physics perfect score module form 4

PERFECT SCORE PROGRAMME

PHYSICS – FORM 4

SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH

2010

SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH

SEKTOR SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH

KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

Guidelines on how to carry out the PERFECT SCORE Workshop : 1. The workshop is divided into four time slots of two hours each. Please refer to the table below.

2. Materials and equipments needed for this workshop are this module and answer scheme.

transperancy , mahjung paper , marker pen , overhead projector , whiteboard and marker.

PHYSICS MODULE

PANEL MEMBERS

PN JENNYTA BT NOORBI

SM SAINS SEREMBAN

PN NOR RIZAH BT BONGKEK

SEKOLAH TUN FATIMAH

PN NORAINI BT ITHNIN

SM SAINS TUANKU JAAFAR

PN NOR PATIMAH BT MD JIDIN

SM SAINS SEREMBAN

EN KHAIRUL AZMAN B MD AMIN

SM SAINS SEREMBAN

EN MOHD SAIFUNIZAM B ZAKARIA

SBP INTEGRASI JEMPOL

SLOT TOPIC

1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

2 FORCE AND MOTION

3 FORCE AND PRESSURE

HEAT

4 LIGHT

TOPIC : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE

To test the knowledge of physics by using the task word ―What is meant by‖.

What is meant by Statement

1. Physical quantity Physical characteristic that can be measured

2. Base quantities Quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other base quantities

3. Derived Quantities Quantities that obtained by combining base quantities by multiplication, division or both these operations

4. Scalar quantities Quantities that have magnitude but no direction

5. Vector quantities Quantities that have both magnitude and direction

6. Accuracy How close the measurement made is to the actual value

5. Sensitivity Ability to detect a small change in the quantity to be measured

6. Consistency How little deviation there is among the measurements made when a quantity is measured several times

7. Zero error Error due to the pointer does not return to zero when not in use

SKILL 2 : UNDERSTANDING

Question 1

Explain the differences between accuracy and consistency of a measuring

instrument by using suitable examples

[4 marks]

Question 2

Diagram above shows a thermometer. (a) Why does the glass stem wall of the thermometer is thin?

(b) How should you do to increase the accuracy of the thermometer? (c) Why does the thermometer use mercury?

Question 3

Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range.

Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.

Table 2 (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2?

(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION

Question 1

Ammeter A (Figure 1 (a) ) Ammeter B (Figure 1 (b) ) Figure 2 shows two ammeters, A and B, with different sensitivities that can be used in an electric circuit to measure the current. (a) What is SI unit for electric current? [1 mark] (b) Observe Figure 1 (a) and Figure 1 (b) compare the readings and the scales of

the ammeters. Relating the readings of current and the scales, deduce a relevant physics concept.

[5 marks]

SKILL 4 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUALITATIVE

Question 1

Diagram 1 and Diagram 2 shows a pair of vernier callipers being used to measure the

dimensions of a glass tube

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

(a) State the two dimensions being measured [2 marks]

(b) Based on the Diagram 1 and Diagram 2, determine the length of the

dimensions measured [2 marks]

(c) Determine the thickness of the glass [2 marks]

(d) Explain why it is not necessary to include the zero error in the calculation of

the thickness of the glass [2 marks]

Question 2

A stop watch is commonly used in the physics laboratory to measure time taken in a

particular experiment. Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain

suitable designs or ways

(i) to protect the stop watch from breaking when dropped to the floor

(ii) to obtain more accurate reading

(iii) to reduce energy used while using it

SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE

Question 1

A wooden block has a dimension of 15 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm.

(i) What is the volume of the wooden block in cm3? Represent your answer in

standard form [2 marks]

(ii) What is the volume of the wooden block in m3? Represent your answer in

standard form. [2 marks]

(iii) If the mass of the wooden block is 15 kg and its density is defined as

mass/ volume, find the density of the wooden block in SI unit.

[2 marks]

Question 2

(i) The thickness of the manila card is 0.06 mm. What is the value in metre?

[2 marks]

(ii) The length and width of the piece of manila card are 20 cm and 10 cm

respectively. Calculate the area of the card in m2

[3 marks]

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING Question 1 You are carrying out an experiment to measure the diameter of wire. There are 4 measuring instruments on the table to choose to obtain the most accurate reading. The table shows the characteristics of four types of measuring instruments K, L, M and N.

Measuring Instrument

Range of measurement

Smallest division on

scale

Sensitivity Existence of zero error

K 0.1 cm – 1 m 0.1 cm Low Yes

L 0.01 cm – 12 cm 0.01 cm Average No

M 0.01 mm – 25.00 mm 0.001 cm High No

N 0.1 cm -1 m 0.1 cm Low No

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the measuring instrument in the table and hence, determine which measuring instrument is most suitable to be used to obtain the most accurate reading of the diameter of wire. Give the reason for your choice. Question 2

Diagram 8 shows a parachute attached to a man’s body whose weight is 65 kg when he jumps off from the plane. The ropes used are very light, strong, 3.5 m long and do not occupy a big space. The table 8 below shows a few types of ropes which could be used to make the parachute.

Ropes Length Density Snapping force Diameter

J 3.6 X 102 mm 1.2 gcm-3 450 N 0.30 cm

K 3.6 X 10-3 km 1.5 gcm-3 950 N 7.0 X 10-3 m

L 3.6 X 102 cm 4.8 gcm-3 650 N 0.50 cm

M 3.6 dm 3.5 gcm-3 1050 N 15 mm

(ii) You are required to state the most appropriate characteristics of the rope to be Used for the parachute. Then, determine which rope from the table above perfectly fits the characteristics that you have given. Justify your answer.

[10marks]

TOPIC : FORCES AND MOTION

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE



1. Linear motion

Motion along a ……………………….

2. Scalar quantity

A physical quantity which has only ………………….

3. Vector quantity

A physical quantity which has both …………..and ………………….

4. Velocity

The rate of change of ………………….

5. Speed

The rate of change of ………………….

6. Acceleration

The rate of change of …………………..

7. Distance

The …………. …………….. of the path travelled

8. Displacement

Displacement is the ………….. distance from one point to another point along a specific ……………….

9. Inertia The tendency of an object to …………..change to its state of ……….. or …………………...

10. Newton’s First law

An object will ………… at rest or motion with …………. velocity along a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force.

11. Newton’s Second law

The …….. ………….. on an object is proportional to the rate of change in momentum.

12. Newton’s Third law

To every ……………. there is an equal and opposite …………….. .

13. Momentum

The product of ………… and …………….. of an object

14. Principle of conservation of momentum

The total momentum of a system is ………………. if no external forces act on the system.

15. Force

A push or a pull that can change the ………, ………… or ……………. of an object.

16. Impulse

Change of ……………………..

17. Impulsive force

A large force that acts for a short period of time during a ……………………. or ………………………..


18. Weight

The …………… of ……………….. which is exerted on it by earth.

19. Mass

The amount of …………….. in the object.

20. Free fall

Free fall occurs when an object falling under the ………….of ………………only without being affected by any other ………………….forces. .

21. Work

The product of ……………and the …………………… along the direction of the ………………..

22. Energy

The ………………… to do work.

23. Gravitational field

The region in which an object experiences a ……… due to ………………………attraction.

24. Potential energy

The Potential Energy of an object is the energy …………. in the object because of its ………….. or …………….

25. Elastic potential energy

The energy of an object when it is ……………….or ……………….

26. Kinetic energy

The energy of an object due to its ……………………

27. The principle of conservation of energy

Energy cannot be …………….or ……………….. It can be transformed from one form to another, but the total energy in a closed system is constant.

28. Power

The rate at which ……………… is done or energy is transferred.

29. Elasticity

The property of an object that enables it to return to its ………………… …………….. and dimensions (size) after an applied external force is removed.

30. Hooke’s law

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the …………………. ………………..provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.

31. Elastic limit

The elastic limit of a spring is the ………………… stretching force which can be applied to the spring before it ceases to be elastic.

32. Force constant (spring constant)

The force constant of a spring is the ………….. per unit ……………………….


Ouestion 1 : Force and motion

Diagram 1 shows a boy jumps out of the boat onto the river bank. By using the

relevant physics concept, explain why the boat moves away from the jetty as he

jumps

[4marks]

Diagram 1

Ouestion 2 : Force and motion

Diagram 2 shows the launching of a rocket. A rocket carries liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen. When a rocket is launched, it is noticed that a lot of exhaust gas is released and the rocket is lifted.

Hot

Gases

Combustion

Chamber

Liquid

Oxygen

Liquid

Hydrogen

Diagram 2

Explain the phenomenon. [4 marks]

Question 3 : Force and Motion Spring is widely used in suspension system of vehicles such as car and motorcycle. This is because of the elasticity of the spring. Diagram 3 below shows how a spring is used in suspension system of a motorcycle.

DIAGRAM 3

Explain how the forces between the molecules caused the elasticity when the spring is compressed and stretched..

[5 marks ] Question 4 : Force and Motion Diagram 4 shows a lorry with steel structure and separate compartments. The steel structure is to separate the goods and the driver’s compartment

Diagram 4 Using the concepts of momentum and inertia, explain why the need of steel structure and the separate compartments to build in lorry carrying heavy load.

[4 marks]

Spring in suspension

system.

Separate compartments

Steel structure

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION Question 1: Force and motion 1 Two trolleys A and B are used in an activity to study momentum in collisions. Table 1.1 shows the data from an inelastic collision of trolley A and B.

INELASTIC collision

Momentum before collision

kg m s–1

Momentum after collision

kg m s–1

Trolley A 2.7 1.5

Trolley B 0 1.2

Trolley A and B

Table 1.1

Table 1.2 shows the data from an elastic collision of trolley A and B.

ELASTIC collision Momentum before collision /

kg m s–1 Momentum after collision /

kg m s–1

Trolley A 0.9 0.3

Trolley B -0.48 0.12

Trolley A and B

Table 1.2

(a) What is the meaning of momentum?

[1 mark] (b) Copy and complete Tables 1.1 and 1.2 by calculating the total momentum of

trolley A and trolley B before and after collision.

[2 marks] (c) Using your answers to (b); (i) Compare the total momentum before and after collision for an inelastic

collision [1 mark]

(ii) Compare the total momentum before and after collision for an elastic

collision. [2 marks]

(iv) State the physics principle in (c)(ii).

[1 mark]

Hot gases / Gas

panas

Question 2: Force and motion Diagram 2.1 shows a jet plane in flight.

Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1 (a) What is the meaning of momentum?

[1 mark] (b) Based on Diagram 2.1 (i) Compare the direction of motion of the gas from the jet engines and the

direction of motion of the jet plane. .

[1 mark] (ii) Compare the magnitudes of the momentum of the gas from the jet

engines and the momentum of the jet plane.

[1 mark] (iii) Compare the total momentum of the jet plane and gas from the engines

with the momentum of the jet plane before it took off.

[1 mark] (iv) Name and state the principle used in the motion of the jet plane.

[2 marks]

Question 3: Force and motion Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show two eggs released from the same height and drop

on to Surface A and Surface B respectively.

DIAGRAM 3.1 DIAGRAM 3.2

(a) What is meant by impulsive force?

[1 mark] (b) With reference to Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2;

(i) Compare the force on the eggs that strike Surface A and Surface B.

[1 mark] (ii) Compare the time of impact of the eggs on Surface A and Surface B.

[1 mark] (iii) Compare the change in momentum of the eggs in both situations.

[1 mark] (iv) State the relationship between the force produced in a collision and the

time of impact.

[1 mark] (v) Suggest a suitable material for Surface A.

[1 mark]

Surface A

Egg

Surface B

Egg

Breaks Does not break /

Question 4 : Force and Motion Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 shows a rubber balloon with its neck open. Balloon B will move faster. Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2 (a) What is meant by momentum. [ 1 mark ] (b) i) Using Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2, compare the mass of air discharged and the velocity of the balloon.

ii) State the relationship between the velocity of the balloon with the mass of air discharged from the balloon.

iii) State one similarity for the situation in Diagram 4.1 and

Diagram 4.2. iv) Name the principle involved.

[ 5 marks ]

air

Balloon B

air

Balloon A

Question 5 : Force and Motion

Diagram 5

Diagram 5 shows two wooden tops . One tops is partly coated with tin. Both tops are the same size and are rotated with the same velocity.

After a few minutes one of the tops stop rotating. (a) What is meant by velocity?

[1 mark ] (b) Explain why the the top coated with tin take longer time to stop compared to the

other top? [1 mark ]

(c) Based on diagram 5:

(i) compare the mass of two top.

[1 mark ] (ii) compare the time of rotating of both tops.

[1 mark ]

(iii) relate the mass of tops and the time of rotating for the tops. [1 mark ]

(d) Based on the answer in (c) relate the mass of the tops to the inertia

[1 mark ]

(e) Suggest two ways how to make the tops rotate for a longer period of time.

[2 marks ]


Question 1 : Forces and Motion

Figure 1.2 shows the arrangement of springs in the weighing scale.

DIAGRAM 1.2

(i) State the relationship between compression of the spring and the load.

[1 mark]

(i) What will happen to the spring when a very heavy load is placed on the

weighing scale.?

[1 mark]

(ii) Suggest two modifications to the weighing scale so that it can be used to

weigh a heavier load.

[2 marks]


Diagram 2 shows a model of a van.

Diagram 2

Explain the modifications to the van that help to improve that safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.

Emphasise your explanation following aspects

(i) The shape of the van body (ii) Safety features of the bus

[10 marks]



Diagram 1 shows a car travelling at 20 ms-1 on a level road. At this speed the car has to

overcome a total force of 500 N opposing the car.

Diagram 1

(i) Calculate the distance travelled by the car in 5 seconds.

[2 marks]

(ii) State the value of the driving force produced by the engine to maintain a uniform

speed. [1 mark]

(iii) While on the level road and travelling at 20 ms-1 , the driving force suddenly

becomes zero. The mass of the car is 800 kg . Calculate the deceleration of the

car. [2 marks]


Graph 2 shows the relationship between the stretching force, F and the spring extension,

x.

Graph 2

F (N)

x (cm)

P

Q

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Graph F against x of

spring P and spring Q

(a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.

[3 marks]

(b) Using the graph, calculate the elastic potential energy stored in spring P when

its extension is 0.5 cm.

[2 marks]


Diagram 3.1 shows the condition of two identical steel springs, before and after a load

is placed on them.

DIAGRAM 3.1

(a) (i) Name the form of energy stored in the spring when it is compressed.

[1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the spring constant.

[1 mark]

(iii) Calculate the energy stored in the spring when it is compressed as in

Diagram 1.1(b) [2 marks]

(iv) Calculate the length of spring, l in Diagram 1.1 (c)

[2 marks]

Question 4 : Forces and motion

A car of mass 800 kg traveling at 72 kmh-1 collided with a solid wall and came to a sudden stop. The time of impact during the collision is 0.2 s. Find

( i ) The impulse experienced by the car during the collision. [3 marks]

( ii ) The Impulsive force on the car [2 marks]

(a) (b) (c)

3.6 N

10 N

12.0 cm 8.0 cm

l

Question 5 : Force and Motion.

Figure above shows a student is pushing a grass cutting machine of mass 50 kg on a smooth floor .He pushes the machine with a force of 200 N with an angle 30 0 to the floor . (a) Calculate the weight of the machine , W [ 1 mark ] (b) Calculate the component of the force of the student which is (i) perpendicular to the floor , F 1

(ii) parallel to the floor , F 2 . [ 2 marks ] (c) (i) Calculate the resultant force which acts the machine for the motion along the floor . [ 1 mark ] (ii) Calculate the acceleration of the machine [ 1 mark ] (d) What is the total force acting perpendicular to the floor [ 1 mark ] (e) It is easier to pull the machine compare to push the machine , why ? [ 1 mark ] Question 6 : Force and Motion

Diagram 6 Diagram 6 shows 60 kg men falls onto the floor. His velocity before hitting the floor is 4 m s-1. Calculate the impulsive force that acts on the men if he falls,

(a) (i) On concrete floor and stopped in 0.01 s. (ii) On a piece of cushion and is stopped in 0.1 s.

(b) Based on the results of question (a), which situation is more hurtful to the men. (c) State the relationship between the time of impact and the impulsive force.

[4 marks]

smooth floor

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING Question 1 : Force and motion

Figure 1 shows a girl on a recreational trampoline. The spring-action of the trampoline

naturally makes the girl bounce up and down.

You are asked to choose a trampoline for a competition. The trampoline should be

strong which is essential for competitors to make higher jumps. The competitors are V

CVGjudged on both height and style.

Table 9.2 shows the characteristics of the trampolines being considered for use.

Trampoline Spring constant ( N m-1) Material for

frame

Number of coiled springs

connected to the frame

P 4.20 x 106 Iron 8

Q 2.90 x107 Steel 12

R 1.50 x 106 Steel 12

S 3.00 x107 Iron 5

T 3.6 x 106 Wood 8

(i) Using the information Table 9.2 explain the suitability of each characteristic in

Table 9.2 and hence, determine which trampoline is most suitable for the

competition and give your reasons. [8 marks]

(ii) Explain briefly what the competitor should do to go higher up in the air.

[2 marks]

Table 9.2

Trampoline

Figure 1

Question 2 : Force and motion

As a sport officer , you are given the responsibility to design a high jump landing pad. Table 2 shows four types of foam materials with different specifications.

Type of material

Density /

kgm-3

Elasticity /

N cm-1

Thickness / cm

Rate of air absorption

P 1500 15.2 60.0 High

Q 1700 13.5 45.0 Low

R 1200 13.7 80.0 High

S 2000 16.0 85.0 moderate

Table 2

You are required to determine the most suitable material to be used to make the landing pad. Study the specifications of all the four types of material from the following aspects:

- The density of the material - The elasticity of the material - The thickness of the foam - The ability to absorb water of the material

Explain the suitability of the aspects. [10 marks]


Table 3 shows the characteristics of four types of spring to be installed as the motorcycle spring.

Spring

Diameter

cm

Elastic limit

N

Spring constant

Nm–1

Natural

frequency

Hz

A 10.0 200 250 0.1

B 12.0 600 770 5.0

C 8.0 700 1020 10.0

D 6.0 1100 3300 1.0

TABLE 3

You are asked to choose a spring to be installed at the motorcycle .The maximum mass of the rider and the pillion rider is 100 kg. Explain the suitability of the characteristics and choose the most suitable spring. Justify your choice.

[10 marks ]


A rectangular picture 80 cm x 60 cm of mass 0.5 kg is hung in two ways as shown in the figure (a) and figure (b) .

(a) What is the weight of the picture ? [ 1 mark ] (b) Calculate the tension of the string (i) T 1 in figure (a) (ii) T 2 in figure (b) [ 4 marks ]

(c) If it is observed that one of two pictures will fall because the string breaks , which is the most possible picture ? Why

[ 2 marks ]

Miscellaneous

1 Diagram shows a box weighing 10 N resting inclined surface. The forces acting on the box are in equilibrium.

The value of F2 is Answer:

nail nail

Figure (a) Figure (b)

2 Draw a graphs which obeys the equation F = kx, where k is a constant.

3 Diagram shows two trolleys of the same mass approaches each other with the

same speed.

If the collision between the trolleys is an elastic, what happens to the trolleys after collision?

Answer :………………………………………………………………………..

F

x

TOPIC : FORCE AND PRESSURE

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE


What is meant by

Statement

1. Pressure

Pressure is the …………...acting normally ……………….. P = unit:

2. Density

Density is the …………..….. per………………. ρ = unit:

3. Pascal’s Principle

Pascal’s Principle states that…………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………

4. Archimedes’ Principle

Archimedes’ Principle states that………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………

5. Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s Principle states that ………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………


Ouestion 1

Diagram 11.1 shows a cargo ship is sailing in sea water.

Diagram 11.1

(a) Name the physics principle involved which makes the ship float in sea water.

[1 marks]

(b) Explain why the ship can float in sea water [2 marks]

(c ) Plimsoll lines are marked at the sides of the ship. (i) State the purpose of plimsoll lines

(ii) Explain why plimsoll lines have many levels.

[2 marks] SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION Question 1 1. Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show two solid spheres A and B with different density place in the water.

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

A

B

(a) What is meant by density? [ 1 mark ] (b) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2, (i) compare the density of sphere A and sphere B [ 1 mark ] (ii) compare the weight of sphere A and sphere B [ 1 mark ] (iii) compare the weight of water displaced by sphere A and sphere B [ 1 mark ] (iv) relate the weight of sphere and the weight of water displaced [ 1 mark ] (v) relate the weight of water displaced and upthrust [ 1 mark ]

(c) Name the physics principle involved in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2. [ 1 mark ] (d) State one application of physics principle in 5 (c). [ 1 mark ]


Question 1

Figure 5.1 and 5.2 illustrate the working principle of a hydrometer. The depth to which the test tube sinks depends on its surrounding liquid.

Explain how would you design a hydrometer that can determine a wide range of densities of liquid, using the idea of the working principle of a hydrometer shown above. Draw a diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and in your explanation, emphasis the following aspects:

(i) the stability of the hydrometer (ii) the sensitivity of the hydrometer (iii) the ability to measure a wide range of densities of liquids (iv) the calibration of the hydrometer

[10 marks]



Question 1 : Forces and Pressure

Diagram 11.2

Diagram 11.2 shows a load X is placed on a wooden block. Both of them is then

placed in water of density 1000 kgm-3. The mass of the wooden block is 3 kg and the density is 800 kgm-3.

(i) Calculate the volume of water displaced by the load and the wooden

block. [ 2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the mass of the load X . [3 marks]

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING Question 1 Table 11.2 shows the characteristics of four structures of ship P, Q, R, and S.

Structure of ships

Shape

Strength Of the metal

used

Ship Base Cross section area

Volume of the air space in the ship

P

Streamlined

High

Wide

High

Q

Oval

Low

Wide

High

R

Circle

High

Smal

Low

S

Streamlined

Low

Small

Low

Table 11.2

As a researcher in a ship manufacturing company, you are assigned to study

the structure used to make the ship to support heavy cargoes.. You are given four choices of the structures P, Q, R and S. The table above shows the structures of the boat.

Explain the suitable characteristics of the structure to be used to make the ship. Determine the most suitable structure to be used to make the ship to support heavy cargoes. Give reasons for your choice. (10 marks)

TOPIC : HEAT

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE To test the knowledge of physics by using the task word ―What is meant by‖.


1. Heat Heat is a form of …………………….

2. Temperature Temperature is the ………..of …………. of a ………….

3. Thermal equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium is reach when the ……………………………… ………………………………………and…………………………………….

4. Specific heat Capacity , c

Specific heat capacity is defined as……………………………….…… ………………………………………………………………………………. c = , SI unit for c =

5. Specific latent heat of fusion

Specific latent heat of fusion is defined as the quantity of heat energy required to ………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Lf= , SI unit for Lf=

6. Specific latent heat of vaporization

Specific latent heat of vaporization is defined as the quantity of heat energy required to ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Lw = , SI unit for Lw =

7. Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law states that……………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………..

8.Charle’s Law Charle’s law states that…………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………….

9. Pressure Law Pressure Law states that…………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………….


Ouestion 1

Diagram 2.1 shows a thermometer use by a doctor to check the temperature of patient’s body during medical treatment.

Diagram 2.1

According to the principle of thermal equilibrium and the working principle of thermometer, explain how a doctor can check his patient temperature during medical treatment.

[ 4 marks ] Question 2 In the day time, the wind blows from the sea to the land. Explain why this phenomenon happens? [ 4 marks ]

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION Question 1 Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show a glass capillary tube placed in two different conditions. A column of air is trapped inside the tube with a thread of mercury. The trapped air exerts pressure on the wall of the glass tube.

Open end facing upward Open end facing downward Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2 (a) Explain how a gas exerts pressure on the wall of the glass tube. [4 marks]

(b) Base on Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2,

(i) Compare the length of the trapped air [1 mark] (ii) Compare the volume of the trapped air [1 mark] (iii) Compare the pressure of the trapped air. [1 mark]

(c) (i) Relate the length of the trapped air to its volume. [1 mark] (ii) Deduce the relationship between the volume and the pressure of air [1 mark].

(d) Name the physics law that explains the above situation. [1 mark]

Question 2

Diagram 3.3 and diagram 3.4 show the readings of two identical thermometers, one placed in a beaker containing 500g of water, and another in 500g of cooking oil which have been heated for 2 minutes. Both liquids are heated at the same rate of heat. The initial temperature for both liquids were 28 0C.


(a) Base on Diagram 3.3 and Diagram 3.4,

(i) Compare the quantity of heat in the water and in the cooking oil [1 mark]

(ii) Compare the temperature of the water and the cooking oil. [1 mark]

(b) (i) Name the physics concept explains the situation above. [1 mark] (ii) Relate the concept in b(i) and the rise in temperature. [1 mark].


Question 1

Diagram 4.1 shows a mercury-in-glass thermometer that is not calibrated

Diagram 4.1

(a) (i) In order to calibrate the thermometer, the lower fixed point and the upper fixed point for the thermometer have to be marked on the glass stem of

the thermometer. Explain how you determine the lower and the upper fixed points of the thermometer. Then explain how you calibrate this thermometer so that it can be used to measure the temperature.

[6 marks]

(ii) The length of mercury column in an uncalibrated thermometer at ice and steam points are 2.5 cm and 13.8 cm respectively. If the length of mercury column is 10.0 cm when the thermometer is immersed in a cup of tea, what is the temperature of the tea? [3 marks]

Question 2

Diagram 4.2 below shows a metal block of mass 0.5 kg which is put into 0.1 kg of hot water. Initial temperature of the metal block is 25 0C. After a few minutes, the metal block and the water achieved the same temperature of 480 C. [ specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1]

Diagram 4.2 (a) Why does the temperature of the metal block increase? [ 1 mark ] (b) (i) Explain why the final temperature of both substances are equal?

[ 2 marks ] (ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal block. [ 2 marks ]

Metal

block

water

Question 3

If you are required by a factory that manufactures thermometers commonly found in laboratories to measure the temperature of a substance, explain how you can make an efficient thermometer. In your explanation, emphasize the following aspects: : i. Strength of the thermometer ii. Choice of the thermometric liquid iii. Sensitivity of the thermometer iv. Design of the thermometer so that the scale can easily be read v. Calibration of the thermometer

[10 marks]

SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE Question 1 :

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.1 shows air bubbles being released at the bottom of a water tank. The size of the bubbles increases as they rise to the top.

(i) What is the pressure experienced by the bubble at the bottom of the tank, in unit m water?

[1 mark] (ii) If the volume of the bubble released by the tube is 0.5 cm3, calculate the bubble’s

volume when it rises to the surface of the water. (atmosphere pressure = 10 m water) [2 marks]

50 cm

Question 2 :

A solid substance, of mass 0.05 kg, is heated using an immersion heater of 240 V, 0.1 kW. Diagram shows the heating curve of the solid. Diagram Calculate (i) The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance [ 2 marks] (ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance in liquid state [ 3 marks ]

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING Question 1 (a) As a researcher you are assigned to investigate the characteristics of four types of liquid that are suitable to be used as a coolant for a car engine. Table shows the characteristics of the liquids.

Liquid

Boiling

point / oC

Freezing point / oC

Specific heat

Capacity / J kg-1 oC-1 .

Ability to react with

metals

J 121 15 5500 High

K 128 - 22 4750 Low

L 210 - 12 1195 Low

M 101 7 3588 medium

(i) Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the liquid to be used as

a coolant for the car engine.

(ii) Determine the most suitable liquid to be used and give a reason for your choice. [10 marks]

characteristics

Temperature / C

Time / min

0 1.0 3.6 4.8

218

78

30

Question 2

(a) Diagram 6.1 shows an ice cream container used by an ice cream seller using his

motorcycle.

Diagram 6.1

Table 6.1 shows the specification of four types of ice cream containers P, Q, R and S, that can be used by an ice cream seller to carry ice cream.

Box P Q R S

Specific heat capacity of ice cream box

High

High

Low

Low

Size of ice cream box Large

Small

Small

Large

Material of outer box Copper

PVC plastic

PVC plastic

Aluminium

Colour of outer box Dark

Bright

Bright

Dark

Table 6.1

(i) Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the container to be used by an

ice cream seller to carry an ice cream. (ii) Determine the most suitable container to be used and give a reason for your

choice. [10 marks]

ice cream

Ice cream

Ice cube

Outer box

Ice cream box

Miscellaneous

1 The diagram shows a constant volume of air is heated in a closed tin.

Why does the pressure of the gas increase? Answer: ……………………………………………………………………………. 2. Draw a graphs which shows the relationship between the pressure,P and volume,V for a mass of gas with fixed temperature?

3 The diagram shows copper and aluminium block of equal mass at room

temperature are placed in a beaker of boiling water for sometime.

Given that aluminium has a higher specific heat capacity than copper. Which

block has higher heat energy when thermal equilibrium is reached ?

Answer :………………………………………………………………………..

P

1

V

Closed tin

air

copper

Boiling

water

aluminium

m

thread

Bunsen

burner

TOPIC : LIGHT

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE Question 1 Diagram 1.1 shows an object O placed in front of a concave lens. ________________________________________________________________

O 2F F F 2F

(a) (i) Draw ray diagram to show the formation of image in Diagram 1.1. [2 marks]

(ii) State two characteristics of the image formed. [1 mark]

(b) The concave lens is then replaced with a convex mirror. ________________________________________________________________ O C F F C

(i) Draw ray diagram to show the formation of image in Diagram 1.2. [2 marks]

(ii) State a similar characteristic of the images in Diagrams 1.1 and 1.2. [1 mark]

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

SKILL 2 : UNDERSTANDING Question 1 While driving a car on a hot day, you may see a mirage on the road. Explain how mirage occurred.

[ 4 marks ]

Question 2

(b) Diagram shows a ray of light directed perpendicularly at a side of the semi circular glass block. The ray passes through the glass block to a point O before leaving the glass block. The angle of incidence in the glass block is 30° .

Explain how total internal reflection occurs in diagram above?

[4 marks]

Question 3

(iii) Explain why a piece of paper burns when placed under a convex lens aimed towards hot sun rays.

[4 marks]

Question 4 Diagram 13 shows a stainless steel spoon. When you look at the spoon, you will see an upright and virtual image of your face on one side of the curved surfaces but an inverted image on the other side.

How does one side of the curved surface of the spoon formed an upright image, while the other side formed an inverted image? Use ray diagrams to explain your answer. [6 marks]

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALISING Question 1 A student used a slide projector to view the image from the slide. When the slide is place nearer to the lens the sharp image form on the screen as shown in Diagram (a). When the slide is place further from the lens the sharp image form on the screen as shown in Diagram (b).

Base on Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) compare the object distance, the image distance and size of image that formed on the screen. Relate the object distance to the image distance and the object distance to the size of image that formed on the screen.

[ 5 marks ]

Question 2 Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) show two rectangular glass blocks with different optical density and refractive index. Ray of light is directed toward the glass blocks with the same angle of incidence 30°.

Density = 2600 kgm-3 Density = 2670 kgm-3

Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Based on Diagram (a) and Diagram (b), (i) compare the densities of the glass blocks. (ii) compare the refractive index of the glass blocks (iii) compare the angle of refraction of the glass blocks (iv) relate the angle of refraction, r and the density of the glass blocks. (v) relate the angle of refraction, r and the refractive index of the glass blocks

[5 marks]

Question 3 Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) show a transparent block made of a material with a different refractive index. A light ray travel in both blocks with the same incident angle, i.

Using Diagram (a) and Diagram (b), compare the refractive index, refraction angle and critical angle between the two blocks. Base on Diagram (a) and Diagram (b), relate the refractive index with critical angle. [5 marks]

Diagram (a)

Diagram (b)

i = 40° i = 40°

Question 4 Diagram A and B shows the virtual image fomed by a plane mirror and convex mirror.

(i) What is meant by virtual iamge ?

[1 mark] (ii) Observe diagram A and B compare the characteristics of both images.

Hence describe how the images are formed and state the relevant physics concept.

[5 marks] Question 5 Diagram X and Diagram Y show the parallel rays of light directed towards the convex lenses J and K. Both the lenses produce real images. F is the focal point for each lens.

Diagram A : Image formed by plane mirror. Diagram B : Image formed by convex mirror

(i) What is meant by focal length? [1 mark]

(ii) With reference to Diagram X and Diagram Y, compare the thickness

of the lenses and the effects it has on the refracted rays to make a deduction regarding the relationship between the thickness of the lenses and their focal length. [5 marks]

Question 6 Figure 6 shows 2 convex lenses, R and S, used in an astronomical telescope. The focal length for R is 40 cm and for S is 10 cm.

Figure 6

(i) Define the power of a lens. [1 mark] (ii) Give two reasons why R is used as the objective lens of the telescope.

[2 marks] (iii) Using lenses R and S, draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the

final image by the telescope at normal adjustment. Use scale of 10 cm to 1 cm. [5 marks]

SKILL 4 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUALITATIVE Question 1 Diagram A shows the structure of an optical fibre used in telecommunications.

Optical fibre are made of fine strands of glass. Each single fibre (inner core) is coated with a thin layer of another type of glass (outer cladding). You are required to give some suggestions in designing an optical fibre which can carry more information.

Explain your suggestions base on the following aspects:

(i) refractive index of inner and outer glass (ii) flexibility (iii) thickness (iv) strength (v) density of the glass

[10 marks] Question 2 You are given two convex lenses S and Q of different focal length. Lens S has a longer focal length than lens Q. (i) Using the two lenses above explain how are you would make a simple astronomical telescope. [4 marks]

(ii) Suggest modifications that need to be done on the telescope to produce clearer and bigger images. [6 marks]

Diagram A

Question 3 You are given two pieces of plane mirror measuring 5 cm x 6 cm to make a periscope.

(i) Using these mirrors and other materials, describe how you would make the periscope. [4 marks ]

(ii) Explain why the image observed through the periscope using plane mirrors are not very clear.

[2 marks ] (iii) Suggest modification that can be made to the periscope to produce clearer and bigger images. [4 marks ]

Question 4 Diagram 4 shows a simple magnifying glass which is used to produce a magnified image of an object

Diagram 4

The simple magnifying glass can magnify an image by a relatively small factor. Using a ray diagram, explain how you would design new optical instrument which combining the simple magnifier with other lens to

(i) obtain greater magnification power (ii) provide clearer image (iii) make the final image form at the distance of the near point. (iv) be used conveniently. [10 marks]

Question 5 As an optician, you have three design of lenses X, Y and Z, in your shop. The cross-section of X, Y and Z are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

(i) Choose the most suitable design of lens in Figure 5 to correct sight

of a person with presbyopia and explain the suitability of the design.

(ii) Explain why the other two designs are not suitable. Either low or high refractive index glass can be used to make the lenses.

(iii) Which type of glass is most suitable to make the lens chosen in (i). Give reasons for your choice. [10 marks]

SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE Question 1 A simple magnifying glass produces an enlarged upright image when an object is situated 10 cm from the lens. If the size of the image is twice that of the object, calculate :

(i) the distance of the image from the lens [2 marks] (ii) the focal length of the lens [2 marks]

Question 2 Diagram 11 shows an object O is placed in front of a lens Z

An image formed on the screen is two times the size of the object. The object O and screen are 60.0 cm apart when image is sharply focused. (i) State which type of lens is used and given reasons for your answer. (ii) Calculate the focal length of the lens. [5 marks] Question 3 Diagram A and B show a ray of light passing into glass and diamond respectively. [Refractive index: Glass = 1.50 ; Diamond = 2.42] (i) Calculate the critical angle of diamond and glass

Question 4 Figure 4 shows 2 convex lenses, R and S, used in an astronomical telescope. The focal length for R is 40 cm and for S is 10 cm.

Figure 4

(i) Calculate the magnification of the final image formed by the telescope at normal adjustment. [2 marks]

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING QUESTION 1 Table 1 shows 5 materials which can be used to make an optical fibre.

Material Refractive

index % of light energy

absorbed Rigidity Strength

P 1.75 2 % Strong Weak

Q 1.80 10 % Weak Strong

R 1.70 2 % Weak Strong

S 1.52 3 % Strong Strong

T 1.48 10 % Weak Weak

Table 1

You are asked to investigate the characteristics of the materials in Table 1 which could be used to make the optical fibre.

Explain the suitability of each characteristic and hence, determine the most suitable material to be used to make the optical fibre.

Give a reason for your choice. [10 marks]

Question 2

The safety mirrors as in figure 12.1 are often installed outdoors, at corners and junctions of roads to prevent accident. Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five mirrors P, Q, R, S and T.

Mirror Type Weather

resistance

Impact resistance of

material

Reflectivity of material

P Concave Excellent Excellent Greater than 90%

Q Convex Excellent Poor 80% - 90%

R Convex Excellent Good Greater than 90%

S Concave Good Excellent 80% - 90%

T Plane Excellent Good Greater than 90%

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the mirror to be used as an outdoor safety mirror and determine which mirror is the most appropriate. Give reasons for your choice. [10 marks]

physics perfect score module form 4

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