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Physics Nobel Laureate Wolfgang Ketterle: A scientometric portrait

M. M. KOGANURMATH, MALLIKARJUN ANGADI, B. S. KADEMANI, V. L. KALYANE AND SURESH JANGE

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ABSTRACT Wolfgang Ketterle was honoured with the Nobel Prize in Physics (2001) at 44 years of biological age and at 20 years of research publishing career. He had 115 publications during 1982 – 2002 in domains: Bose-Einstein Condensation (68), Laser Spectroscopy (30), and Atomic Physics (17) which were analysed for authorship pattern with his 68 collaborators. Most active researchers having number of publications with Wolfgang Ketterle were : S. Inouye (26), A. P. Chikkatur (20), M. R. Andrews (19), D. M. Stampur-Kurn (18), D. S. Durfee (17), H. J. Miesner (17), D. E. Pritchard (17), H. Walther (12), M. O. Mewes (12), D. M. Kurn (12), C. Raman (12), J. Stenger (12), J. Wolfrum (11), A. Arnold (10), N. J. van Druten (10), A. Gorlitz (10), and S. Gupta (10). His productivity coefficient was 0.78 which clearly indicates that his productivity increased after 50 percentile age. Highest collaboration coefficient (1) for Wolfgang Ketterle was found in 1983-1985, 1988, 1991-1995, and 2001. The publication concentration was 5.21% and publication density was 2.01. The core journals publishing his papers were: Phys. Rev. Lett. (30), Applied Physics-B (7), Journal of Chemical Physics (5), Nature (5), Physics Review-A (5), and Science (5). Most prolific keywords in titles were: Bose-Einstein condensate (38), Bose-Einstein condensation (15), Observation (9), Helium hydride (8), Emission spectrum, (6) Suppression (4). The ‘biobibliometrics’ term is used for a method of retrieving and visualizing biological information that uses co-occurrence of gene naming terms in Medical Sciences to generate semantic links between genes. Therefore it is suggested that ‘Scientometric Portrait’ is the appropriate phrase for the studies on scientists and ‘Informetric Portrait’ for the studies pertaining to researchers in other disciplines such as arts, humanities, and social sciences.

M. M. Koganurmath, Sir Dorabji Tata Memorial Library, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088, INDIA, Mallikarjun Angadi, Sir Dorabji Tata Memorial Library, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088, INDIA, B. S. Kademani, Library and Information Services Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai- 400 085, INDIA V. L. Kalyane, Library and Information Services Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai- 400 085, INDIA Suresh Jange, Gulbarga University Library, Gulbarga -585 106, INDIA,

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INTRODUCTION

Bio-bibliometrics deals with the biographical study of the individual careers of scientists and researchers and correlating bibliographic analysis of publications or academic and scientific achievements.

Some biographical and bio-bibliometric studies of individuals have been carried out occasionally at the time of retirement or paying homage to an individual after death. For some noted individuals their contributions are highlighted in the obituary column of professional journals.

Individuals are the source of ideas. The institutions are built by the individuals and grow around individuals. Individuals are the basic foundations of any institution. By studying the individuals who have reached the top positions in academic and research life and by highlighting their works may stimulate the younger generation to emulate them.

‘Bio-bibliometrics’ the term was first coined by Sen and Gan (1990) to mean as

the quantitative and analytical method for discovering and establishing functional relationships between bio-data and biblio-data elements. There are many bio-bibliometric studies, but have hardly used the term ‘bio-bibliometrics’ in the titles of the papers except (Sen & Gan, 1990; Tiew, 1999).

Kalyane and Kalyane (1993) first used the phrase ‘ Scientometric Portrait’ to

carry out bio-bibliometric studies on scientists. In some of the papers Kalyane and Devarai (1994); Kalyane and Samanta (1995); and Devarai and Ramesh (1998) used the term ‘Informetrics’ in the titles of their papers on C. S. Vekata ram, K. Ramiah, and M. N. Srinivas respectively. However, there was continuous use of the phrase ‘Scientometric Portrait’ ( Kademani et al., 1994; Kademani et al., 1994; Kalyane & Kalyane, 1994; Kalyane & Kademani, 1995; Kalyane, 1995; Kalyane & Munnolli, 1995; Kademani, et al., 1996; Kademani et al., 1996; Kalyane & Sen, 1996; Kademani & Kalyane, 1997; Kademani & Kalyane, 1998; Kalyane & Sen, 1998; Kademani et al., 2000; Kademani, et al., 2001; Kalyane et al., 2001; Kalyane & Sen (website); Kademani et al., 2002; Koganuramath, et al., 2003; Munnolli & Kalyane, 2003; Angadi et al., 2004) consistently. ‘Information profile’ (Sinha & Bhatnagar, 1980; Sinha & Ullah, 1994) and ‘citation profile’ phrase was used by S. C. Sinha and Ullah (1993). Subir K. Sen (1995), Chairman, SIG - Informetrics, IASLIC Conference, 1994 proposed the term ‘Microbibliometrics’ for the studies on individual scientists, which were presented by Kalyane and Kademani as ongoing projects on individual scientists.

Recently the term ‘Bio-bibliometrics’ is being used for a method of retrieving and visualizing biological information that uses co-occurrence of gene naming terms in Medical Sciences to generate semantic links between genes (Stapley & Benoit, website). Therefore, it is suggested that ‘Scientometric portrait’ is the appropriate phrase for the studies on scientists, and ‘Informetric portrait’ for the studies on researchers in other disciplines such as arts, humanities, and social sciences.

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The Nobel Prize is regarded as the most honorific recognition of scientific achievement. The prestige of the Nobel prize is so great that it enhances the standing of nations and institutions as well as the reputation of its “laureates” (Zuckerman , 1967; Zuckerman , 1967; Zuckerman , 1977).

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded to Wolfgang Ketterle as one of the three recipients of the Nobel Prize (2001) in Physics for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. In addition to being a member of Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), Ketterle is an investigator in the MIT-Harvard Centre for Ultracold Atoms (CUA). Ketterle's co-recipients of the Physics Nobel Prize (2001) are Eric A. Cornell of ( JILA) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Carl E. Wieman of JILA and the University of Colorado at Boulder. In 1924 the Indian physicist Satyendranath Bose made important theoretical calculations regarding light particles. He sent his results to Einstein who extended the theory to a certain type of atom. Einstein predicted that if a gas of such atoms were cooled to a very low temperature all of the atoms would suddenly gather in the lowest possible energy state. The process is similar to when drops of liquid are formed from a gas, hence the term condensation. Seventy-two years were to pass in achieving this extreme state of matter in 1995. Cornell and Wieman then produced a pure condensate of about 2 000 rubidium atoms at 20 nK (nanokelvin), i.e. 0.000 000 02 degrees above absolute zero. Ketterle performed corresponding experiments with sodium atoms independently of the work of Cornell and Wieman. The condensates he managed to produce contained more atoms and could therefore be used to investigate the phenomenon further. Using two separate Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) which were allowed to expand into one another, he obtained very clear interference patterns, i.e. the type of pattern that forms on the surface of water when two stones are thrown in at the same time. This experiment showed that the condensate contained entirely co-ordinated atoms. Ketterle also produced a stream of small "BEC drops" which fell under the force of gravity. This can be considered as a primitive "laser beam" using matter instead of light.

OBJECTIVES Wolfgang Ketterle was taken as a case study for present scientometric analysis. Biographical details and a brief resume (Appendix-1) are well known. This study highlights Wolfgang Ketterle’s: • domainwise contributions, • domainwise authorships, • prominent collaborators, • use of channels of communications, and • documentation of keywords from titles of the papers.

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Scientific publications seem to provide the best available basis for measuring the research output. One of the first writers to suggest scientific papers as a measure of research productivity was Nobel laureate William Shockley (1975) who was interested in measuring the research productivity among individuals within a group by analyzing their publications. A few scientometric studies on Nobel laureates (Cawkell & Garfield, 1980; Gupta, 1983; Kragh, 1990; Kademani et al., 1994; Kademani et al., 1996; Kalyane & Sen, 1996; Kalyane & Kademani, 1997; Kademani et al., 1999; Kademani et al., 2001; Kademani et al., 2002; Kademani et al., 2002; Koganuramath et al., 2003; Angadi et al., 2004; Kademani et al., 2004) and others (Gupta, 1978; Ruff , 1979; Sinha & Bhatnagar, 1980; Gupta, 1983; Gupta, 1983; Dieks & Slooten, 1986; Todorov & Winterhager, 1991; Lancaster et al., 1992; Lancaster et al., 1993; Seglen, 1993; Sinha & Ullah, 1993; Kademani et al., 1994; Kalyane & Kalyane, 1994; Kalyane, 1995; Kalyane & Kademani, 1995; Kalyane & Munnolli, 1995; Kademani & Kalyane, 1996; Kademani & Kalyane, 1996; Kademani et al., 1996; Kalyane & Sen, 1998; Kademani & Kalyane, 1998; Brittain, 2000; Kademani et al., 2000; Kalyane et al., 2001; Rusthon, 2001; Sinha & Dhiman, 2001; Kalyane & Sen, 2003; Munnolli & Kalyane, 2003; Kalyane & Sen (website); Sen & Karanjia, 2003;) have been published.

The present study is limited to the 115 papers by Wolfgang Ketterle (1982-2002).

The bibliographic fields were analysed by Normal Count Procedure (Kalyane & Vidyasagar Rao, 1995) for domains, authorships, journals, and keywords in the titles. The ratio of number of multi – authored publications and total no. of publications in a defined period is called Collaboration Coefficient (Subramanyam , 1983). 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Domainwise contributions

Ketterle had research communications in the following domains:

A = Laser Spectroscopy; B = Atomic Physics ; and C = Bose-Einstein Condensation.

Ketterle had contributed 68 papers in the domain Bose - Einstein Condensation (1995 – 2002 ) followed by 30 papers in domain Laser Spectroscopy ( 1982 – 1999 ), and Seventeen papers in Atomic Physics (1983 – 2002). Domainwise profile of the annual growth of publications by Ketterle is presented in FiG.1.

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4.2 Collaboratorship Domainwise authorship pattern and number of publications and authorships in each domain are presented in Table 1. Six authored Bose- Einstein Condensation papers were 20, followed by one paper in Laser Spectroscopy. Two – authored Bose-Einstein Condensation papers were 14, followed by five papers in Atomic Physics and three papers in Laser Spectroscopy. Seven - authored Bose-Einstein Condensation papers were 12, followed by one paper in Laser Spectroscopy. Three - authored Bose-Einstein Condensation papers were 4, followed by four papers in Atomic Physics, and nine papers in Laser Spectroscopy. Five - authored Bose-Einstein Condensation papers were 4, followed by Two papers each in Atomic Physics, and Laser Spectroscopy. Eight- authored Bose - Einstein Condensation papers were 2, followed by one paper in Laser Spectroscopy. Fourteen- authored one paper was in Laser Spectroscopy, thirteen- authored one paper was in Bose-Einstein Condensation, eleven authored one paper was in Bose-Einstein Condensation, ten - authored one paper was in Laser Spectroscopy, and nine - authored one paper was in Bose - Einstein Condensation.

Wolfgang Ketterle had 18 single – authored papers in various domains such as Bose-Einstein Condensation (8), Atomic Physics (3), and Laser Spectroscopy (7).Year - wise productivity of Wolfgang Ketterle is shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. He published his first paper in the year 1982. His 84.35 per cent of papers were collaborative.

Twentieth century has seen a tremendous collaborative research among scientists working in groups within and across the geographic boundaries of a country, which enhanced the ability of scientists to put in their brain collectively and make significant progress in their respective domains of specialisation. Collaboration is inevitable in natural sciences and multidisciplinary areas, to make significant advances and breakthroughs.

1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

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Fig. 1 . Domainwise publication productivity of Wolfgang Ketterle

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Whatever the advances have been made today are the results of endeavours of individual scientists as mentors (Marcina , 2000; Sindermann , 1985; Long & McGinnis, 1985) . Highest collaboration coefficient (1.00) for Wolfgang Ketterle was found in 1983-1985, 1988, 1991-1995, and 2001. The Productivity Coefficient (Sen & Gan, 1990) is the Ratio of the productivity age (corresponding to the 50 percentile productivity) to the total productivity life. Productivity Coefficient for Wolfgang Ketterle was 0.78, which is a clear indication that his productivity increased after 50 percentile age. His total productivity age studied here spans 16 years (1982-2002) during which he produced 115 scientific publications. Fifty percent of his total publications were produced within five years (1998-2002). He had highest number of collaborative papers (12) in 1998 and published highest (13) number of papers in 1998 and 1999. He published eleven papers each in 1996 and 2001. In the year 1987 he did not publish any paper.

Table 1: Domainwise productivity of number of papers and authorship pattern of the Nobel laureate Wolfgang Ketterle ( 1982 – 2002 )

Domains No of Authored

papers A B C

Total No. of papers

Percentage No. of Authorships

Percentage

1-authored 7 3 8 18 15.65 18 03.73 2-authored 3 5 14 22 19.13 44 09.11 3-authored 9 4 4 17 14.78 51 10.56 4-authored 4 3 1 8 06.95 32 06.63 5-authored 2 2 4 8 06.95 40 08.28 6-authored 1 20 21 18.26 126 26.07 7-authored 1 12 13 11.30 91 18.84 8-authored 1 2 3 02.61 24 04.97 9-authored 1 1 00.87 09 01.86 10-authored 1 1 00.87 10 02.07 11-authored 1 1 00.87 11 02.28 13-authored 1 1 00.87 13 02.69 14-authored 1 1 00.87 14 02.09 Total 30 17 68 115 100.00 483 100.00 Percentage 26.09 14.78 59.13 100 Authorships per paper

3.70 2.76 4.72 4.2 A = Laser Spectroscopy; B = Atomic Physics; C = Bose-Einstein Condensation

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Table 2: Collaboration pattern of Wolfgang Ketterle

Number of papers under various authorships Age of Wolfgang Ketterle

Year Single

authored Multi-authored Total

Collaboration Coefficient

Publishing Career Age

25 1982 1 - 1 0 1 26 1983 - 1 1 1 2 27 1984 - 1 1 1 3 28 1985 - 1 1 1 4 29 1986 1 1 2 0.5 5 31 1988 - 4 4 1 7 32 1989 2 6 8 0.75 8 33 1990 4 5 9 0.56 9 34 1991 - 2 2 1 10 35 1992 - 7 7 1 11 36 1993 - 3 3 1 12 37 1994 - 1 1 1 13 38 1995 - 3 3 1 14 39 1996 1 10 11 0.91 15 40 1997 1 6 7 0.86 16 41 1998 1 12 13 0.92 17 42 1999 2 11 13 0.85 18 43 2000 4 5 9 0.56 19 44 2001 - 11 11 1 20 45 2002 1 7 8 0.88 21

Total 18 97 115 % 15.7 84.3 100

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

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Fig. 2. Growth pattern of single - authored and multi - authored papers of Wolfgang Ketterle

TOTAL PAPERS MULTI - AUTHORED PAPERS SINGLE - AUTHORED PAPERS

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Researchers and their authorships in collaboration with Wolfgang Ketterle in chronological order of their association (starting with first paper publication year) are documented in Table 3 and depicted in Fig.3.

Table 3: Domainwise and Chronological profile of the Nobel laureate Wolfgang Ketterle ( 1982 – 2002 )

Domains Sl.

No. Researcher

A B C

Period of Collaboration

FPY-LPY

TY No. of Authorships

Quinqu -ennium

1. Ketterle, W. 30 17 68 1982-2002 21 115 2. Gotze, W. 1 1983-1983 1 1 3. Fukuda, Y. 1 1984-1984 1 1 4. Figger, H. 5 1984-1989 6 5 5. Walther, H. 10 2 1984-1989 6 12 6. Dodhy, A. 2 1 1986-1988 3 3

QI

7. GraBhoff 1 1988-1988 1 1 8. Messmer, H. P. 1 2 1988-1989 2 3 9. Kollner, M. 2 1989-1990 2 2 10. Suntz, R. 2 1989-1990 2 2 11. Becker, H. 4 1989-1991 3 4 12. Monkhouse, P. 3 1989-1992 4 3 13. Arnold, A. 10 1989-1994 6 10 14. Wolfrum, J. 11 1989-1994 6 11 15. Behrendt, F. 1 1990-1990 1 1 16. DieBel, E. 1 1990-1990 1 1 17. Dreier, T. 1 1990-1990 1 1 18. Hemberger, R. 2 1990-1990 1 2 19. Hentschel, W. 1 1990-1990 1 1 20. Herden, R. 1 1990-1990 1 1 21. Meienburg, W. 1 1990-1990 1 1 22. Neckel, H. 1 1990-1990 1 1 23. Schindler, K. P. 1 1990-1990 1 1 24. Sick, V. 2 1990-1990 1 2 25. Thiele, K. U. 1 1990-1990 1 1 26. Warnatz, J. 1 1990-1990 1 1 27. Lange, B. 2 1990-1992 3 2 28. Schafer, M. 6 1990-1992 3 6

QII

29. Bouche 1 1992-1992 1 1 30. Dinkelacker, F. 1 1992-1992 1 1 31. Heitzmann, T. 1 1992-1992 1 1 32. Kohler, J. 1 1992-1992 1 1 33. Schiff, G. 1 1992-1992 1 1 34. Stolz, W. 1 1992-1992 1 1 35. Martin, A. 3 1992-1993 2 3 36. Joffe, M. A. 4 1992-1995 4 4 37. Pritchard, D. E. 2 5 10 1992-2002 11 17 38. Davis, K. B. 3 2 1993-1996 4 5 39. Druten, N. J. van 1 9 1995-1997 2 10 40. Mewes, M. O. 2 10 1995-1997 3 12 41. Kurn, D. M. 12 1995-1998 4 12 42. Andrews, M. R. 1 18 1995-1999 5 19

QIII

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43. Durfee, D. S. 17 1995-2000 6 17 44. Townsend, C. G. 7 1996-1997 2 7

45. Stringari, S. 1 1997-1997 1 1 46. Miesner, H. J. 17 1997-1999 3 17 47. Inouye, S. 26 1997-2001 5 26 48. Stenger, J. 12 1998-2000 3 12 49. Stamper-Kurn,D. M. 18 1998-2001 4 18 50. Chikkatur, A. P. 1 19 1998-2002 5 20 51. Kohl, M. 2 1999-2000 2 2 52. Kuklewicz, C. E. 2 1999-2000 2 2 53. Pfau, T. 2 1999-2000 2 2 54. Onofrio, R. 4 1999-2001 3 4 55. Gorlitz, A. 1 9 1999-2002 4 10 56. Gupta, S. 10 1999-2002 4 10 57. Hadzibabic, Z. 2 1999-2002 4 2 58. Raman, C. 12 1999-2002 4 12 59. Low, R. 1 2000-2000 1 1 60. Abo-Shaeer, J.R. 8 2000-2002 3 8 61. Gustavson, T. L. 5 2000-2002 3 5 62. Vogels, J. M. 1 7 2000-2002 3 8 63. Rosenband, T. 3 2001-2001 1 3 64. Leanhardt, A. E. 4 2001-2002 2 4 65. Xu, K. 4 2001-2002 2 4

QIV

66. Anglin, J. R. 2 2002-2002 1 2 67. Dieckmann, K. 1 2002-2002 1 1 68. Stan, C. A. 1 2002-2002 1 1

69. Zwierlein, M. W. 1 2002-2002 1 1

QV

1-69 Total 112 45 326 1982-2002 21 483 ( A = Laser Spectroscopy; B = Atomic Physics ; C = Bose-Einstein Condensation; FPY = First Publication Year; LPY = Last Publication Year; TY = Total years)

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WOLFGANG KETTERLE ( MENTOR )

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Fig. 3 Authorship credits to collaboratos with Wolfgang Ketterle

COLLABORATOR NUMBER

4.3 Domainwise authorships Table 3 shows author productivity and distribution of authors in various domains. The research group of Wolfgang Ketterle had the credits as number of authorships in various domains: Bose-Einstein Condensation (326), Laser Spectroscopy (112), and Atomic Physics (45). 4.4 Collaborator dynamics In the first quinquennium ( QI ) there were 6 collaborators, followed by in QII (26), QIII (20) and QIV (28). Overlap or continuity of the collaborators (bold numbers) between two quinquenniums and new collaborators between two quinquenniums ( normal figures) are indicated in Table 4. For example, out of 6 collaborators in the QI four continued to collaborate in QII also, while 22 new collaborators joined during QII thus making a cohort of 26 collaborators in QII.

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Table 4 : Cohort of collaborators in the quinquennium, number of common Collaborators and new collaborators between the respective quinquenniums

QI (1982 – 1986)

QII (1987 – 1991)

QIII (1992 – 1996)

QIV (1997 – 2001)

(6)

4 (26)

22

K (20)

19

K (28)

27

(26)

4 (20)

16

K(29)

28

(20) 7 (27) 20

QI

QII QIII

QIV (28)

( Tuple : Collaborators during the quinquennial period in (italics bold) parenthesis ; bold atop corner for number of common collaborators ; normal bottom corner for number of new collaborators ; and K for Ketterle alone common between the quinquenniums ) Table 5 : Publication Productivity of the Nobel laureate Wolfgang Ketterle and his

collaborators (1982-2002)

Domains No. of Papers (p) A B C

No. of Authors

(n)

Total Authorships

(nxp)

Prominent Collaborators

1 18 1 5 24 24 2 10 10 10 20 3 6 6 3 5 15 4 4 4 12 5 20 5 5 3 7 3 15 6 6 1 6 Schafer, M. 7 7 1 7 Townsend, C.G.

8 1 15 2 16 Abo-Shaeer, J.R. and

Vogels, J. M. 10 10 2 28 4 40 Arnold, A. ; Druten, N.J. ;

Gorlitz, A. and Gupta, S. 11 11 1 11 Wolfrum, J. 12 10 4 46 5 60 Walther, H. ; Mewes,

M.O. ; Kurn, D.M. ; Stenger, J. and Raman, C.

17 2 5 44 3 51 Pritchard , D.E. ; Durfee, D.S. and Miesner, H.J.

18 18 1 18 Stampur-Kurn, D.M. 19 1 18 1 19 Andrews, M.R. 20 1 19 1 20 Chikkatur, A.P. 26 26 1 26 Inouye, S.

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115 30 17 68 1 115 Ketterle, W. Total 112 45 326 69 483

( A = Laser Spectroscopy; B = Atomic Physics ; C = Bose-Einstein Condensation) 4.5 Prominent Collaborators Most active researchers with number of publications with Wolfgang Ketterle ( Table 5) were : S. Inouye (26), A. P. Chikkatur (20), M. R. Andrews (19), D. M. Stampur-kurn (18), D. S. Durfee (17), H. J. Miesner (17), D. E. Pritchard (17), H. Walther (12), M. O. Mewes (12), D. M. Kurn (12), C. Raman (12), J. Stenger (12), J. Wolfrum (11), A. Arnold (10), N. J. Druten (10), A. Gorlitz (10), and S. Gupta (10). Five scientists had collaboration in three papers each. Ten scientists had collaboration in two papers each. Twenty four scientists could collaborate in only one paper each. Total number of authors in the research group were 69 and total number of authorships were 483. 4.6 Use of channels of communications Distribution of Wolfgang Ketterle’s 115 publications were spread over 24 journals, 19 conference proceedings, books, etc. Channelwise scattering of publications of Wolfgang Ketterle is provided in Table 6 and Fig. 4 He has published 30 papers in Phys. Rev. Lett. (1985-2002), 7 papers in Applied Physics-B (1990-1995), 5 papers each in Journal of Chemical Physics (1988-1990), Nature (1998-2002), Physical Review-A (1989-2001), and Science (1996-2001). Fig. 5 Indicates the growth of publications by Wolfgang Ketterle in the 6 core journals. The publication concentration was 5.21 % and publication density was 2.01 Table 6 : Dissemination Channels of the publication of the Nobel laureate Wolfgang

Ketterle ( 1982 – 2002 ) Sl.No. Channel of Communication No. of

Papers Cumulative FPY - LPY TY IF

1. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 30 1985 - 2002 18 6.462 2. Appl. Phys. B 7 37 1990 - 1999 10 1.913 3. J. Chem. Phys. 5 42 1988 - 1990 3 3.301 4. Nature 5 47 1998 - 2002 5 25.814 5. Phys. Rev. A 5 52 1989 - 2001 12 2.831 6. Science 5 57 1996 - 2001 6 23.871 7. Chem. Phys. Lett. 4 61 1986 - 1989 4 2.364 8. Z. Phys. D 3 64 1988 - 1989 2 - 9. J. Low Temp. Phys. 2 66 1998 - 2001 4 1.058

10. Optics & Photonics News

2 68 1998 - 1999 2 -

11. Phys. Bull. 2 70 1996 - 1997 2 - 12. Appl. Opt. 1 71 1990 - 1990 1 1.913 13. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1 72 1992 - 1992 1 1.531

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14. Can. J. Phys. 1 73 1984 - 1984 1 0.551 15. Europhys. Lett. 1 74 1989 - 1989 1 2.228 16. Experiments in Fluids 1 75 1992 - 1992 1 0.702 17. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1 76 1993 - 1993 1 1.943 18. Physics Today

Japanese translation (Parity)

1 77 2000 - 2000 1 -

19. LEOS Newsletter 1 78 1996 - 1996 1 - 20. Optics Express 1 79 1998 - 1998 1 1.811 21. Physica 1 80 2000 - 2000 1 - 22. Physics World 1 81 1997 - 1997 1 1.281 23. Physique

Astrophysique 1 82 2001 - 2001 1 -

24. Z. Phys. B 1 83 1983 - 1983 1 - 25-57. Others in Books,

Conf. etc. 32 115

( FPY = First Paper Year, LPY = Last Paper Year, and TY = Total Years, IF = Impact Factor taken from Journal Citation Reports - 2001)

Fig. 4. Bradford – Zipf bibliograph for Wolfgang Ketterle

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Fig. 5. Growth of the publications by Wolfgang Ketterle preferentially

Contribute to six journals 4.6.1 Distribution of Wolfgang Ketterle’s publications in different type of communication channels It is clearly evident from the Table 7 that his 72.15 percentage of publications were published in scientific journals followed by (16.5%) publications in conference proceedings.

Table 7 : Distribution of Wolfgang Ketterle’s publications in different type communication channels

Sl.No. Document Type No of Papers

1. Journal Articles 83 2. Conf/Sem. Papers 19 3. Edited books 4 4. Pre-Print 3 5. Dissertation 2 6. Books 1 7. Encyclopaedia 1 8. Patent 1 9. Year Book 1 Total 115

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4.7 Keyword Tomography The recent study on Database Tomography (Kostoff & Eberhart, 1997) for Research Impact Assessment is interesting. Titles of publications convey precisely the thought contents of the papers. The potency of information concentrated on the titles of the papers is more than the rest of the sections of the papers. Therefore if a word occurs more frequently than expected it to occur, then it reflects the emphasis given by the author about the domain of his research. These important words called ‘keywords’ are one of the best indicators to understand and to grasp instantaneously the thought content of the papers, methodologies used and areas of research addressed to. The keyword frequencies appeared in the titles of the papers is provided in Tables 8 – 9. High frequency keywords were Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein condensation, Observation, Helium hydride, Emission spectrum, Suppression. Table 8 : Keyword Frequency from the Title of Wolfgang Ketterle ( 1982 – 2002 )

Keywords Frequency Bose-Einstein condensate 38 Bose-Einstein condensation 15 Observation 9 Helium hydride 8 Emission spectrum 6 Suppression 4 Light scattering 3 Spectroscopy 3 Bose-Einstein condensed gas 3 Dilute atomic gases 3 Atom lasers 3 Atomic gases 2 Bragg spectroscopy 2 Collective enhancement 2 Combustion diagnostics 2 Cooling atoms 2 Enhancement 2 Evaporative cooling 2 Experimental studies 2 Optical confinement 2 Probing 2 Quantum matter 2 Rayleigh scattering 2 Realization 2 Spin domains 2 Spinor 2 Studies 2 Superradiant 2 Tunable excimer lasers 2

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Table 9 : Keywords appeared only once in the titles of the papers of Wolfgang

Ketterle ( 1982 – 2002 )

2D determination; 2D single-shot imaging;2D-LIF of OH; Absolute temperature fields; Absoluten nullpunkt; Amplification; Analytical model; Atmospheric pressure flames; Atom cooling; Atom traps; Atomic beam; Atomic matter waves;Atomic physics; Atoms; Atoms optics; Autoionizing rydberg states of H3; Bending vibration; Boes-Einstein condensate; Boes-Einstein condensates; Bogoliubov transformation; Bose and Fermi gases; Bose condensate;Bose-Einstein condensed atoms; Bose-einstein kondensation; Bose-Einstein-kondensate; Bose-Einstein-kondensation; Bosonic stimulation; Bound helium hydride; Bound-free emission ; CARS spectroscopy; CH3OH/O2-mixtures; Coherence properties ; Cold atoms; Collective excitations; Collisionless ; Collisions at nanokelvin temperatures; Combustion processes; Condensed matter physics; Confining dc magnetic trap; Correlated atomic beams; Counterflow diffusion flames; Critical velocity; Dark light traps; Dark spontaneous-force; Deflection; Degenerate; Determination; Discrete spectrum; Disordered conductors; Dissipationless flow; Effective collisional lifetimes; Electronic structure; Evaporative; Evidence; Excimer lasers; Excitation; Fehbach resonances; Fermions; Feshbach resonances; Finite number; Finite temperatures; Flames; Focusing ground state atoms; Formation; Formation and decay; Four-wave mixing condensates; Gas of sodium atoms; Gas von natrium-atomen; Gaseous; Gravitational limitations; Ground state; Helium hydride molecule; High densities; High rydberg states; Higher densities of cold atoms; Highly anisotropic traps; Hydrodynamic excitations; I bands near 5600, 5800 and 6025 A; I bands near 8000 A; Ideal bose gas; Ignition processes; II bands near 4500 and 7100 A; II bands near 5500 and 6400 A; III bands near 5200; 5300 and 6000 A; Impurity scattering; Inelastic collisions; Intense slow atom beams; Intensity graded light sheet; Interference; Isotropic laser light; IV bands near 4100 and 4600 A; Laser in-situ monitoring; Laser stimulation; Lifetimes of triatomic hydrogen molecules; Light; Low-lying Rydberg states(n = 2 - 5); Lower dimensions; Magnetic trap; Making; Matter; Metastable state; Mgnetically trapped nanokelvin atoms; Modeling; N=3 states of H3; ND4 schuler band; Neon hydride; Neue form von quantenmaterie; Neutralized ion beam experiment; New form; Non-destructive imaging; Nuclear spin relaxation; OH radicals; One or three dimensions; Optical bragg scattering; Optical tweezers; Optically confined; Output coupler; Particales trapped; Phase-coherent amplification; Phonons; Potical trap; Promising technique; Propagation of sound; PTA; Quantum degeneracy; Quantenmechanik; Quantum; Quantum tunneling; Reversible formation; Saturated 2D-LIF of OH; Simultaneous; Single-shot imaging of OH and O2; Slowing; Sodium; Sodium atoms; Spectra; Spinor condensates; Spontaneous emission; Static field; Stirred; Strongly; enhanced; Superfluid flow;

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Superfluidity; Surface excitations; Third velocity component; Time-dependent potentials; Traiatomic hydrogen; Transport; Transverse cooling; Trapping; Tratomic hydrogen; Triatomic hydrogen; Tunable KrF excimer laser; Two bose condensates; Two species mixture; Two-diamensinal laser induced fluorescence; Two-dimensional laser diagnostics; Two-step condensation; Two-wavelength excimer laser ;Two-wavelength operation; Ultracold atomic gases ;Understanding; V characterization; V1 vibration of H3+; Vortex excitations; Vortex lattices; Vortex nucleation; Vortex phase singularities; Wave amplification; Weakly interacting gas; Zeeman slower; Zero Kelvin Rydberg spectrum of H3

5 CONCLUSIONS Wolfgang Ketterle’s publication productivity under study for 21 years (1982 – 2002) during which he has published 115 papers indicated that his productivity increased after his 50 percentile age i.e. from 1998 onwards. The percentage of collaborative work of the scientist was found to be very high as he had as many as 68 collaborators whom he guided as mentor. The scientist worked in highly specialsed fields. His papers have been scattered in 24 scientific journals. He received many awards and honours including the Nobel Prize in physics in 2001. This kind of quantitative studies with graphic presentations facilitate one to study and grasp with clear perceptions about the work of a scientist. It will be an interesting study if one attempts to study the analysis of citations, socio-cultural backgrounds of Nobel laureates and incorporate their personal views on various aspects which would enhance the quality of the study. The biobibliometrics term is used for a method of retrieving and visualizing biological information that uses co-occurrence of gene naming terms in Medical Sciences to generate semantic links between genes (Stapley & Benoit, website). Therefore it is suggested that ‘Scientometric Portrait’ is the appropriate phrase for the studies on scientists and ‘Informetric Portrait’ for the researchers in other disciplines such as arts ,humanities, and social sciences.

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6. REFERENCES

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Kademani, B. S., & Kalyane, V. L. (1996). Bibliometric indicators of publication productivity of analysis of an individual scientist. JISSI : The International Journal of Scientometrics and Informetrics, 2 (4), 49 -58. Kademani, B. S., & Kalyane, V. L. (1996). Outstandingly cited and most significant publications of R. Chidambaram , a nuclear physicist. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 1, 21 – 36. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Kademani, A. B. (1996). Scientometric portrait of Sir K. S. Krishnan. Indian Journal of Information , Library and Society, .9(1 – 2), 125- 150. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Kademani, A. B. (1996). Scientometric portrait of Nobel laureate S.Chandrasekhar. JISSI : The International Journal of Scientometrics and Informetrics, 2(2-3), 119 –135. Kademani, B. S., & Kalyane, V. L. (1998). Scientometric portrait of R. Chidambaram ,the Indian Nuclear Physicist : A citation analysis. KELPRO Bulletin, 2(1), 13 –29. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Jange, S. (1999). Scientometric portrait of Nobel laureate Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. Scientometrics, 45(2), 233 – 250. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Vijai Kumar. (2000). Scientometric portrait of Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai : A citation analysis. SRELS Journal of Information Management, 37(2), 107 – 132. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Vijai Kumar. (2001). Scientometric portrait of Nobel laureate Ahmed Hassan Zewail. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 6(2), 53-70. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Vijai Kumar. (2002). A.H. Zewail : Research collaborator par excellence. Scientometrics, 53(1), 113 –121. Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Vijai Kumar. (2002). Scientometric portrait of Nobel laureate Harold W. Kroto. SRELS Journal of Information Management, 39 (4), 409 – 434.

Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; Vijai Kumar; & Lalit Mohan. (2004). Nobel laureates: Their publication productivity, collaboration and authorship status. (in press)

Kalyane, V. L. (1995). Scientometric portrait of P. M. Bhargava. Lucknow Librarian, 27(1 – 4), 42 – 70.

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Kalyane, V. L., & Devarai, R. S. (1994). Informetrics on C.S.Venkata Ram. In : New Horizons in Library and Information Science ,ed. by C. P. Vashisth et al., Madras: T. R. Publications, 475 – 478. Kalyane, V. L., & Kademani, B. S. (1995). Scientometric portrait of R. Chidambaram : A publication productivity analysis. Journal of Information Sciences, 5(3), 101 – 140. Kalyane, V. L., & Kademani, B. S. (1997). Scientometric portrait of Barbara McClintock: The Nobel laureate in physiology . KELPRO Bulletin, 1(1), 3 – 14. Kalyane, V. L., & Kalyane, S. V. (1993). Scientometric portrait of Vinodini Reddy. Journal of Information Sciences, 4(1), 25 – 45. Kalyane, V. L., & Kalyane, S. V. (1994). Scientometric portrait of M.S. Swaminathan. Library Science with a slant to Documentation and Information Studies, .31(1), 31 – 46. Kalyane, V. L., & Munnolli, S. S. (1995). Scientometric portrait of T.S. West. Scientometrics, 33(2), 233 – 256. Kalyane, V. L.; Prakasan, E. R.; & Vijai Kumar. (2001). Scientometric portrait of Ranjit Kumar Mitra. ILA Bulletin, 37(2), 39 – 53. Kalyane, V. L., & Samanta, R. K. (1995). Informetrics on K. Ramiah. In : New Vistas in Library and Information Science, ed. by A. A. N. Raju et al., Delhi : Vikas, 1995, 565 – 578. Kalyane, V. L., & Sen, B. K. (1996). Scientometric portrait of Nobel laureate Pierre – Gilles de Gennes. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 1(2), 13 – 26. Kalyane, V. L., & Sen, B. K. (1998). Scientometric portrait of C. R. Bhatia, a geneticist and plant breeder. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 3(1), 25 – 42. Kalyane, V. L., & Sen, B. K. Scientometric Portrait of Tibor Braun. Website : http://tibor-braun.fw.hu 1- 13. Kalyane, V. L., & Sen, B. K. (2003). Research productivity of Tibor Braun : An analytical chemist – cum scientometrician. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 50(2), 47 – 61. Kalyane, V. L., & Vidyasagar Rao, K. (1995). Quantification of credits for authorship. ILA Bulletin, 30(3 – 4), 94 – 96.

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Koganuramath, M. M.; Angadi, M.; Kademani, B. S.; Kalyane, V. L.; & Jange, S. (2003). Scientometric portrait of Nobel Laureate Wolfgang Ketterle. Knowledge Management in Special Libraries in Digital Evironment, XXIV All India Conference of IASLIC, Dehra Dun, 15-18 December, 2003. SIG: Informetrics, Theme: Biobiblimetrics ; Special publication 43, Abstract ; 447.

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APPENDIX - 1 : WOLFGANG KETTERLE

Address: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 Tel. (617) 253-6815, Fax (617) 253-4876 E-Mail: KETTERLE@MIT.EDU private: 24 Grassmere Road, Brookline, MA 02467 Tel. (617) 327-7421

Personal: Born on October 21, 1957 in Heidelberg, Germany, divorced, three

children German citizen, permanent residency in the U.S. Education: • Pre-diploma (Vordiplom), Physics, University of Heidelberg, Germany,

1978 • Internship at Volkswagen company in Puebla, Mexico, 7/1980 • Diploma (Diplom, equivalent of master’s degree), Physics, Technical University of Munich, Germany, 1982. Theoretical diploma thesis on spin relaxation in disordered systems (Prof. W. Götze) • Ph.D., Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich and Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, 1986. Experimental Ph.D. thesis on spectroscopy of helium hydride and triatomic hydrogen (Prof. H. Walther)

Employment, research: 1982-88 Research assistant (1982-85) and staff scientist (1985-88), Max-Planck

Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany (Prof. H. Walther) • Field of research: Spectroscopy of small molecules in neutralized ion beams • Major scientific accomplishments: First observation of discrete spectra of HeH, complete analysis of the electronic structure of HeH, lifetime measurements of triatomic hydrogen, mass-selective spectroscopy on all stable isotopic variants of H3, laser spectroscopy of high Rydberg states of H3 and HeH, determination of the fundamental mode frequency ω1 of H3 +

1989-90 Research scientist, University of Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry (Prof. J. Wolfrum) • Field of research: Combustion diagnostics with lasers • Work on a two-wavelength excimer laser, temperature field measurements using OH spectroscopy, laser diagnostics in a Diesel engine, determination of velocity fields

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1990-93 Research associate, MIT, Cambridge, Department of Physics (Prof. D.E. Pritchard) • Field of research: Atom cooling and trapping • Work on isotropic light slowing, dark spontaneous force light trap, intense slow atom beams

since 1993 Faculty member, MIT, Cambridge, Department of Physics: Assistant Professor of Physics (1993-97) Professor of Physics (1997-98) John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics (since 1998) • Research area: Atomic physics, laser spectroscopy, cooling and trapping of neutral atoms • Work on magnetic trapping, evaporative cooling, Bose-Einstein condensation, atom lasers, and degenerate Fermi systems

Honours: Fellowship of Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (1976-82)

NATO/DAAD Postdoctoral Fellowship (1990-91) Michael and Philip Platzman Award (MIT, 1994) David and Lucile Packard Fellowship (1996) I.I. Rabi Prize of the American Physical Society (1997) Gustav-Hertz Prize of the German Physical Society (1997) Distinguished Traveling Lecturer of the Division of Laser Science of the American Physical Society (1998-99) Discover Magazine Award for Technological Innovation (1998) Fritz London Prize in Low Temperature Physics (1999) Dannie-Heineman Prize of the Academy of Sciences, Göttingen, Germany (1999) Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics (2000) Nobel Prize in Physics (2001, together with E.A. Cornell and C.E. Wieman) Officer in the Order of Legion of Honour of France (2002) Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Würtemberg (2002) Knight Commander's Cross (Badge and Star) of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2002)

Memberships:

American Physical Society (APS, Fellow, 1997) German Physical Society (DPG) Optical Society of America (OSA, 1997) American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS, Fellow, 1999) European Academy of Sciences and Arts (2002) Academy of Sciences in Heidelberg (2002)