source adapted from these websites: Biografias y vidas and 100ciaquimica

a) What did his family members do?

b) Where and with whom did he work?

c) Where did the X-rays he studied come from?

d) What relation does Moseley’s Law suggest?

e) During which war did Moseley die?

f) What action did the British government take after Moseley’s death?

4. Complete the following table by providing the name of the element and the period and group in which it is located. Write the corresponding electron configuration.

Symbol Z Name Period Group Electron configuration

Be 4

B 5

F 9

Si 14

P 15

S 16

Ar 18

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Extra activities

5. Listen to the following article. Fill in the missing words and answer the related questions.

All of the chemistry books in the world were out of date after the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

confirmed the discovery of four new in 2014.

Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 are those discovered during recent decades by , Japanese and North

scientists. These elements complete the line of the periodic table.

[…] The scientists who discovered these elements are expected to them in the coming months. They

may be named from , a mineral, a place or country, a property or even after a scientist.

The four new elements are , not found in nature, they are highly and have a lifespan

of just seconds or even milliseconds. […] For this reason it is unknown if they could have a practical use.

Element 113, ununtrium, may have a lifespan of millisecond, and its instability means that it is

useless for industrial applications. It is only used in scientific research.

Element 115, ununpentium, exists for less than a before it breaks down into its lightest atoms. It is

highly radioactive. […]

Ununseptium (Uss, 117) is the second heaviest element after 118. Very little is known about this

element and it was not until 2010 that a team of Russian and North American scientists announced its discovery. […]

Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest of all the elements synthesised until now. Its atom is

highly unstable […]. Nevertheless, based on what we currently know, experts believe that it is solid under normal

temperature and pressure conditions. […] It is only used in scientific research.

Text adapted from: BBC World.

a) What are the initials of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry?

b) Where are the scientists who discovered these new elements from?

c) Who is responsible for naming the new elements?

d) Do these elements have any practical use? Why?

e) What is the heaviest of all elements discovered?

f) Which element is being used in scientific research?

6. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence and write it in your notebook.

a) Electrons occupy the energy levels and orbitals in ascending / descending order of energy.

b) Molecular elements are composed of two or more atoms of the same / different element.

c) Metals are good / bad conductors of heat and electricity.

d) The ionic bond is formed by electrostatic attraction between elements of equal / different electrical charge.

e) Crystals are solid / liquid substances whose elements form a crystal lattice.

7. Match each element or compound with its type of bond and its solubility.

Element/Compound Chemical bond Solubility

a) C 1. Molecule A. Soluble in other metals to form alloys

b) Cl2 2. Covalent crystal B. Water-soluble

c) Au 3. Ionic crystal C. Insoluble in nearly all solvents

d) KI 4. Metallic crystal D. Soluble in some solvents other than water

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Extra activities

8. Match each formula with the right nomenclature. Then, identify the compound it represents.

Formula Nomenclature Compound

a) NaH 1. Silane

b) CaO 2. Tin(IV) oxide

c) SnO2 3. Oxygen fluoride

d) SiH4 4. Barium hydroxide

e) HCl 5. Hydrochloric acid

f) Ba(OH)2 6. Sulphur hexafluoride

g) Na2O2 7. Sodium chloride

h) NaCl 8. Calcium Oxide

i) OF 9. Sodium Hydride

j) SF6 10. Sodium peroxide

9. Match each of the types of elements with their characteristics.

Type of element Characteristics

a) Noble gases1. In general, they are bad conductors of electricity and heat. They have

a low density compared to metals and they form anions upon gaining electrons.

b) Semi-metals2. They are inert under normal conditions that means that they don’t react

with any other type of element or form stable ions.

c) Non-metals

3. The majority of them are white or greyish (with the exception of copper and gold). They have a metallic lustre. They are good electricity and heat conductors. They are ductile and malleable and they can form cations upon losing electrons. They have high melting and boiling points.

d) Metals 4. They have intermediary properties between metals and non-metals. They

are solid at room temperature and can only form positive ions with difficulty.

10. Write a report about diamond and fullerene using the following pictures. If both are made of carbon:

a) What type of bond do they have?

b) What are their properties?

c) Why are so different?

d) Why are the main uses of fullerene?


Unit 3

14

Name:

Class: Group: Date:

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Unit 3

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1. Complete the table with the following solid substances and its chemical bond according to its structure: SiO2, NaCl and Au, covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond.

Substances

Chemical bond

Structure Lattice formed by neutral atoms Lattice formed by positive and negative ions Lattice formed by positive ions

2. Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

The of elements is called the periodic table because it , organises and distributes the

elements according to their properties and characteristics.

The current structure of the table is based on the atomic . This is the property that

makes one different from another. The number of an element indicates the number

of in each atom of that element.

The table is structured into rows or periods, and columns or groups.

Elements in the same period don’t share the same properties, but they have the same number of

in each orbital.

3. Complete the following sentences according to the name of the chemical bond are represented.

a) Substances with a bond are insoluble in water and non-conductive.

b) substances conduct in solution.

c) substances are excellent conductors.

d) substances are water-soluble.

e) substances form alloys with other metals.

4. Chose the correct word to complete each sentence.

a) The charge / oxidation number of an element is always written in Roman numerals.

b) The charge / oxidation number is the ion charge and is written in Arabic numerals.

c) Hydrides / Peroxides are combinations of a peroxide ion with a metal or with hydrogen.

d) Oxides / Hydrides are binary combinations of hydrogen with another element of the periodic table.

e) Oxides / Hydroxides are compounds formed by a hydroxide group and a metal.

``EXAM

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Exam

5. Formulate and name the following chemical compounds in two ways, if possible.

Formula Nomenclature

ZnH2

Calcium dioxide

Fe2O3

Methane

Hydrofluoric acid

Al(OH)3

Tin tetrachloride

Oxygen dichloride -------

NH3

Carbon dioxide

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1.

a) Periodic table of elements

b) Hydridesc) Oxidesd) Binary salts

e) Hydroxidesf) Crystalsg) Isolated atomsh) Ionic bondi) Metallic bond

2.

a) Elements of the same period have similar chemical properties since they have the same number of valence electrons. False. Elements of the same group have similar chemical properties since they have the same number of valence electrons.

b) The periodic table has 18 periods and 7 groups. False. The periodic table has 18 groups and 7 periods.

c) Ionic substances are soluble in water. True.d) Covalent crystals have a very low melting point. False.

Covalent molecules have a very low melting point.e) Metals are malleable and fragile. False. Metals are

malleable and ductile.f) Electron energy depends on the energy level they

occupy. True.

3.

a) His relatives were scientists. b) He worked at the University of Manchester with Ernest

Rutherford.c) The X-rays came from the metals used as anti-cathodes

in X-ray tubes.d) Moseley’s Law suggests there is a relation between

the frequency of X-rays and the atomic number of the metal that form anti-cathodes in X-ray tubes.

e) Moseley died during the First World War.f) It is thought that the British government decided to

ban the enlistment of scientist in the army during wartime since then.

4.

Symbol Z Name Period Group Electron configuration

Be 4 Beryllium 2Alkaline-

earth1s2 2s2

B 5 Boron 2Boron group

1s2 2s2 2p1

F 9 Fluorine 2 Halogens 1s2 2s2 2p5

Si 14 Silicon 3Carbon group

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

P 15 Phosphorus 3 Pnictogens1s2 2s2 2p6

3s2 3p3

S 16 Sulfur 3 Chalcogens1s2 2s2 2p6

3s2 3p4

Ar 18 Argon 3 Noble gas1s2 2s2 2p6

3s2 3p6

5.

a) IUPAC.b) They are from Russia, Japan and North America.c) The scientists who discovered these elements are

expected to name these ones.d) They don’t have any practical use because they have an

average life of milliseconds.e) Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest atomic mass

of all the elements synthesised until now.f) Both elements 113 and 118 are used in scientific

research.

All of the chemistry books in the world were out of date after the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry confirmed the discovery of four new elements in 2014. Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 are those discovered during recent decades by Russian, Japanese and North American scientists. These elements complete the seventh line of the periodic table. […] The scientists who discovered these elements are expected to name them in the coming months. They may be named from mythology, a mineral, a place or country, a property or even after a scientist. The four new elements are man-made, not found in nature, they are highly radioactive and have a lifespan of just seconds or even milliseconds. […] For this reason it is unknown if they could have a practical use. Element 113, ununtrium, may have a lifespan of one millisecond, and its instability means that it is useless for industrial applications. It is only used in scientific research. Element 115, ununpentium, exists for less than a second before it breaks down into its lightest atoms. It is highly radioactive. […] Ununseptium (Uss, 117) is the second heaviest synthetic element after 118. Very little is known about this element and it was not until 2010 that a team of Russian and North American scientists announced its discovery. […] Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest atomic mass of all the elements synthesised until now. Its atom is highly unstable […]. Nevertheless, based on what we currently know, experts believe that it is solid under normal temperature and pressure conditions. […] It is only used in scientific research.

Text adapted from: BBC World.

6.

a) Electrons occupy the energy levels and orbitals in ascending order of energy.

``ANSWERS TO THE EXTRA ACTIVITIES

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Answers to the exam

b) Molecular elements are composed of two or more atoms of the same element.

c) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.d) The ionic bond is formed by electrostatic attraction

between elements of different electrical charge. e) Crystals are solid substances whose elements form a

crystal lattice.

7.

a) 2. D b) 1. C c) 4. B d) 3. A

8.

a) 9. Hydride.b) 8. Oxide.c) 2. Oxide.d) 1. Hydride.e) 5. Hydride.

f) 4. Hydroxide.g) 10. Peroxide.h) 7. Binary salts.i) 3. Oxygen halide.j) 6. Binary salt.

9.

a) 2. b) 4. c) 1. d) 3.

10.

a) They have a covalent bond.b) Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon and is the

hardest element. Fullerene is an allotropic form of carbon with a bond similar to that of graphite, but with a polyhedral structure. It regains its shape after being exposed to great pressure.

c) They are different due to the type of bonds between their atoms.

d) https://www.britannica.com/science/fullerene They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity,

and they possess an astonishing tensile strength. Such properties hold the promise of exciting applications in electronics, structural materials, and medicine. Practical applications, however, will only be realized when accurate structural control has been achieved over the synthesis of these new materials.

``ANSWERS TO THE EXAM

1.

Substances SiO2 NaCl Au

Chemical bond

Covalent bond.

Ionic bond. Metallic bond.

Structure

Lattice formed

by neutral atoms.

Lattice formed by

positive and negative

ions.

Lattice formed by

positive ions.

2.

The table of elements is called the periodic table because it classifies, organises and distributes the chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics. The current structure of the periodic table is based on the atomic number. This is the property that makes one element different from another. The atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons in each atom of that element. The table is structured into seven rows or periods, and eighteen columns or groups. Elements in the same period don’t share the same physical properties, but they have the same number of electrons in each orbital.

3. a) Substances with a covalent bond are insoluble in

water and non-conductive.b) Ionic substances conduct in solution.

c) Metallic substances are excellent conductors.d) Ionic substances are water-soluble.e) Metallic substances form alloys with other metals.

4.

a) The oxidation number of an element is always written in Roman numerals.

b) The charge number is the ion charge and is written in Arabic numerals.

c) Peroxides are combinations of a peroxide ion with a metal or with hydrogen.

d) Hydrides are binary combinations of hydrogen with another element of the periodic table.

e) Hydroxides are compounds formed by a hydroxide group and a metal.

5.

Formula NomenclatureZnH2 Zinc hydride Zinc dihydride

CaO2 Calcium peroxide Calcium dioxide

Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide Diiron trioxide

CH4 Methane Carbon tetrahydride

HF Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric acid

Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium trihydroxide

SnCl4 Tin(IV) chloride Tin tetrachloride

OCl2 Oxygen dichloride -------

NH3 Azane Nitrogen trihydride

CO2 Carbon(IV) oxide Carbon dioxide

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Unit 3

18

``AUDIO SCRIPTS

}Track 00. Unit 3, activity 6, page 19. Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

[…] In early 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev spent a few months trying to order the elements. He wondered if, by placing them according to their atomic weight or otherwise, a model would appear. He was so obsessed with the problem, that one day he cancelled all his engagements and began to write the names of the elements on the backs of cards. Then, he tried to arrange the cards in rows and columns, ordering the elements according to their atomic weight. His success was limited: there seemed to be some ‘periodicity’, but there were also many misalignments. Dimitri fell asleep obsessed with his problem and, while he was playing cards in his dreams, he had an idea. What if he left gaps in the grid for the undiscovered elements? When he woke up, he found that if he fitted the rows of cards, they made a diagram that worked perfectly to show the relationships between all known elements: the first version of the periodic table had been born.

}Track 00. Unit 3, activity 16, page 23. Listen to the story of Friedrich Wöhler and answer the questions.

Friedrich Wöhler was born on 31 July 1800 in Eschersheim, close to Frankfurt. He studied medicine in Heidelberg. In 1823 he travelled to Stockholm to study chemistry with Jöns Jakob Berzelius. When he returned he devoted himself to research. He was the first person to synthesise an organic substance, urea. With this discovery he showed that organic chemical substances behave the same as inorganic chemical substances. He also made many discoveries of chemical elements, at times along with Justus von Liebig. Among these elements are aluminium, beryllium, yttrium, titanium, and silicon. He also helped develop the idea of ‘radicals’, molecular groups from which other substances are formed. Although this theory was rejected, it was useful in the understanding of molecular bonds. Later on, he specialised in the chemistry of meteorites and in the purification of nickel.

}Track 00. Unit 3, extra activity 5. Listen to the following article. Fill in the missing words and answer the related questions.

All of the chemistry books in the world were out of date after the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry confirmed the discovery of four new elements in 2014. Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 are those discovered in recent decades by Russian, Japanese and North American scientists. These elements complete the seventh line of the periodic table. […] The scientists who discovered these elements are expected to name them in the coming months. They may be named after mythology, a mineral, a place or country, a property or even after a scientist. The four new elements are man-made, not found in nature, they are highly radioactive and have a lifespan of just seconds or even milliseconds. […] For this reason, it is unknown if they could have a practical use. Element 113, ununtrium, may have a lifespan of one millisecond, and its instability means that it is useless for industrial applications. It is only used in scientific research. Element 115, ununpentium, exists for less than a second before it breaks down into its lightest atoms. It is highly radioactive. […] Ununseptium (Uss, 117) is the second heaviest synthetic element after 118. Very little is known about this element and it was not until 2010 that a team of Russian and North American scientists announced its discovery. […] Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest atomic mass of all the elements synthesised until now. Its atom is highly unstable […]. Nevertheless, based on what we currently know, experts believe that it is solid under normal temperature and pressure conditions. […] It is only used in scientific research.

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Audio scripts

}Track 00. Unit 3, exam activity 2. Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

The table of elements is called the periodic table because it classifies, organises and distributes the chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics. The current structure of the periodic table is based on the atomic number. This is the property that makes one element different from another. The atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons in each atom of that element. The table is structured into seven rows or periods, and eighteen columns or groups. Elements in the same period don’t share the same physical properties, but they have the same number of electrons in each orbital.

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Unit 3

20

``MY PORTFOLIO

Skill I can…I need to improve

I need a little help

I am doing well

Lis

ten

ing

When I listen, I can understand…

■ The biographies of some scientists.

■ The main ideas about the origin of the periodic table.

■ The main vocabulary of the unit: periods, groups, metals, non-metals, semi-metals, noble gases, ionic, molecules, covalent, metallic.

■ …

Wri

ting

I can write texts and express myself about…

■ The differences between some compounds and elements.

■ The results of some experiments.

■ The life of some scientists.

■ …

Rea

din

g

I can read and understand texts about…

■ The origin of the periodic table.

■ Chemical bonds.

■ Inorganic formulation.

■ …

Sp

eaki

ng

When I speak, I can…

■ Explain the main concepts related to elements and compounds.

■ Identify the differences between metals and non-metals.

■ Talk about the differences between a molecule and an ionic lattice.

■ Ask the teacher for help if I need to.

■ …

Co

nver

satio

n

When I have a conversation with my classmates, I can…

■ Use communicative sentences.

■ Contribute to the group discussion.

■ Express my opinion about different subjects.

■ Correct my answers with the help of my classmates.

■ …

3ESO

3ESO

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Physics & ChemistryLearn in English

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