physics in medicine: physical fundamentals of medical...
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Physics in Medicine:Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging
Klaus Lehnertz
Content:- Introduction / overview- x-ray tomography and Computed Tomography (CT)- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Tomography (MRI/MRT) - functional MRI (fMRI)- Neuroelectric (EEG) and Neuromagnetic (MEG) Imaging
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Literature:
O. Dössel: Bildgebende Verfahren in der Medizin, Springer, 2016
M.A. Fowler: Webb’s Physics of Medical Imaging, CRC Press, 2012
H. Morneburg (Hrsg.): Bildgebende Systeme für die medizinische Diagnostik, 3. Aufl. , Publicis MCD Verlag, 1995
P. Bösiger: Kernspin-Tomographie für die medizinische Diagnostik,
Teubner
W. Buckel: Supraleitung, VCH Weinheim, 1993R. Kleiner, W. Buckel: Superconductivity, Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2015
Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, ClinicalApplications, and Related Fields. 6ed. Lippincott, 2011
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging
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Aims of medical imaging:
- visualization of the body’s internal structure
- non-destructive (non-invasive) investigation ofstructure and function
- diagnosis
- therapy / therapy planning
- follow up
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
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macroscopiccm
microscopic< nm
anatomyhistology
cytologymolecular
biology
biochemistry
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medical imaging is a multi-disciplinary field of research
- physics (matter, energy, radiation, ...)
- mathematics (linear algebra, numerics, statistics)
- life sciences (biology / physiology / medicine ...)
- engineering (implementation)
- computer science (image reconstruction, signal processing)
medical imaging requires interdisciplinarity !!
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definition of terms:
medical imaging:
- techniques to visualize distributions of physical properties(e.g. density, conductance, concentration) inside the body
- Basics: physics of interactions between energy and matter
- Forms of energies: photons, γ, e+, e-, EM-field, ultra sound, ...
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caveat: biocompatibility !!
forms of energies
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definition of terms:
active imaging:
- imaging through exposure of energy(“exogenous” signals, e.g. x-rays, EM-fields, ultrasound)and recording of outcome of interactions
passive imaging:
- imaging through recording of “endogenous” signals (emitted from the body, e.g. EEG, MEG, EKG, MKG)
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energy(activ)
object
image
dete
cto
r
mathematicalalgorithms
(passiv)
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eye:
- highly efficient transmitter of information
- limited range of wave lengths
- perception of EM-waves (light) reflected from (or being generated on) the surface of an object
-But: most (animate and inanimate) tissues are lightproof due to thickness
- perception of the body’s internal structure requires destruction(artificial generation of new surfaces)
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light microscopy (LM)
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal, 1920
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
light microscopy (LM)
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confocal light-(Laser) microscopy
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electron microscopy (EM)
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scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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Fliegenauge
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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atomic force microscopy (AFM)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986
Ernst Ruska
Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin b. 1906
d. 1988 "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and
for the design of the first electron microscope"
Gerd Binnig
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikonb. 1947
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
Heinrich Rohrer
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Rüschlikonb. 1933
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atomic force microscopy (AFM)
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Schaefer et al., PNAS 99, 7154, 2002
hormone macromolecules entering cell nucleus
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
atomic force microscopy (AFM)
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3D electron tomography
resolution: 1.5 - 2 nm
light microscopy
700 nm
3D electron tomography
300 nm
Medalia et al., Science 298, 1209, 2002
actin cyto-sceleton of cells
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Comparison of microscopic techniques
technique resolution skin depth interaction environment
optical(photons)
~0.3 – 1 µm<1 µm@103X
LightEM wave
air, gas,vacuum,
fluid
SEM 0.2 nmhigh, but
requires thinprobes
E-,H-fielde- scatteringe- diffraction
vacuum
AFMlateral ~ 1 nmdepth 0.1 nm
0.1 nm
atomic forces(van der Waals,
covalent, ionic)
friction,electrostatic +magn. forces
vacuum,air, gas,
fluid
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Aims of medical imaging:
- visualization of the body’s internal structure
LM, SEM, AFM inapplicable
- non-destructive (non-invasive) investigation ofstructure and function
LM, SEM, AFM inapplicable
- diagnosis- therapy / therapy planning- follow up
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Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
caveat: biocompatibility !!
forms of energies
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Signalsof
imaging techniques for medical diagnosis
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
endogenous signals exogenous signals
Bio-
elec-tricity
magne-tism
infrared
imaging
impedance
imaging
EKG
EEGECoGEMGENG
MKG
MEG
IRI IMPI
E-field H-field IR Z
function / (morphology)
X-rays
CT
PET SPECT Scinti-
graphy
Magnetic
NuclearResonance
US
CT
image plate
image ampl.detectors
synchronton-radiation
Positron
EmissionTomogr.
Single
PhotonEmission
ComputedTomogr.
MRS
MR-Angio.fMRI
Sono-
graphy
µ γ (511 keV) γ γ e.m.
HF
sound
morphology metabolism function / morphology
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Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
Bioelectricity / Biomagnetism
- Electric / Magnetic Source Imaging:
- Information exchange (neurons, cells, muscle fibres) -> current flow -> magnetic field
(nV – mV) (fT – mT)
- sensitive sensors/amplifierE-field: electrodesH-field: SQUID
- source-/volume-conductor models
inverse problem!
- fusion with CT/MRI
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Bioelectricity / Biomagnetism
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ultrasound (US):
- reflection of US from (acoustic) surface (e.g. boundary of organ)- degree of reflection depends on acoustic properties of tissues
(a few % of sound energy for soft tissue)- scattering of US on small objects; speckle noise
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x-ray imaging
attenuation of x-rays in different tissues of the body
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgendiscovery of x-rayson 8. November 1895Nobel Physics prize: 1901
x-ray image of Mrs. Röntgen‘s hand(22. December 1895)
modern x-ray image
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x-ray CT:
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Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
x-ray CT:
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nuclear medical imaging techniques (PET/SPECT)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): radioactive labeling of biological substance with positron emitter (C-11, N-13, O-15, F-18) e.g. O-15 water, F-18 deoxyglucose
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): radionuclide, γ-emitter
- introduce tracer into body- distribution pattern depending on function of targeted organ(s) and recording time
- measurement of radiation emitted from the body
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nuclear medical imaging techniques (PET)
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nuclear medical imaging techniques (SPECT)
whole bodybone neoplasm (tumor)
heartfunctioning brain
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- distribution of different relaxation time of hydrogen nuclei and of proton density due to chemical changes or due tochanges in concentration
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
brain; sagittal Multislice T1
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brain; axial Multislice T1
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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T1 contrast proton densityT2 contrast
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
eyes lips tounge
knee pelves fingertoe
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comparison of imaging techniques
PET CT MRI
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PETCT CT-PET overlay
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fusion of imaging techniques
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MRI
SPECT (A-scan)
SPECT (B-scan)
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
fusion of imaging techniques
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ictal SPECT
interictal SPECT
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
fusion of imaging techniques
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fusion of imaging techniquesMSI and MRI
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
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Andreas Vesalius
anatomist1514-1564
Visible Human Project
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
fusion of imaging techniques
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localization
perfusion
metabolism
receptors
anti-genes
gene expression
physiology
morphology
molecularbiology
volume
surface
x-ray, CTultrasound
MRI
Doppler, CT, MRI
spectroscopy
tracer methods
proliferation PET/SPECT
optical techniques
PET, SPECT, MRI
Development of medical imaging techniques
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction
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QM and atomic physics
electromagnetism, electrodynamics
statistical physics, low temperature physics
thermodynamics
MRI
nuclear structure particle physics
semiconductor physics + appl. radiation physics
medical physics
PET/SPECT
QM and atomic physics solid state physics
nuclei, molecules, solid state body semiconductor physics + appl.
radiation physics medical physics
x-ray CT
branches of physicsimaging technique
physical basics
ESI/MSI medical physicselectromagnetism, electrodynamics
statistical physics, low temperature physics, thermodynamics
Physical Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Introduction